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Recent analysis of the published data reveals the increasing importance of nanotechnology in the field of drug delivery, especially due to easy modulation of drug release and targeting effect. Various conventional methods including nanoprecipitation, spray drying, solvent evaporation, supercritical fluid extraction and ionotropic gelation are well-explored for lab-scale production of nanoparticles and present their own advantages and limitations. Electrospraying a variant of electrospinning is a method based on the processing of polymeric solutions/melt under high electrical voltage to produce particles of desired nature; post optimization of process parameters. This technique is comparatively newer one presenting itself as a competent alternative for the production of polymeric nanoparticles. Owing to its simplicity and flexibility electrospraying can be used to generate particulate material with meticulous structure, size and morphology; providing advantages of controlled release, improved dissolution rate, taste masking of drug candidates and many more. There is very less literature offering pertinent information about the production of nanoparticles by electrospraying technique as most of them deal with materialistic parameters only. This creates a void in learning and understanding of this novel technique for production of nanoparticles encapsulating drug candidates. Also there is a need of exploration in terms of drug release. Present article will provide an overview of electrospraying based production of nanoparticles for controlled and customized drug delivery, to fill this gap. Basic principle, instrumental set-up, advantages and limitations of electrospraying technique over other conventional nanoparticle production techniques and critical process parameters affecting nanoparticle properties is dealt in detail. Brief description of various polymeric nanoparticles (Polymers of natural as well as synthetic origin) with numerous case studies is given providing vast knowledge of drug encapsulation and modulated release patterns in correlation to polymer type used, structure and morphology of nanoparticles produced., (Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

The in situ growth dynamics of colloidal silver–gold core–shell (Ag@Au CS) nanoparticles (NPs) are studied using time-dependent second harmonic generation (SHG) and extinction spectroscopy. Four sequential additions of chloroauric acid, sodium citrate, and hydroquinone are added to a silver nanoparticle solution to form a gold shell around a 45 nm silver core under different reaction conditions, resulting in final sizes ranging from 80 to 125 nm in diameter. In the first addition, a bumpy, urchin-like surface morphology is produced, while the second, third, and fourth additions provide additional nanoparticle growth with the surface morphology becoming more smooth and uniform, as shown using transmission electron microscopy measurements. The in situ extinction spectra increase in intensity for each addition, where blue-shifting and spectral narrowing are observed as the Ag@Au CS NPs grow in size. The extinction spectra are compared to Mie theory simulations, showing general agreement at later stages of the reactions for smooth CS surfaces. The in situ SHG signal is dominated by surface-enhanced plasmonic hotspots at the early stages of the shell growth, followed by gradual decreases in signal as the surface becomes more smooth. Two-photon fluorescence is also monitored during the CS growth, showing complementary information for comparisons to the extinction and SHG results. The holistic study of the synthesis and characterization of Ag@Au CS nanoparticles using in situ SHG spectroscopy, extinction spectroscopy, and Mie theory simulations allows for a comprehensive analysis of the complex growth dynamics occurring at the nanoscale for developing optimized plasmonic nanomaterial properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to elucidate the possible application of cobalt aluminate nanoparticles (CoAl 2 O 4) as a photocatalyst for the removal of organic dyes. The sol-gel method was employed to synthesise Nd x /CoAl 2 O 4 nanoparticles with varying weight percentages (x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 wt %). The experimental investigation focused on the photocatalytic destruction of colour, employing a visible light irradiation source. The structural and optical properties of the synthesised nanoparticle were examined through various analytical techniques, including X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Ultra Violet-Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (UV-DRS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Tunnelling Electron Microscopy (TEM), and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). The cubic spinel structure was confirmed through the study of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the Nd x /CoAl 2 O 4 nanoparticles. For the compositions x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6, the nanoparticles exhibited average crystallite sizes of 23.73, 22.99, 21.69, and 21.65 nm, respectively. The synthesised nanoparticle exhibited heterogeneous photocatalytic potential when employed as a model pollutant for the oxidative destruction of crystal violet dye. The experimental findings validated that the CoAl 2 O 4 nanoparticle exhibited a dye degradation rate of 64 % during a 100-min timeframe. Additionally, the 0.6 wt % Nd CoAl 2 O 4 nanoparticle shows a quick dye degradation rate of 91 % for crystal violet dyes when exposed to visible light sources. Hence, the synthesised nanoparticle exhibits catalytic activity and holds potential for utilisation in the treatment of hazardous contaminants in industrial wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe current study aimed to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and neuroprotective effect of well-characterised berberine-bovine serum albumin (BBR-BSA) nanoparticles. BBR-BSA nanoparticles were generated by desolvation method. Entrapment efficiency, loading capacity, particle size, polydispersity index, surface morphology, thermal stability, and in-vitro release were estimated. In-vitro pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution were conducted. Their neuroprotection was evaluated against lipopolysaccharides-induced neurodegeneration. BBR-BSA nanoparticles showed satisfactory particle size (202.60 ± 1.20 nm) and entrapment efficiency (57.00 ± 1.56%). Results confirmed the formation of spheroid-thermal stable nanoparticles with a sustained drug release over 48 h. Sublingual and intranasal routes had higher pharmacokinetic plasma profiles than other routes, with Cmax values at 0.75 h (444 ± 77.79 and 259 ± 42.41 ng/mL, respectively). BBR and its metabolite distribution in the liver and kidney were higher than in plasma. Intranasal and sublingual treatment improves antioxidants, proinflammatory, amyloidogenic biomarkers, and brain architecture, protecting the brain. In conclusion, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration may be prevented by intranasal and sublingual BBR-BSA nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biogenic combustion with Mellifera (Honey) capping produced ZnO, Ag-doped ZnO, and Fe-doped ZnO nanoparticles. The phase and crystal structure of metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) have been recorded through XRD spectrum. It confirms that the prepared metal oxides are within the nanoscale