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Brain tumors pose significant challenges in terms of complete cure and early-stage prognosis. The complexity of brain tumors, including their location, infiltrative nature, and intricate tumor microenvironment (TME), contributes to the difficulties in achieving a complete cure. The primary objective of brain cancer therapy is to effectively treat brain tumors and improve the patient's quality of life. Nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as promising tools in this regard. They can be designed to deliver therapeutic drugs to the brain tumor site while also incorporating imaging agents. The NPs with the 10-200 nm range can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-brain tumor barrier (BBTB) and facilitate drug bioavailability. NPs can be designed by several methods to improve the pharmaceutical and pharmacological aspects of encapsulated therapeutic agents. NPs can be developed in various dosage forms to suit different administration routes in brain cancer therapy. The unique properties and versatility of NPs make them essential tools in the fight against brain tumors, offering new opportunities to improve patient outcomes and care. Having the ability to target brain tumors directly, overcome the BBB, and minimize systemic side effects makes NPs valuable tools in improving patient outcomes and care. The review highlights the challenges associated with brain tumor treatment and emphasizes the importance of early detection and diagnosis. The use of NPs for drug delivery and imaging in brain tumors is a promising approach to improving patient outcomes and quality of life. The versatility and unique properties of NPs make them valuable tools in the fight against brain tumors, and innovative NP-related patents have the potential to revolutionize healthcare., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Upon extensive pharmaceutical and biomedical research to treat lung cancer indicates that lung cancer remains one of the deadliest diseases and the leading cause of death in men and women worldwide. Lung cancer remains untreated and has a high mortality rate due to the limited potential for effective treatment with existing therapies. This highlights the urgent need to develop an effective, precise and sustainable solutions to treat lung cancer. In this study, we developed RGD receptor-targeted PLGA nanoparticles for the controlled and targeted co-delivery of cisplatin (CDDP) and upconversion nanoparticles (UCNP) in lung cancer therapy. Pluronic F127-RGD conjugate was synthesized by carbodiimide chemistry method and the conjugation was confirmed by FTIR and 1 HNMR spectroscopy techniques. PLGA nanoparticles were developed by the double emulsification method, then the surface of the prepared nanoparticles was decorated with Pluronic F127-RGD conjugate. The prepared formulations were characterized for their particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, surface morphology, drug encapsulation efficiency, and in vitro drug release and haemolysis studies. Pharmacokinetic studies and safety parameters in BAL fluid were assessed in rats. Histopathology of rat lung tissue was performed. The obtained results of particle sizes of the nanoparticle formulations were found 100-200 nm, indicating the homogeneity of dispersed colloidal nanoparticles formulations. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) revealed the spherical shape of the prepared nanoparticles. The drug encapsulation efficiency of PLGA nanoparticles was found to range from 60% to 80% with different nanoparticles counterparts. RGD receptor-targeted PLGA nanoparticles showed controlled drug release for up to 72 h. Further, RGD receptor-targeted PLGA nanoparticles achieved higher cytotoxicity in compared to CFT, CFT, and Ciszest-50 (marketed CDDP injection). The pharmacokinetic study revealed that RGD receptor-targeted PLGA nanoparticles were 4.6-fold more effective than Ciszest-50. Furthermore, RGD receptor-targeted PLGA nanoparticles exhibited negligible damage to lung tissue, low systemic toxicity, and high biocompatible and safety in lung tissue. The results of RGD receptor-targeted PLGA nanoparticles indicated that it is a promising anticancer system that could further exploited as a potent therapeutic approach for lung cancer., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objective: The main objective of this study was to develop the orodispersity film containing chitosan-alginate nanoparticles to improve dissolution profile, therapeutic effect with improved bioavailability of empagliflozin through oral route noninvasively for further cytotoxicity study., Methods: The nanoparticles were developed through two-step mechanisms ionotropic pre-gelation and polyelectrolyte complexation methods. The prepared nanoparticles were added to a polymer matrix containing hypromellose, polyvinyl alcohol, and maltodextrin and cast to rapidly dissolving thin film by solvent casting method., Results: The physicochemical characteristics of empagliflozin in the orodispersible film were most favorable for further studies. This formulation has achieved a higher permeability (7.2-fold) as compared to the reference drug product (Jardiance) after 45 min. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies in Wistar rats have revealed that chitosan-alginate empagliflozin nanoparticles in the orodispersible film were 1.18-fold more bioavailable in comparison to free empagliflozin in orodispersible film. The C max observed for the empagliflozin-loaded orodispersible film was 15.42 ± 5.13 μg/mL in comparison to 18.21 ± 5.53 μg/mL for empagliflozin nanoparticle-containing orodispersible film and 12.19 ± 6.71 μg/mL for freed rug suspension. The t 1/2 values for chitosan-alginate nanoparticles of empagliflozin in the orodispersible film were found1.4-fold more than empagliflozin loaded orodispersible film (without nanoparticles). The cytotoxicity study has shown that chitosan-alginate nanoparticles of empagliflozin in orodispersible film achieved a 2.5-fold higher cytotoxic effect than free empagliflozin in orodispersible film in A549lung cancer cells.0-t values for chitosan-alginate nanoparticles of empagliflozin in the orodispersible film were found1.4-fold more than empagliflozin loaded orodispersible film (without nanoparticles). The cytotoxicity study has shown that chitosan-alginate nanoparticles of empagliflozin in orodispersible film achieved a 2.5-fold higher cytotoxic effect than free empagliflozin in orodispersible film in A549lung cancer cells., Conclusions: This study provides evidence that chitosan-alginate nanoparticles of empagliflozin in orodispersible film can be an effective drug carrier system to improve sustained effect with better bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drug.

