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BackgroundDepression is associated with greater functional impairment and high societal costs than many other mental disorders. Research on the association between plasma polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) levels and depression have yielded inconsistent results.ObjectiveTo evaluate whether plasma n-3 and n-6 PUFAs levels are associated with depression in American adults.MethodsA cross-sectional study included 2053 adults (aged ≥20 y) in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2011–2012. The level of plasma n-3 and n-6 PUFAs were obtained for analysis. Self-reported Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) was used to identify the depression status. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the association between quartiles of plasma n-3 and n-6 PUFAs and depression after adjustments for confounders.ResultsThe study of 2053 respondents over 20 years of age with a weighted depression prevalence of 7.29% comprised 1,043 men (weighted proportion, 49.13%) and 1,010 women (weighted, 50.87%), with a weighted mean (SE) age of 47.58 (0.67) years. Significantly increased risks of depression over non-depression were observed in the third quartiles (OR = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.05–2.62) for arachidonic acid (AA; 20:4n-6); the third quartiles (OR = 2.20, 95% CI = 1.20–4.05) for docosatetraenoic acid (DTA; 22:4n-6); the third (OR = 2.33, 95% CI = 1.34–4.07), and highest quartiles (OR = 1.83, 95% CI = 1.03–3.26) for docosapentaenoic acid (DPAn-6; 22:5n-6); and the third (OR = 2.18, 95% CI = 1.18–4.03) and highest quartiles (OR = 2.47, 95% CI = 1.31–4.68) for docosapentaenoic acid (DPAn-3; 22:5n-3); the second (OR = 2.13, 95% CI = 1.24–3.66), third (OR = 2.40, 95% CI = 1.28–4.50), and highest quartiles (OR = 2.24, 95% CI = 1.08–4.69) for AA/docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) ratio compared with the lowest quartile after adjusting for confounding factors.ConclusionHigher plasma levels of AA, DTA, DPAn-6, DPAn-3 PUFAs, and AA/DHA ratio may be potential risk factors for depression in US adults.

Background and Objectives: Dietary fats are essential for maternal and fetal health. Fatty acids (FAs) in erythrocytes characterize the FA profile, which is influenced by diet and other factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between the main FAs in erythrocyte membrane phospholipids and their influencing factors—dietary fat and supplement intake and lifestyle factors—in Latvian pregnant women. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 236 pregnant and postpartum women. The data were collected from medical documentation, a food frequency questionnaire, and a questionnaire on demographic, lifestyle, health status, and nutritional habits in outpatient clinics and maternity departments. FAs in erythrocyte membrane phospholipids were determined using gas chromatography. Results: Correlations were found between dietary SFAs and erythrocyte SFAs (r = −0.140, p = 0.032) and PUFAs (r = 0.167, p = 0.01) and between dietary PUFAs and erythrocyte MUFAs (r = −0.143, p = 0.028). Dietary SFAs, MUFAs, and PUFAs positively correlated with the studied n-3 and n-6 FAs in erythrocytes. Vitamin D correlated positively with MUFA and negatively with total PUFA and AA in erythrocytes. There was a negative correlation between dietary vitamin A and linoleic acid in erythrocytes. Physical activity negatively correlated with erythrocyte MUFAs and positively with erythrocyte PUFAs. Alcohol consumption positively correlated with erythrocyte SFAs and negatively with erythrocyte PUFAs. Conclusions: There are indications that some dietary FAs may be correlated with erythrocyte FAs. Possible influencing factors for this association are alcohol, physical activity, vitamin D, and vitamin A. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Dietary fats are essential for maternal and fetal health. Fatty acids (FAs) in erythrocytes characterize the FA profile, which is influenced by diet and other factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between the main FAs in erythrocyte membrane phospholipids and their influencing factors—dietary fat and supplement intake and lifestyle factors—in Latvian pregnant women. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 236 pregnant and postpartum women. The data were collected from medical documentation, a food frequency questionnaire, and a questionnaire on demographic, lifestyle, health status, and nutritional habits in outpatient clinics and maternity departments. FAs in erythrocyte membrane phospholipids were determined using gas chromatography. Results: Correlations were found between dietary SFAs and erythrocyte SFAs (r = −0.140, p = 0.032) and PUFAs (r = 0.167, p = 0.01) and between dietary PUFAs and erythrocyte MUFAs (r = −0.143, p = 0.028). Dietary SFAs, MUFAs, and PUFAs positively correlated with the studied n-3 and n-6 FAs in erythrocytes. Vitamin D correlated positively with MUFA and negatively with total PUFA and AA in erythrocytes. There was a negative correlation between dietary vitamin A and linoleic acid in erythrocytes. Physical activity negatively correlated with erythrocyte MUFAs and positively with erythrocyte PUFAs. Alcohol consumption positively correlated with erythrocyte SFAs and negatively with erythrocyte PUFAs. Conclusions: There are indications that some dietary FAs may be correlated with erythrocyte FAs. Possible influencing factors for this association are alcohol, physical activity, vitamin D, and vitamin A.