range. The average crystallite size of Fe-doped ZnO is 8.8 nm, smaller than ZnO and Ag-doped nanoparticles. The vibrational spectra of ZnO, Ag-doped ZnO, and Fe-doped ZnO nanoparticles confirm functional group stretching vibrational modes. The exterior surface morphology of all metal oxide nanoparticles was captured by FESEM. Metal oxide nanoparticle compositional analysis shows elemental presence, atomic, and weight %. The optical properties of metal oxide nanoparticles have been examined using UV–vis spectroscopy. The band gap energy of ZnO nanoparticles reduced from 2.68 eV to 1.74 eV under Fe doing and increased to 2.9 eV under Ag doing. Metal oxide thermal stability is also being investigated to determine how it affects ZnO nanoparticles. Fe-doped ZnO nanoparticles have greater sensor properties than other metal oxides due to their tiny size, band gap, and stability. Gas sensor behaviour of three metal oxide nanoparticles was examined in various accepts. It proves Fe-doped ZnO is a promising gas sensor material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a nanosecond laser was used to etch the surface of graphene nanoplatelets reinforced ZK60 (GNPs/ZK60) matrix composites, and the effects of different scanning speeds, pulse repetition frequency and laser power on the etched morphology of the machined surface were investigated. The experimental results show that the etched groove width and heat affected zone width of GNPs/ZK60 composites are significantly increased compared with ZK60 material due to the influence of graphene, and the growth rate of the difference in heat affected zone width between GNPs/ZK60 composites and ZK60 materials is most significantly affected by the pulse repetition frequency. In addition, the dross height increases with the increase of laser power, while the scaly dross structure becomes increasingly clear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, Cu-Ag and Cu-Zr bimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) were embedded into VO2/VO2/VO2 tri-layer films by using pulsed laser deposition. The results showed that Cu-Ag and Cu-Zr NPs have a significant regulating effect on the crystallinity and surface morphology of VO2 films. In comparison to Cu-Ag NPs, Cu-Zr NPs exhibit a much milder degree of surface morphology regulating influence on VO2 films. The introduction of Cu-Ag and Cu-Zr nanoparticles leads to a completely different surface morphology of VO2 films. Owing to the ability to adjust the surface of the VO2 film to be granular, the resulting local surface plasmon resonance effect effectively modulates the spectral curve, thereby enhancing the thermochromic properties of the composite films. Both Cu-Ag and Cu-Zr NPs can significantly improve the thermochromic properties of VO2 films. And high luminous transmittance (Tlum = 74.6%) and high solar modulation ability (ΔTsol = 8.4%) were simultaneously achieved when the pulse number for depositing Cu-Zr NPs was 100. Additionally, the transmission spectrum of the composite films was simulated by using the finite-difference-time-domain method, and the growth mechanism of the composite films was explored. This work provides a guidance on controlling the morphology of VO2 films by Cu-based bimetallic NPs, which will promote the application of VO2 films in smart windows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Industria Textila is the property of Institutul National de Cercetare-Dezvoltare pentru Textile si Pielarie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Hybrid 3D nanomaterials have been prepared by immobilizing the acid-functionalized MWCNTs into the edge-functionalized/oxidized Few Layer Graphene (FLG) flakes to address the dispersion and exfoliation of FLG flakes. Both acid-functionalized MWCNTs and the edge-oxidized FLG flakes were prepared in the laboratory. The acid-functionalized MWCNTs were prepared via oxidative treatment using a mixture of nitric acid (HNO3) and sulphuric acid (H2SO4). Fenton's reaction was utilized for the preparation of the edge-oxidized FLG flakes using graphite flakes as the starting material. After the functionalization, the presence of the oxygen-containing functional groups was confirmed using FTIR spectroscopy and XPS spectroscopy. The thermal stabilities of the nanomaterials were compared using TGA thermogram and the 3D nanomaterial was observed to be more stable than any other nanoparticles that were prepared and reported in this paper. The surface morphology was observed using the SEM and TEM, and the immobilized functionalized MWCNTs between the edge functionalized FLG flakes were observed. The XRD spectra of the nanoparticles were also compared and Raman analyses have been carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The finite periodic arrangement of functional nanomaterials on the two‐dimensional scale enables the integration and enhancement of individual properties, making them an important research topic in the field of tuneable nanodevices. Although layer‐controllable lattices such as graphene have been successfully synthesized, achieving similar control over colloidal nanoparticles remains a challenge. DNA origami technology has achieved remarkable breakthroughs in programmed nanoparticle assembly. Based on this technology, we proposed a hierarchical assembly strategy to construct a universal DNA origami platform with customized layer properties, which we called 2.5‐dimensional (2.5D) DNA origami crystals. Methodologically, this strategy divides the assembly procedure into two steps: 1) array synthesis, and 2) lattice synthesis, which means that the layer properties, including layer number, interlayer distance, and surface morphology, can be flexibly customized based on the independent designs in each step. In practice, these synthesized 2.5D crystals not only pioneer the expansion of the DNA origami crystal library to a wider range of dimensions, but also highlight the technological potential for templating 2.5D colloidal nanomaterial lattices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores Daucus crinitus extracts (DCE) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) synthesized using the extracts as corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel (CS) in HCl medium. The synthesized ZnO-NPs were characterized via UV-vis spectroscopy, exhibiting a peak at approximately 375 nm. The study employed weight loss (WL) and electrochemical measurements, alongside spectrophotometric evaluation of corrosion products. Surface morphology was assessed via scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Thermodynamic analysis revealed the physical adsorption of DCE on CS according to the Freundlich adsorption isotherm. Potentiodynamic polarization (PP) measurements indicated DCE as a mixed-type corrosion inhibitor. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) exhibited increased charge transfer resistance and reduced double-layer capacitance with inhibitory addition. The most effective inhibition was observed with butanol extract (BE) and improved more with its corresponding nanoparticles (BENPs), exhibiting inhibitory efficiencies of 80.20% and 91.20%, respectively, at 298 K with a concentration of 800 ppm. The evaluation of corrosion products using colorimetry revealed that the concentration of polyphenols decreased after the inhibitory process. Furthermore, the intensity of ferrous ions (Fe2+) decreased as the inhibitory concentration increased. In addition, SEM-EDS analysis confirmed the presence of ZnO-NPs, which enhanced the surface morphology and established a protective layer formed by the adsorbed inhibitors. The SEM-EDS analysis confirmed the presence of ZnO-NPs, the enhancement of surface morphology, and the establishment of a protective layer formed by the adsorbed inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current research work, AA7050 a marine aluminium alloy was reinforced with the nano-graphite particles, processed through the stir casting technique. The scanning electron microstructure reveals, that the nanoparticles were uniformly distributed over the matrix material and the hardness of the composites increased with a rise in the weight percentage of Gr particles owing to the Hall patch effect. The wear experiments were conducted by varying reinforcement, load, velocity, distance, and temperature, and the experimental runs were designed using the L25 orthogonal array, in which wear, coefficient of friction and worn surface hardness were recorded as a response. The wear resistance of the composites increases with a rise in the graphite content attributed to the formation of a mechanically mixed layer, the wear rate transfers from mild to severe, when there is shift in temperature from 100°C to 150°C. The worn surface hardness of the composites was higher than those of as-cast composites owing to the presence of Fe on the surface confirmed through the EDAX mapping. The composites were optimized using the modified PROMETHEE optimization technique and the results revealed that AA7050 reinforced with 8% Gr particles showed the best result and was recommended for the marine sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mn0.92Cu0.08‐yZnyFe2O4 (y=0.02, 0.04, 0.06 and 0.08) nanoparticles (MCZF NPs) were synthesized via the hydrothermal process at low operating temperature. The MCZF system generated a cubic spinel structure as seen by the X‐ray diffraction patterns. The average crystallite size was observed to be increasing from 25 to 30 nm. The broad (γ1) and narrow (γ2) absorption bands were seen in FTIR spectra and the cation distributions at tetrahedral (A) and octahedral (B) sites, respectively, was indicated. The surface morphology was analyzed using electron microscopy. Clarification was provided for the dependence of the optical bandgap shift (Eg~1.96–2.15 eV) on the concentration of substituent. The superparamagnetic nature of MCZF can be advantageous for biomedical applications and it was demonstrated by the magnetization versus applied magnetic field (M−H) loops. Small values of remanence magnetization (Mr) and coercivity (Hc) were found using magnetization versus magnetic field (M−H) curves at y=0.02, 0.04, 0.06, and 0.08. This proved that MCZF NPs exhibited the superparamagnetic behavior. The cation distribution at two sublattices was also estimated using a two‐sublattice model. The greatest zone of inhibition in an antibacterial study of MCZF (produced by the green method) was 10.8 mm for Pseudomonosa aeruginosa and 9.4 mm for Staphylococcus aureus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bio-materials in the nano size are promising high-value products with diverse applications. The green synthesis of lignin nanoparticles has opened a novel method to utilize lignin in advanced uses. In the present study lignin nanoparticles with dimensions of about 35nm were prepared from alkaline lignin extract directly in the moist condition. By rapid acid precipitation using methane sulphonic acid, accompanied by mild ultrasonication. The size, surface morphology, and thermal properties of the lignin nanoparticles were studied using different techniques such as; DLS, FTIR, XRD, UV, SEM, TGA, and DTA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnesium-based matrix composites' attention has recently increased significantly in various engineering applications due to their high strength-to-weight ratio, good solidification, and good mechanical properties. During the fabrication process, oxidation and porosity was the main drawback and led to reduced composites' mechanical properties. Based on this, the AZ31B grade magnesium alloy composite was prepared with different weight fractions (0, 3, 5, 7, and 9 wt%) of zirconia nanoparticles (ZrO2) through a liquid state stir cast process under an inert argon atmosphere. The effect of inert atmosphere-operated ZrO2 on the microstructural and mechanical properties of AZ31 alloy nanocomposites was studied. The surface morphology of the developed composite showed homogenous particle distribution with a porous free structure. As a result, low porosity level (less than 1%) and enriched mechanical properties of composite and composite contained 5 wt% ZrO2 facilitate maximum yield, tensile, and impact strength of 208±2 MPa, 276±1.5 MPa, and 5.8±0.5J, respectively. However, the higher content of ZrO2 in AZ31B alloy offered a high hardness value of 74±1HV. The optimum results composite sample 3 (AZ31B/5 wt% ZrO2) is recommended for automotive roof frame application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a promising nanostructure to use in various optoelectronic nanodevices, PVA–ZrO2–CuO nanocomposites (NCs) are created in this study using the casting method with different ratios of ZrO2/CuO. Compared to other nanosystems, the PVA–ZrO2–CuO nanostructures stand out for their low cost, high corrosion resistance, good optical properties, and lightweight. The investigation is focused on examining the structural and optical characteristics of nanocomposites composed of PVA–ZrO2–CuO. FTIR spectra indicate a physical interference between the pure polymer and nanoparticles. The optical microscope is used to describe the structural properties and the changes in the surface morphology of nanocomposite. The findings about the optical characteristics indicate an increase in absorption by approximately 283%. Additionally, the energy gap experiences a decrease by approximately 107% for allowed indirect transitions and 408% for forbidden indirect transitions. These changes are observed, when the PVA–ZrO2–CuO content reaches a weight percentage of 6%. Consequently, these results suggest that the material may possess suitability for a range of optoelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel Ni–SiO2 composite deposition layer was created in the inner wall of the pipe adopting a new type of brush plating device, and the properties of the deposition layer were characterized; experimental results show that the nanocomposite deposition layer significantly improves the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of the inner wall of the pipe. Firstly, under the conditions of nanoparticle addition (40 mL/L, 60 mL/L, 80 mL/L), working voltage (12 V, 14 V, 16 V) and pH (5, 7, 9), the hardness value and surface morphology of deposited layer were investigated through orthogonal experiments, and the optimal process variables were preliminarily determined. Orthogonal experiment results show that when the addition of nanoparticles is 80 mL/L, the voltage is 14 V, and the pH value is 7, the Ni–SiO2 nanocomposite deposition layer has high microhardness (618.6 HV) and good microscopic morphology. According to the analysis of the results of the orthogonal experiment, the addition amounts of nanoparticles is the main influencing factor, so the control variable method is utilized to investigate the effect of the addition amounts of nanoparticles on the properties of the deposited layer. The results show that when the amounts of nanoparticles added is 80 mL/L, the surface of deposited layer is smoother, denser