Chronic diseases, as stated by the WHO, are a threat to human health which kill 3 out of every 5 people worldwide. Therapeutics for such illnesses can be developed using traditional medicine. However, it is not an easy path from natural products to Western pharmacological and pharmaceutical methods. For several decades, chronic inflammatory disorders, especially in Westernized countries, have increased incidence and prevalence. Several NSAIDs are used to decrease inflammation and pain; however, there are numerous negative consequences of these anti-inflammatory medications, whereas plant-based natural products have anti-inflammatory therapeutic benefits that have little or no adverse effects. Nanoparticles are a new type of drug delivery device that may be designed to provide excellent target selectivity for certain cells and tissues while also having a high drug loading capacity, resulting in better pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics (PKPD), and therapeutic bioavailability. The size and polarity of phytochemical compounds make it hard to pass the blood-brain barrier (BBB), blood-vessel endothelial lining, gastrointestinal tract and mucosa. In addition, the gastrointestinal system is enzymatically destroyed. Therefore, nanoparticles or nanocrystals might also be used for encapsulation or conjugation of these chemicals as a method to improve their organic effectiveness through their gastrointestinal stability, absorption rate and dispersion. The therapy of numerous inflammatory illnesses, including arthritis, gastritis, Nephritis, Hepatitis (Type A, B &C), ulcerative colitis, Alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis, allergic responses (asthma, eczema) or autoimmune disorders, is characterised by nanoparticles. This review paper provides information on the numerous nanosystem described with their probable mechanism to treat chronic inflammatory diseases., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

This study deals with the removal of cationic dyes from the simulated wastewater using Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles loaded activated carbon. Fe 3 O 4 @AC nanoparticles were synthesised using co-precipitation methods. The Fe 3 O 4 @AC nanoparticles (nps) were characterised using different techniques and data revealed that the synthesised nanoparticles were 6-16 nm in diameter. pHpzc of Fe 3 O 4 @AC nanoparticles was 7.8. BET surface area of Fe 3 O 4 @AC nps was found to be 129.6 m 2 /g by single point method and 1061.9 m 2 /g by multipoint method. Adsorption experiments were performed to optimize the effect of process conditions such as pH of solution, nanoparticles dose, temperature, concentration of dye and contact time on contaminant removal. The maximum uptake capacity of Fe 3 O 4 @AC was found to be 138 and 166.6 mg/g for methylene blue and brilliant green dyes, respectively. In order to assess dye adsorption behaviour, adsorption isotherm models viz., Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin were applied to the data. Langmuir isotherm best fitted [R 2  = 0.993 (MB) and R 2  = 0.920 (BG)] to the experimental data of both the dyes. Further, Pseudo-second order rate equation fitted better to the experimental data. Reuse potential of the nanoparticles was also investigated for the removal of both the dyes and it is inferred from the data that the synthesised nanoadsorbent has promising reuse potential, therefore can be used for several cycles., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

An attempt has been made to prepare solid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) of polypeptide-k (PPK) and curcumin (CRM) using Labrafil M1944 CS as oil, Tween-80 as surfactant, Transcutol P as cosurfactant and Aerosil-200 (A-200) as porous hydrophobic carrier for improving their antidiabetic potential through oral delivery. Box-Behnken Design was used to optimize the liquid formulation based on the results of the mean droplet size, polydispersity index, percentage drug loading, and zeta potential. The formulation was adsorbed on Aerosil-200 through spray drying. The formulation showed desirable micromeritic, disintegration, and dissolution properties. About fivefold rise in the dissolution and permeation rate for drugs was observed from formulations vis a vis their unprocessed forms. The formulation was found to be stable with variation in pH, dilution, and temperature. The individual solid SNEDDS formulation of PPK and CRM and their combination were evaluated for antidiabetic potential and the results were compared with their naive forms on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The results revealed better control of serum glucose level and other biochemical tests, such as liver parameters, lipid profiles, and antioxidant levels, as well as histological evaluation of pancreatic tissues in all the solid SNEDDS formulation as compared with their naive forms.