Background Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major cause of liver diseases worldwide, and lifestyle and diet are significant factors in its development. Recent studies have suggested that dietary fat quality is associated with the development of NAFLD. Objectives Our purpose was to investigate the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of serum n–3 (ω-3) and n–6 (ω-6) PUFAs with NAFLD among middle-aged and older men and women from eastern Finland. We also investigated the associations of estimated Δ5-desaturase and Δ6-desaturase activities, enzymes involved in PUFA metabolism, with NAFLD. Methods After exclusions, the cross-sectional analyses included 1533 men examined in 1984–1989 and 674 men and 870 women examined in 1998–2001 in the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. The longitudinal analyses included 520 men examined in 1991–1993 and 301 men and 466 women examined in 2005–2008. Fatty liver index (FLI) was used as a surrogate for NAFLD. Hepatic steatosis was defined as FLI >60. ANCOVA and logistic regression were used for analyses. Results In the longitudinal analyses, participants with higher serum concentrations of total n–6 PUFA and linoleic acid, the major n–6 PUFA, had markedly lower FLI and lower odds for hepatic steatosis (e.g. odds ratios for incident hepatic steatosis in the highest compared with lowest quartiles were ≤0.41), whereas serum γ-linolenic acid concentration was associated with a higher FLI and higher odds for hepatic steatosis. The associations with the other PUFAs were generally weaker and nonsignificant. In the cross-sectional analyses, also the long-chain n–3 PUFAs had inverse associations. In most analyses, high estimated Δ5-desaturase activity was associated with lower risk and high estimated Δ6-desaturase activity with higher risk for NAFLD. Conclusions In middle-aged and older Finnish adults, higher serum concentrations of total n–6 PUFAs and linoleic acid were associated with lower odds for future NAFLD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveThe aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to examine the association between high ratio of n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and depression.MethodsThe authors conducted a meta-analysis of research articles on the association of high ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFAs with the risk of depression published in the online article database on PubMed, Embase, Cochrane library as of December 2021. Pooled odds ratios (OR) were calculated using random effects models. Publication bias was assessed visually by funnel plots and statistically by the Egger’s and Begg’s tests.ResultsFinally, 12 studies included in this systematic review and meta-analysis with a total of 66,317 participants (including 4,173 individuals with depression condition). The pooled results showed that high ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFAs might be positively associated with depression [OR = 1.21, 95% confidence intervals (CIs): 1.04∼1.41]. The I2 test indicated that there was a substantial statistical heterogeneity across the included studies (I2 = 54.38%, P = 0.01). Subgroup analysis showed that high ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFAs in blood had no significant association with depression (OR = 1.15, 95%CI: 0.88∼1.50), while high ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFAs in dietary supplements was positively associated with depression (OR = 1.32, 95%CI: 1.16∼1.51).ConclusionThis meta-analysis confirmed the association between high ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFAs and the risk of depression. High ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFAs in dietary supplementation was positively associated with depression, but had no significant association in the blood. This study suggested that lowering the dietary intake of the ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFAs would be beneficial in the prevention of depression.

Numerous randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and meta-analyses have assessed the effects of supplemental dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and the LDL/HDL ratio in patients receiving renal replacement therapy (RRT). However, results are ambiguous due to mixed reports of various nutrients used in the intervention group. We performed a network meta-analysis of RCTs to assess the effects of PUFAs on lipid profiles in patients undergoing RRT. RCTs performed before November 2021 were gathered from three databases. The means, standard deviations and the number of cases for each arm were independently extracted by two authors to form a network meta-analysis of LDL and HDL levels and the LDL/HDL ratio in a random effects model. Twenty-eight RCTs (n = 2017 subjects) were included in this study. The pooled results revealed that the combination of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3) and omega-6 fatty acids (n-6) produced significantly lower LDL (standardized mean difference (SMD) = −1.43, 95% confidence interval: −2.28 to −0.57) than the placebo. Both n-3 fatty acids (SMD = 0.78) and the combination of n-3 + n-6 (SMD = 1.09) benefited HDL significantly compared with placebo. Moreover, n-3 alone also exhibited a significantly lower LDL/HDL ratio than placebo. Collectively, PUFAs seem to be adequate nutrients for controlling lipoproteins in patients undergoing RRT. Specifically, n-3 + n-6 supplementation improved LDL levels, while n-3 improved HDL levels and the LDL/HDL ratio. However, our data provide limited information on specific dosages of PUFAs to form a concrete