and less defective. Moreover, the deposited layer has excellent mechanical property and corrosion resistance. In a solution of 3.5% sodium chloride, −0.78 V is the corrosion potential, 1.93 × 10−5 A·cm−2 is the corrosion current density, and 0.22 mm·a−1 is the corrosion rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of nanoparticle (NP) size on the physical characteristics of sintered silver NP ink was studied using four different types of inks. The Ag NP inks were spin-coated on glass substrates with an average thickness of 300 nm. Each sample was sintered for 30 min, with temperatures from 50 °C to 400 °C by an interval of 50 °C. After sintering, the specific resistance of each case was obtained using the resistance and surface profile measurements. The minimum specific resistance obtained by the experiment was 2.6 μΩ·cm in the case in which 50 nm-sized Ag NP ink was sintered at 350 °C. The transformed surface morphology and grain size of each case were observed using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The results of this study can be a reference for future manufacturers in selecting the Ag NP size and the sintering temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional manufacturing technologies have several limitations to produce precise, small-scale tubular structures while retaining the required functional capabilities. To address this issue, the current work proposes a cost-effective approach for the manufacturing of composite-tubular structures using an "in-house pulse electroforming" setup. With the above-mentioned technique, we have been able to fabricate sustainable composite microtubes with an unprecedented thickness of a mere 20 μm, a feat that has eluded scientific exploration until now. Nanosized SiC particles were also integrated into the Cu matrix to improve the mechanical (via microhardness and compression testing) and corrosion characteristics. The impact of different process variables, such as pulse frequency and duty cycle on surface morphology, microhardness, compression, corrosion, and hydrophobicity were investigated. Cu/SiC microtube exhibits a maximum hardness of 160 HV, which is substantially higher than that of the bare Cu microtubes. The Cu/SiC composite microtubes also exhibit 51% anticorrosion efficiency and approximately two times higher impedance than bare copper microtubes. Furthermore, the compression test confirms the strength of the electroformed Cu/SiC microtubes. Additionally, prediction models for microhardness of structures were developed using Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). Compared to the ANN model, which produced an R2 value of 0.96, the ANFIS model showed more accurate predictions of microhardness values, with an R2 value of 0.99. This fabrication methodology can be envisioned for developing precise, conductive, and anticorrosive tubular structures for various engineering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A plasma-chemical method for the modification of silicon carbide particles is presented, which makes it possible to obtain particles with a controlled surface morphology. The variable parameter of particle processing was the ratio of the fraction of plasma-forming (Ar) and additional (H) gases. It was shown that at Ar/H = 100/0, the formation of a carbon shell is observed; at Ar/H ratios of 91/9 and 84/16, the particles are characterized by a carbon shell decorated with silicon nanoparticles or nanowires, respectively. The modified particles were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bimetallic nanoparticles expand the possibilities of catalyst design, providing an extra degree of freedom for tailoring the catalyst structure in comparison to purely monometallic systems. The distribution mode of two metal species defines the structure of surface catalytic sites, and current research efforts are focused on the development of methods for their controlled tuning. In light of this, a comprehensive investigation of the factors which influence the changes in the morphology of bimetallic nanoparticles, including the elemental redistribution, are mandatory for each particular bimetallic system. Here we present the combined XPS/STM study of the surface structure and morphology of bimetallic Pt-Au/HOPG nanoparticles prepared by thermal vacuum deposition and show that thermal annealing up to 350 °C induces the alloying process between the two bulk-immiscible metal components. Increasing the treatment temperature enhances the extent of Pt-Au alloying. However, the sintering of nanoparticles starts to occur above 500 °C. The approach implemented in this work includes the theoretical simulation of XPS signal intensities for a more meticulous analysis of the compositional distribution and can be helpful from a methodological perspective for other XPS/STM studies of bimetallic nanoparticles on planar supports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, the moisture-sensing properties of three Copper (1%) doped Zinc Oxide nanomaterials, CZ-1, CZ-2, and CZ-3, are examined. These substances were created by solid-state interactions involving Cu2O and ZnO, CuO and ZnO, and, separately, Cu and ZnO. After four hours of annealing at 700°C for each of the three pellet samples, humidity-sensing tests were conducted. Throughout the whole range of relative humidity percent (15-90%RH) at room temperature, it was observed that the electrical resistance of all three nanomaterials reduced steadily. Powder x-ray diffractometer and scanning electron microscopy analyses were performed on the nanomaterial pellets to determine their crystallinity, structural phases (gross crystal structure), and surface morphology. Both the Scherer's approach and the Williamson and Hall's method were used to determine the crystallite size of the three samples, CZ-1, CZ-2, and CZ-3. The CZ-3 sample annealed at 700°C had the lowest crystallite size (36 nm) and the highest humidity sensitivity of the three samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alternative fuels were developed by blending crude coconut oil and bio-carbon nanoparticles. Bio-carbon, derived from sago waste via pyrolysis and ground using a ball mill, underwent FTIR testing to assess its energy absorption capabilities. SEM analysis was conducted to examine the surface morphology of bio-catalyst with and without crude coconut oil. The findings indicate that incorporating bio-catalyst can enhance mechanical properties, facilitating rapid heat absorption, as evidenced by reduced flashpoint and viscosity. In addition, the results show an increase in fuel mass, broadening of molecular contacts, increased reactivity, and increased heat absorption for easier ignition. This phenomenon indicates that bio-carbon of sago waste have great potential for biofuel use as a homogeneous combustion catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fungal infections are the primary cause of skin diseases. Topical application of antifungal drugs is the most preferred treatment which is associated with key limitations viz. need for high doses and frequency of application. By considering the limitations of current topical treatment, the present study involves the formulation and characterization of luliconazole nanogel. Materials and Methods: The luliconazole nanoparticles were prepared by using biodegradable polymer PLGA 50:50 and dispersed in polymeric dispersion prepared by Carbopol 940 and HPMC K4M. For optimization of nanoparticles as well as their polymeric dispersion a factor-three level (32) design