This study focused on the synthesis and characterization of novel magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles loaded sawdust carbon (Fe 3 O 4 /SC) and EDTA modified Fe 3 O 4 /SC (EDTA@Fe 3 O 4 /SC) nanocomposites (ncs) by low cost biogenic green synthesis approach and their application for Cd (II) removal from aqueous medium in batch mode. In isotherm studies, Langmuir and Freundlich models are best fitted to Cd (II) removal data. Langmuir maximum adsorption capacity of EDTA@Fe 3 O 4 /SC ncs was found to be 63.3, 22.4 and 25 mg/g that is greater than maximum adsorption capacity of Fe 3 O 4 /SC ncs that is 51, 18.9 and 15 mg/g at the adsorbent doses of 0.4, 1.2 and 2.0 g/L, respectively. Cd (II) adsorption rate is well explained by Pseudo-second order model. Cd (II) adsorption process is spontaneous and endothermic in nature expressed by Enthalpy, Entropy and Free Energy change. The results of regeneration studies showed that EDTA modified Fe 3 O 4 /SC ncs is promising, low cost and eco-friendly for heavy metal adsorption., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

In the last three decades, nano-sizing of hydrophobic drugs has emerged as one of the most commonly used strategies to overcome their solubility and bioavailability related issues. Nanosuspensions offer versatile features and unique advantages over other approaches that have been utilized for this purpose. The unique inherent properties of nanosuspensions have been explored for a wide variety of applications. Commercial production of stable nanosuspensions has been made possible by the use of techniques such as media milling and high pressure homogenization. This article reviews various techniques being employed for production, characterization, merits and limitations of nanosuspensions and mechanisms that play a role in the physicochemical stability of nanosuspensions. The common strategies applied so far to overcome their stability and commercialization related aspects are also highlighted.

Poor drug penetration and rapid clearance after topical instillation of a drug formulation into the eyes are the major causes for the lower ocular bioavailability from conventional eye drops. Along with this, poor encapsulation efficiency of hydrophilic drug in polymeric nanoparticles remains a major formulation challenge. Taking this perspective into consideration, dorzolamide (DZ)-loaded PLGA nanoparticles were developed employing two different emulsifiers (PVA and vitamin E TPGS) and the effects of various formulation and process variables on particle size and encapsulation efficiency were assessed. Nanoparticles emulsified with vitamin E TPGS (DZ-T-NPs) were found to possess enhanced drug encapsulation (59.8±6.1%) as compared to those developed with PVA as emulsifier (DZ-P-NPs). Transcorneal permeation study revealed a significant enhancement in permeation (1.8-2.5 fold) as compared to solution. In addition, ex vivo biodistribution study showed a higher concentration of drug in the aqueous humour (1.5-2.3 fold). Histological and IR-camera studies proved the non-irritant potential of the formulations. Pharmacoscintigraphic studies revealed the reduced corneal clearance, as well as naso-lachrymal drainage in comparison to drug solution. Furthermore, efficacy study revealed that DZ-P-NPs and DZ-T-NPs significantly reduced the intraocular pressure by 22.81% and 29.12%, respectively, after a single topical instillation into the eye., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Paclitaxel is hydrophobic in nature and is recognized as a highly toxic anticancer drug, showing adverse effects in normal body sites. In this study, we developed a polymeric nano drug carrier for safe delivery of the paclitaxel to the cancer that releases the drug in a sustained manner and reduces side effects. N-isopropylacrylamide/ vinyl pyrrolidone (NIPAAm/VP) nanoparticles were synthesized by radical polymerization. Physico- chemical characterization of the polymeric nanoparticles was conducted using dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance, which confirmed polymerization of formulated nanoparticles. Drug release was assessed using a spectrophotometer and cell viability assays were carried out on the MCF-7 breast cancer and B16F0 skin cancer cell lines. NIPAAm/ VP nanoparticles demonstrated a size distribution in the 65-108 nm range and surface charge measured -15.4 mV. SEM showed the nanoparticles to be spherical in shape with a slow drug release of ~70% in PBS at 38° over 96 h. Drug loaded nanoparticles were associated with increased viability of MCF-7 and B16F0 cells in comparison to free paclitaxel. Nano loaded paclitaxel shows high therapeutic efficiency by sustained release action for the longer period of time, i increasing its efficacy and biocompatibility for human cancer therapy. Therefore, paclitaxel loaded (NIPAAm/VP) nanoparticles may provide opportunities to expand delivery of the drug for clinical selection.