was implemented. Optimized nanoparticles were characterized for various parameters viz. particle size, PDI, entrapment efficiency, XRD, SEM, whereas the nanogel was investigated for viscosity, cumulative drug release, spreadability, extrudability, skin irritation test, and antifungal activity. Results: The nine batches of nanoparticles as well as nanogel were prepared. Nanoparticles prepared by using 100 mg PLGA at 6 HPH cycles showed size, PDI, and % entrapment as 406 nm and 87% respectively was the desired batch. The XRD and SEM study ensured the encapsulation of drug with satisfactory surface morphology. Nano-gel formulated with 0.3% Carbopol and 1.0% HPMC was selected as optimized; it showed viscosity and % cumulative drug release as 3650 cP and 54% respectively. Nanogel showed significant sustained luliconazole release (54.12%) in comparison to simple nanoparticles (65.22%). The formulation showed improved antifungal activity than standard treatment without any skin irritation signs. Conclusion: Prepared nano-gel is a promising alternative to the current treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The prime objective of our investigation was to optimize PLGA-chitosan nanoparticles containing vinorelbine ditartrate. Materials and Methods: The Vinorelbine ditartrate nanoparticles were formulated using emulsion method followed by probe sonication to reduce the size. A three factor three level Box-Behnken Design has been implemented to optimize chitosan, Poloxamer 188 and sonication time (independent variables) for particle size, polydispersity index and entrapment efficiency (%) as the measured responses. Particle size, zeta potential, surface morphology, entrapment effectiveness, and in vitro drug release were all evaluated for the optimised formulation. Results: The optimized PLGA-chitosan nanoparticle exhibited particles size of 161.22 nm with polydispersity index of 0.229 and zeta potential value of 10.99 mV. The formulation exhibited 78.9% entrapment of vinorelbine ditartrate. The nanoparticle was able to sustain the release of vinorelbine for more than 140 hr in the in vitro release studies. Conclusion: From studying the obtained results, it could be concluded from the investigation that PLGA-chitosan nanoparticles could be good approach to improve the bioavailability of the entrapped drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Eurasian Physical Technical Journal is the property of E.A. Buketov Karaganda University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article reports the synthesis of Bi1+xFeO3 (with x = 0, 0.05, 0.10) nanoparticles and their characterizing results for seeking the appropriate utility in making energy storage devices like supercapacitors. The BFO nanoparticles were synthesized via the sol–gel route and characterized by different techniques. The structural analysis was carried out by XRD along with Rietveld refinement, which gives information about the particle size, micro-strain and rhombohedral picture with the R3c space group. This study has confirmed that the BFO5 in single phase is the most optimized phase with the most stoichiometry as compared to pure BFO and BFO10. For surface morphology, FESEM along with EDAX technique was used. The Raman spectrometer with a 532 nm laser was used to study the vibrational modes available in the samples. To understand the super-capacitive behaviour of the synthesized samples, a detailed electrochemical analysis was performed with the help of cyclic-voltammetry. According to the recording of cyclic-voltammetry data for the samples BFO, BFO5, and BFO10 with the scan frequencies 10, 20, 50, and 100 mV/s, it was found that the BFO5 (i.e. Bi1+xFeO3 with x = 0.05) electrode has displayed the highest capacitive reaction in comparison to the pure BFO and BFO10 electrodes. In addition, the BFO5 has shown the highest specific capacitance. The impedance analysis was also performed to study the grain properties of the samples via Nyquist plots considering the equivalent ac circuit, which confirmed that the BFO5 nanoparticles display the greatest grain resistance. Further, the justified Nyquist plots with the fitted data have confirmed the best performance of BFO5. According to the GCD (galvanostatic charge–discharge) study, the BFO5 electrode has demonstrated impressive cycle stability. As evaluated at 1Ag−1, the BFO5 electrode has demonstrated outstanding cyclic stability, with > 94% capacitance retention over 2000 cycles. Thus, in conclusion, all these characterization results suggest that the Bi1+xFeO3 with x = 0.05 is a very suitable composition for supercapacitors application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Super-assembly platform for programmable and controllable preparation of diverse nanoparticles with topological architectures and surface morphologies (i.e., molecular-like nanoparticles, hollow asymmetric nanoparticles, patchy nanoparticles, etc.). The obtained nanoparticles showed excellent photothermal properties and visible color after calcination. This study provides a new direction for nanomaterial assembly, nanoreactors, nano-pigments, and so on. [Display omitted] Self-assembly leveraged by nature enables the sophisticated generation of a wide range of nanoparticles (NPs) with rich architectures and morphologies. However, existing artificial self-assembly platforms largely only allow for the fabrication of single type of NPs with limited structures, due to their inability to define interfacial interaction between seeds and growth materials, which is critically important to gain controllable growth patterns of the grown materials on the seeds' surface. Here, we report a versatile super-assembly platform that shows the capabilities to fabricate diverse NPs with tunable topological architectures and surface morphologies, e.g., molecular-like NPs, hollow asymmetric NPs, patchy NPs, etc. We unprecedentedly discovered the powerful functions of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), which enable us to well define interfacial interaction between growth materials and seeds to achieve the controllable and tunable generation of various complex topological growth patterns. Moreover, the nucleation pattern (island nucleation or layered nucleation) of the patches can be thermodynamically modulated via the polarity of the solvent, while the number and size of the patches can be kinetically tuned by the ratio of polystyrene (PS), precursor, and catalyst. Interestingly, the hollow NPs can be generated by single-one processing step in our platform, unlike the multiple steps laboriously and widely employed by previously reported fabrication platforms. In addition, we demonstrate that our annealed NPs can not only selectively reflect visible light, and show well-controlled colors from gray, blue, to green, but also exhibit excellent photothermal conversion performances with a high photothermal conversion efficiency of 68.7% that are superior to currently routinely reported of 40%. This super-assembly platform can serve as a powerful toolset to sophisticatedly create varied NPs with tunable hierarchical architectures and controllable surface morphologies, which would significantly benefit the development of drug delivery, nanomaterial assembly, nano pigments, nanoreactors, and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present study focuses on the development of P80 coated PLGA Nanoparticles loaded with drugs, paroxetine (P80-Par-PLGA-NPs) and clonidine (P80-CLD-PLGA-NPs) for in-vitro evaluation of Cellular Uptake & Cytotoxicity on Neuro-2a cells. P80-Par-PLGA-NPs and P80-CLD-PLGA-NPs were developed and characterised for zeta size, potential, PDI, EE%, DL%, TEM, SEM, FTIR, DSC, in-vitro release, cytotoxicity, histopathological and cell uptake studies using rhodamine loaded P80-NPs. Mean particle diameter of P80-Par-PLGA-NPs and P80-CLD-PLGA-NPs was 204; 182.7 nm, ZP of −21.8; −18.72 mV and 0.275; 0.341 PDI, respectively. TEM and SEM images revealed homogenous surface morphology. In-vitro drug release showed sustained and complete release in 72 h. Cell viability (>90%) at Cmax and no cytotoxicity in histopathology was observed. Significant higher uptake (96.9%) of P80-modified-NPS was observed as compared to unmodified-NPs (81%) (p < 0.05). The finding clearly indicated a higher cell uptake of drugs via surface modified P80-coated PLGA-NPs as compared to unmodified particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving the performance of nanoparticle photoactive layers is a key factor in the fabrication of organic photovoltaic nanoparticle (OPV-NP) devices. In this study, we doped the nanoparticle photoactive layer of OPVs with cobalt NPs (1:2.5%). We characterized the doped NP thin film by measuring its surface morphology and electrical properties as a function of temperature and light intensity. The results showed that the current of P3HT:PCBM:Co NPs was enhanced by ~1.5 times compared with pure NPs and ~11 times with BHJ. The photo-responsivity and photo-sensitivity of doped P3HT:PCBM:Co NPs were also improved. The activation energy was determined for three active layer types, and it was found that the doped NP thin film had the lowest activation energy. This suggests that the doped NP thin film has the best performance due to the increased free charge generation and transfer, and the reduced charge recombination losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, ceria nanoparticles (NPs) and deep eutectic solvent (DES) were synthesized, and the ceria-NP's surfaces were modified by DES to form DES-ceria NP filler to develop mixed matrix membranes (MMMs). For the sake of interface engineering, MMMs of 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% filler loadings were fabricated using solution casting technique. The characterizations of SEM, FTIR and TGA of synthesized membranes were performed. SEM represented the surface and cross-sectional morphology of membranes, which indicated that the filler is uniformly dispersed in the polysulfone. FTIR was used to analyze the interaction between the filler and support, which showed there was no reaction between the polymer and DES-ceria NPs as all the peaks were consistent, and TGA provided the variation in the membrane materials with respect to temperature, which categorized all of the membranes as very stable and showed that the trend of stability increases with respect to DES-ceria NPs filler loading. For the evaluation of efficiency of the MMMs, the gas permeation was tested. The permeability of CO2 was improved in comparison with the pristine Polysulfone (PSF) membrane and enhanced selectivities of 35.43 (α CO2/CH4) and 39.3 (α CO2/N2) were found. Hence, the DES-ceria NP-based MMMs proved useful in mitigating CO2 from a gaseous mixture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To eliminate the potential health risks of mercury, development of stable and selective mercury sensor with high sensitivity is the need of the hour. To address this, a novel PEDOT-AA-BTZ-Au-based Hg2+ selective, hybrid electrochemical sensor has been designed by following a simple protocol for electrode fabrication. The electrode was designed by carefully optimizing the onset oxidation potential of supramolecule 2-(anthracen-9-yl)benzo[d]thiazole (AA-BTZ) and conducting polymer poly-(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), using copolymerization approach followed by dropcasting of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The designed electrode offered synergistic effects thus augmenting the electrical conductivity and adsorption capacity as depicted by its porous surface morphology. The highly sensitive analytical signal was generated by sulphur pockets present in AA-BTZ and PEDOT conducting framework. This is further complemented by the selectivity offered by the soft interactions between AuNPs and Hg2+ resulting in a low detection limit of 0.60 nM. The prepared system was further utilized for sensing Hg2+ ion in real systems including lake water and cosmetic samples. Low interference from other ions and better reproducibility further established the suitability of the designed transducer system for future on-site sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process parameters of electrodeposited Ni–Fe–graphene composite coating on the 7075 aluminum alloy were optimized by the orthogonal experiment. The optimized process parameters were determined as follows: graphene concentration of 1 g L−1, current density of 9 A dm−2, agitation speed of 250 r min−1, and temperature of 60 °C, on the basis of hardness and friction coefficient. The Ni–Fe–graphene composite coating shows an increment of 393.0% in hardness and a decrement of 55.9% in friction coefficient in comparison with 7075 aluminum alloy substrate. The Ni–Fe–graphene composite coating binds tightly to 7075 aluminum alloy with adhesion strength of higher than 6.895 MPa. These make contributions to provide effective protection for aluminum alloys. Surface morphology and corrosion morphology, as well as morphology of the side bound to the substrate, were characterized. The scattered asperities on the surface were proven to be graphene nanoplatelets being wrapped by Ni–Fe, which comprehensively reveals the formation of asperities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work investigates the synthesis and the corrosion inhibitor efficiency ceria nanoparticles may exert on steel reinforcement in an alkaline solution of saturated Ca(OH)2 + 0.5 M CaCl2 up to 50°C. The corrosion mechanisms are thoroughly investigated by electrochemical and various characterization techniques. The electrochemical results show that ceria nanoparticles act as an anodic inhibitor and provide maximum inhibition efficiency (80%) at a concentration of 800 ppm. The resulting surface is smooth and free from corrosion products due to the formation of a physically adsorbed film according to the thermodynamic calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the corrosion behaviour of silver-gold nanoparticles as an inhibitor on the degradation of mild steel in 3.5% NaCl (saline environment) using gravimetric analysis and potentiodynamic measurement. The inhibitor Ag-AuNPs was synthesized from Kola nut pod. Five different concentrations of the Ag-AuNPs solution (0, 5, 10, and 20 µg/ml) were added to the saline environment. The gravimetric result showed that inhibition efficiency of 83.33% was the highest at 20 µg/ml of Ag-AuNPs inhibitor concentration. The Tafel polarization result showed that the solution with 20 µg/ml of Ag-AuNPs had the highest inhibition efficiency of 99.465%. At 0 µg/ml of Ag-AuNps, the surface morphologies of the mild steel sample did not show the existence of Ag-AuNps constituent in the saline environment containing the nanoparticles. The outcome showed that the saline environment with 15 and 20 µg/ml of Ag-AuNPs could successfully limit the corrosion of the mild steel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The objective of the study is to evaluate the bleaching potential of 6% hydrogen peroxide (6% HP) gels