CoxFe3-xO4-based (x=0.05–1.6) nanoparticles prepared by combustion reaction were investigated using x-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The Mössbauer data revealed Co2+ in both tetrahedral (site A) and octahedral (site B) sites of the cubic ferrite structure. For x≤0.4 the experimental data indicated the synthesis of a core-shell structure, with hematite as the shell and cobalt ferrite as the core of the nanoparticle. Differences in crystalline structure between the two phases support the evidences we found of a highly stressed core-shell interface, leading to symmetry reduction of the tetrahedral and octahedral sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study the synthesis of very small magnetite nanoparticles is reported. Analysis of the (311) X-ray diffraction line indicates nanoparticle with 2.2 nm average diameter. The as-synthesized nanosized magnetite sample was submitted to a chemical oxidation process for conversion to maghemite. However, the yielding of the chemical oxidation process, as indicated by the analysis of the Mössbauer data, was about 20%. This finding indicates a strong size-dependence of the oxidation process, reducing the yielding of the chemical process used as the nanoparticle size reduces down to extremely low values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mössbauer and magnetic characterization of polymer-dispersed γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles treated under different chemical processes are reported in this work. X-ray powder diffraction analysis provides a mean particle size of D ~ 8.0 nm. Whereas Mössbauer spectroscopy data suggest the presence of only Fe3 + ions, magnetization measurements indicate the occurrence of a freezing phenomenon in agreement with the thermal evolution of Mössbauer spectra. A core–shell model was used to determine a magnetically disordered layer (shell) of d ~ 1.0 nm covering a region of collinear magnetic moments (core). The chemical treatments with H2O2 and Na2S2O8 modify notoriously the magnetic response of the polymer-dispersed nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical co-precipitation process was used to synthesize (in situ) spherical iron-oxide nanoparticle in sulfonated styrene-divinylbenzene polymeric template. X-ray diffraction technique supports the magnetite phase formation with a mean particle diameter of about 19 nm. The analysis of Mössbauer spectra is consistent with two magnetic splitting patterns assigned to A- and B-iron sites of magnetite, with no visible magnetic relaxation effect even at 297 K. Considering the different experimental time window between Mössbauer spectroscopy and DC magnetization, the results obtained from both techniques are in very good agreement. Magnetic data suggest hosting magnetite nanoparticles interacting antiferromagnetically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biocompatible magnetic nanocomposite consisting of bovine serum albumin-based nanosized spheres hosting maghemite nanoparticle has been investigated by Mössbauer spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and electron microscopy. The 77 K Mössbauer spectrum was curve-fitted to two sextets whereas one doublet plus one sextet was used to fit the 300 K Mössbauer spectrum. The temperature evolution of the hyperfine parameters indicated two Mössbauer components; one associated to the core maghemite nanoparticle and the other associated to the maghemite surface shell. The 300 K quadrupole splitting value indicated strong interaction between the surface of the maghemite nanoparticle and the hosting template. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mössbauer spectroscopy was used in this study to investigate magnetite nanoparticles, obtained by spray pyrolysis and thermal treatment under H2 reduction atmosphere. Room temperature XRD data indicate the formation of magnetite phase and a second phase (metallic iron) which amount increases as the time of reduction under H2 is increased. While room temperature Mössbauer data confirm the formation of the cubic phase of magnetite and the occurrence of metallic iron phase, the more complex features of 77 K-Mössbauer spectra suggest the occurrence of electronic localization favored by the different crystalline phase of magnetite at low temperatures which transition to the lower symmetry structure should occur at T ∼120 K (Verwey transition). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mössbauer spectroscopy was used in this study to investigate magnetite-based nanocomposites, using mesoporous styrene-divinylbenzene (Sty-DVB) microspheres as the hosting template. The magnetite content was increased in the polymeric template by performing several in situ chemical reactions (one to six cycles) in the hosting material. We found the Mössbauer linewidth associated to site-A increasing with the relative increase of iron in site-A. The Mössbauer linewidth associated to site-B decreases with the relative decrease of iron in site-B. We explain our findings by assuming local change in the homogeneity associated to changes in the relative iron population in sites A and B. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and Mössbauer spectroscopy were used in the characterization of a nanocomposite containing magnetic nanoparticles dispersed in a glycolic acid-based template. Maghemite nanoparticles were identified as the iron oxide phase dispersed in the polymeric template. From the low-temperature Mössbauer data the amount of the iron-based, non-magnetic material at the nanoparticle surface was estimated as roughly one monolayer in thickness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CoxFe3-xO4-based (x=0.05–1.6) nanoparticles prepared by combustion reaction were investigated using x-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The Mössbauer data revealed Co2+ in both tetrahedral (site A) and octahedral (site B) sites of the cubic ferrite structure. For x≤0.4 the experimental data indicated the synthesis of a core-shell structure, with hematite as the shell and cobalt ferrite as the core of the nanoparticle. Differences in crystalline structure between the two phases support the evidences we found of a highly stressed core-shell interface, leading to symmetry reduction of the tetrahedral and octahedral sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]