containing NF_TiO2 or Nb2O5 irradiated with a violet LED light and the effects on enamel mineral content and surface morphology. Methods: Particles were synthesized, and experimental gels were chemically analyzed by preliminary and accelerated stability tests, pH, and HP decomposition rate. Bovine enamel blocks were treated with 6% HP gels containing (n = 10): 5% NF_TiO2, 5% Nb2O5, 2.5% NF_TiO2 + 2.5% Nb2O5 or without particles (6% HP), irradiated or not with LED, and the control was treated with 35% HP. Color (∆E00) and whitening index (∆WID) variations, surface microhardness (SH), average roughness (∆Ra), Ca-P concentration (EDS), and enamel morphology (SEM) were assessed. Bleaching was performed in 3 sessions of 30 min and 7-day intervals. Data were submitted to two- (pH, decomposition rate, ∆E00, and ∆WID) or three-way ANOVA and Bonferroni (SH), Kruskal–Wallis (∆Ra), and Dunnet tests (α = 0.05). Results: No changes in the gel's color, odor, or translucency were observed. The pH (6 to 6.5) remained stable over time, and light irradiation boosted the HP decomposition rate. NF_TiO2 and Nb2O5-containing gels displayed higher ∆E00 and ΔWID when light-irradiated (p < 0.05). Nb2O5 and Nb2O5 + NF_TiO2 decreased enamel SH (p < 0.05), but no SH changes were found among groups (p > 0.05). No differences among groups were noted in ∆Ra, Ca-P content, and enamel morphology after treatments (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Experimental light-irradiated 6% HP gels containing NF_TiO2 or Nb2O5 were chemically stable and exhibited bleaching potential comparable with 35% HP. Clinical relevance: Low-concentrated HP gels containing NF_TiO2 or Nb2O5 and light-irradiated stand as a possible alternative to in-office bleaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here efficient organic photovoltaic devices fabricated from water‐based colloidal dispersions with donor:acceptor composite nanoparticles achieving up to 9.98% power conversion efficiency (PCE) are reported. This high efficiency for water processed organic solar cells is attributed to morphology control by surface energy matching between the donor and the acceptor materials. Indeed, due to a low interfacial energy between donor and the acceptor, no large phase separation occurs during the nanoparticle formation process as well as upon thermal annealing. Indeed, synchrotron‐based scanning transmission X‐ray microscopy reveals that the internal morphology of composite nanoparticles is intermixed as well as the active layer morphology after thermal treatment. The PCE of this system reaches 85% that of devices prepared from chlorinated solvent. The gap between water‐based inks and organic solvent‐based inks gets narrower, which is promising for the development of eco‐friendly processing and fabrication of organic photovoltaics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nano-crystalline CdTe films were coated on a glass substrate by vacuum evaporation (PVD) technique, with the annealed temperature at (25, 100, 150, and 200 °C). The samples were examined by Uv-visible instrument to investigate the transmittance and absorption. The dependency of the absorption coefficient (a) on the wavelength has been investigated. The X-ray diffraction revealed that cubic crystalline was obtained and the peak intensity increased as the temperature increased. The crystallite size increased during grans growth when annealed temperature increased. The estimated energy gaps of the CdTe films were 1.86, 1.87, 1.85, and 1.84 eV, due to the differences in particle sizes. Electrical characteristics have been made to detect the resistivity and conductivity and it was found that the resistivity changes directly with the increase of the energy gap and inversely with the increase in the conductivity of the CdTe films. The surface morphology was homogenous and very smooth surfaces were detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atazanavir is one of the effective antiviral drugs used in the treatment of HIV. It is a lipophilic drug encountering various problems such as poor solubility, rapid first-pass metabolism and pH based dissolution. To overcome these issues, atazanavir nanoparticles (AZNP1 to AZNP5) were formulated. The formulations prepared were evaluated for drug content, entrapment efficiency, particle size, surface morphology and drug release. AZNP3 nanoparticles of particle size (227.9nm), surface charge (-20.7mV) was found to be optimum. The percentage of drug release was 99.85 up to 24h. The results of evaluation studies support the potential and futuristic applications of atazanavir nanoparticles in the treatment of HIV. In conclusion, the nanoparticles can be a promising drug delivery of atazanavir at a controlled rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strontium substituted CoAl2O4 nanoparticles were prepared using a microwave combustion technique using L-alanine as a fuel. The following techniques were used to test the synthesized samples such as XRD, HR-SEM, EDX, DRS, FT-IR and VSM respectively. Surface morphology showed nanosized crystalline grains agglomerated with flake-like and nano-sized pores are fused grain boundaries. The band gap was calculated using Kubelka-Munk (K-M) function and it is reduced from 3.32 to 3.18 eV. The Ft-IR bands ranging from 560 to 1100 cm-1 are caused by the cubic structure of Sr2+ doped CoAl2O4 nanoparticles(NPs). The bi-functional NPs CoAl2O4/SrO (x = 0.5) exhibited excellent catalytic performance and better conversion efficiency (conversion 98% and selectivity 95%) for glycerol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Partial compensation Ni2O3 nanoparticles have been considered in relation to their effects on the structure, electric, morphology, and composition of Bi-2223. X-ray diffraction was used to quantify structural characteristics, and the results showed that all of the crystals in the samples are orthorhombic, with the ratio at which the Bi-2223 phase develops increasing The constancy of the lattice along the c-axis was observed. The trend that has been observed suggests that there is a direct proportionality between the concentration of Ni2O3 and the magnitude of the increase. Suggestive of a high-temperature superconductor (Bi2Sr2-xYxCa2Cu3-yNiyO10+δ) composition, where y=0=0.03=0.12 Thanks to 3D AFM, the morphology of the surface has been thoroughly studied. The test specimens showed good crystalline structure and a smooth, uniform surface. We measured Tc with 4 separate probes. The maximum temperature constant (Tc) was measured to be 143 K at y=0.12. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The co-deposition of Pt and Pd on the silicon surface via galvanic replacement (GR) method from H2[PtCl6] and Pd(NO3)2 solutions in DMSO has been studied. It is shown that spherical nanoparticles of PtPd and nanofilms based on them are formed on the Si surface from solutions of 4 mM H2[PtCl6] + (1, 2, 4) mM Pd(NO3)2 + 50 mM Bu4NClO4. The priority deposition of Pt with its predominant content in the deposited binary system was established. It is shown that the main factor influencing the content of components in it is the concentration of precursors in the solution of co-depositable metals—H2[PtCl6] and Pd(NO3)2. The main factors influencing the size of PtPdNPs and the morphology of the SiPtPd surface are the ratio of [H2PtCl6]:[Pd(NO3)2] concentrations, temperature and duration of the GR process. With an increase in temperature, the average size of nanoparticles increases from ~ 50 to ~ 200 nm. An increase in the concentration ratio of [H2PtCl6]:[Pd(NO3)2] and temperature and the deposition duration contribute to the rise in the size of PtPdNPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Layer-by-layer (LbL) nanoparticles consist of a versatile drug delivery technique, for targeted and controlled delivery. The Doxorubicin (DRC) is being widely used for treatment of pancreatic cancer (PCR). The present study was performed to develop and evaluation LbL nanoparticles (NP's) of DRC to provide controlled and targeted delivery for effective treatment of PCR. Materials and Method: A liposomal based polymeric pH sensitive NP's were prepared by utilizing LbL techniques. The NP's were composed lipids, poly (b-amino ester) (PAE) and hyaluronic acid (HAC). The physiochemical properties of DRC-LbL NPs was evaluated such as particle size, zeta potential, percent entrapment efficiency (%EE), loading of drug and In-vitro drug release behavior. The surface morphology of LbL NP's was evaluated by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). The in vitro release of DRC-LbL-NP's was determined by using Dialysis technique at pH 5 and 7. Results: Results showed that developed DRC-LbL NP's having average particle size of 182.94 + 4.11 nm, zeta potential (ZP) of -42.78± 3.2mV, higher drug entrapment efficiency (EE) of 74.94±3.45. The in-vitro drug release from DRC-LbL NP's exhibited sustained release pattern and it was triggered by lower pH. The surface morphology of developed DRC-LbL NP's exhibited smooth and uniform particle size in nano range. The results from in-vitro drug release showed that there was significant difference in amount of DRC release in both pH media. In phosphate buffer pH 7.4 the total amount of DRC release was found to be 44.82 % after 48 hour of study whereas in pH 5.0 it was recorded 98.24% after 48 hours. Conclusion: The results from present study conclude that DRC-LbL NPs might be a promising candidate for the effective treatment of pancreatic cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multifunctional textile finishing applications have raised concern over environmental issues due to multiple baths and complicated steps. The main focus of this study is the development of multifunctional textiles with superhydrophobic and antibacterial nanoparticles for medical purposes via a one-step electrospraying method. The pad-dry-cure method was also investigated. Silver chloride-titanium dioxide (AgCl-TiO2) and dendritic polymer with methyl end group (CH3)-based (DP) coating solutions were applied. Coating solutions' characteristics in addition to surface morphology, particle size, and distribution were investigated with nano size measurements, SEM, and FESEM images. Relative humidity condition effects were observed. Achieved functionality was investigated. Uncoated surface's water repellency was dramatically improved. The water contact angle has increased from 125.4° (±2.3°) and reached up to 168.5° after electrospraying. Over 99% antibacterial activity was obtained for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Formed nanoparticles have multifunctional characteristics and extensive practicability potential for various kinds of applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anticorrosive coatings are extensively used to protect metals and alloys, especially in the marine environment. This study reports the enhancement of coating performance of epoxy primer coating on zinc in 3.5% NaCl at 303 K by impregnating the epoxy primer with micro and nano particulates of biopolymers. Initially, conditions were standardized to achieve optimum efficiency of Maltodextrin (MLD) and Glycogen (GLY) for corrosion of zinc in 3.5% NaCl. The optimum concentration of inhibitors was then added to the epoxy primer coating a applied on zinc. Anti-corrosion performance of epoxy primer with biopolymer was compared with that of standard coating, which was devoid of biopolymers. The coating characteristics were further enhanced by incorporating nanoparticles of MLD and GLY into the epoxy primer matrix. Potentiodynamic polarization measurement (PDP) and Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were employed to study corrosion rate measurement. Detailed surface morphology was studied using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) techniques. Electrochemical and surface studies clearly demonstrated the capability of micro and nanosized biopolymers in improving the anti-corrosion performance of the coating. The average efficiency of epoxy primer coating improved to a considerable extent by studying biopolymers. The overall efficiency of the coating formulation was found to be 99.5%. Surface morphology studies showed that coating thickness increased to 32.1 mm from 27.2 mm after incorporating biopolymers. In addition to this, there was a remarkable change in the surface roughness of epoxy primer coating in contact with 3.5% NaCl after the addition of biopolymers into it. The coating formulation developed turned out to be eco-friendly with significant environmental benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molybdenum nanoparticles are used as additives in alloys for various applications, such as or in corrosive or high‐vacuum environment. Their properties are completely different than the properties in their bulk. Molybdenum nanoparticles were prepared by hydrothermal technique. MoO3 synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by UV‐visible spectroscopy, SEM, TEM, and XRD. MoO3 had shown its maximum adsorption at wavelength 560 nm. Surface morphology of synthesized MoO3 was studied by using SEM, which showed that MoO3 nanoparticles have shown outgrowth at the edges of strands, while grain size, shape, and distribution was confirmed with TEM, which revealed that the synthesized nanoparticles are fiddle and thin in nature and these particles are made of joint nanosheets. Furthermore, the structure elucidation of synthesized nanoparticles was done by using the XRD calculations, which confirmed that the synthesized particles are MoO3 without impurities. Moreover, MoO3 nanoparticles can be used for photocatalytic properties and biological application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background This study is aimed to synthesize nanosize zinc oxide by acid catalyzed sol–gel process using zinc nitrate hexahydrate as precursor, aqueous isopropanol as solvent and glycerin for making polyol system. The polyol mediated procedure was employed in combination with calcination induced synthesis of nanoparticles of numerous sizes obtained with the variation in calcination temperature from 500 to 900 ℃. The crystal structure of the prepared samples was characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). Infrared spectroscopy (IR) was used to identify the surface hydroxyl groups. Thermal stability was confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry-thermogravimetric analysis (DSC-TGA) whereas field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) was used to study the surface morphology of nanoparticles. Results Results revealed the formation of hexagonal wurtzite structure of irregular shaped nanoparticles having size ranging from 50–100 nm. However, the particles combined to form agglomerates of 200–400 nm with the rise in calcination temperature. Conclusions These results indicate that nanosize zinc oxide can be synthesized successfully by a simple process comprising of glycerin as a low-cost, non-toxic and eco-friendly polyol followed by calcination at ambient temperatures.