recommendation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing dietary intake of n-3 EPA+DHA and lowering dietary n-6 LA is under investigation as a therapeutic diet for improving chronic pain syndromes as well as other health outcomes. Herein we describe the diet methodology used to modulate intake of n-3 and n-6 PUFA in a free living migraine headache population and report on nutrient intake, BMI and diet acceptability achieved at week 16 of the intensive diet intervention and week 22 follow-up time-point. A total of 178 participants were randomized and began one of three diet interventions: 1) a high n-3 PUFA, average n-6 PUFA (H3) diet targeting 1500 mg EPA+DHA/day and 7% of energy (en%) from n-6 linoleic acid (LA), 2) a high-n-3 PUFA, low-n-6 PUFA (H3L6) targeting 1500 mg EPA+DHA/day and <1.8 en% n-6 LA or 3) a Control diet with typical American intakes of both EPA+DHA (<150 mg/day) and 7 en% from n-6 LA. Methods used to achieve diet change to week 16 include diet education, diet counseling, supply of specially prepared foods, self-monitoring and access to online diet materials. Only study oils and website materials were provided for the follow-up week 16 to week 22 periods. Diet adherence was assessed by multiple 24 h recalls administered throughout the trial. Diet acceptability was assessed in a subset of participants at 4 time points by questionnaire. At week 16 H3 and H3L6 diet groups significantly increased median n-3 EPA+DHA intake from 48 mg/2000 kcals at baseline to 1484 mg/2000 kcals (p < 0.0001) and from 44 mg/2000 kcals to 1341 mg/2000 kcals (p < 0.0001), respectively. In the Control group, EPA+DHA intake remained below the typical American intake with baseline median at 60 mg/2000 kcals and 80 mg/2000 kcals (p = 0.6) at week 16. As desired, LA intake was maintained in the H3 and Control group with baseline median of 6.5 en% to 7.1 en% (p = 0.4) at week 16 and from 6.5 en% to 6.8 en% (p = 1.0) at week 16, respectively. In the H3L6 group, n-6 LA decreased from 6.3 en% at baseline to 3.2 en% (p < 0.0001) at week 16. There were no significant changes in BMI or diet acceptability throughout the trial or between diet groups. We find this diet method to be acceptable to research participants and successful in altering dietary n-3 EPA+DHA with and without concurrent decreases in n-6 LA. If n-6 LA of less than 3 en% is desired, additional techniques to limit LA may need to be employed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipids, commonly split into saturated and mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids, are key constituents of all biological membranes, and their exact proportions in different tissues were previously shown to be related to lifespan in mammals. As a mechanism, it was put forward that long-chain and highly unsaturated n-3 fatty acids may act as "pacemakers" in membranes while the n-6 fatty acid class may act as a counterbalance. Previously, long-lived Ames dwarf mice (Prop1 df/df) were found to have lower n-3 fatty acids and higher n-6 throughout their tissues. We exposed 32 adult (8 months old) Ames dwarf mice to three isocaloric diets differing in their fatty acid composition (saturated vs. rich in n-3 and n-6) for 2 months while measuring their body masses, subcutaneous body temperatures and finally membrane fatty acid profiles. Prominently, we found that individuals from all three groups quickly increased their body masses by ca. 20% and had 0.45 °C higher subcutaneous body temperatures than at baseline (F1,12,16 = 22.27; p < 0.001). Conceivably, experimental diets also largely reflected lipid composition found in the tissues with over 50% n-3 fatty acids in heart phospholipids from animals from the n-3-enriched feeding group. Our study indicates that fatty acid-enriched diets well affected body mass, subcutaneous body temperature and membrane fatty acid composition in Ames dwarf mice with no visible adverse effects on their health. Experimental feeding increased subcutaneous body fat and insulation, most likely explaining the higher subcutaneous temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we determined the levels of individual fatty acids in the whole chicken body, as well as dry matter, nitrogenic substances and fat in Cobb 500 and Ross 308 chickens after 40 days of fattening. The highest level of all fatty acids (FA), regardless of the hybrid combination and sex of the chickens, was determined for oleic/elaidic acid, followed by palmitic, linoleic/linolelaidic, palmitoleic and stearic acids. In Cobb 500 cocks, higher values (P ≤ 0.05; P ≤ 0.01) were found for all saturated fatty acids (SaFA) compared to hens. With the exception of γ-linoleic acid, the levels of n-6 FA measured in cocks were higher (P ≤ 0.01) than in hens and n-3 FA showed higher levels of eicosatrienoic (P ≤ 0.05) and docosapentaenoic acids (P ≤ 0.01). Ross 308 hens had higher levels of most SaFA, with differences for palmitic (P ≤ 0.01), myristic, heptadecanoic and stearic acids (P ≤ 0.05). Regarding monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), hens contained higher levels of myristoleic (P ≤ 0.05) and oleic/elaidic acids (P ≤ 0.01). Cocks showed higher levels of n-6 FA except for linoleic/linolelaidic and γ-linolenic acids; higher levels were found for cis-8,11,14-eicosatrienoic, docosatetraenoic (P ≤ 0.05) and arachidonic acids (P ≤ 0.01). With the exception of α-linolenic acid, n-3 FA levels were higher in cocks, with differences in the levels of cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic and docosapentaenoic acids (P ≤ 0.01). The results suggest possible directions for future research focused on the use of broiler chicken hybrids with more favourable proportions of n-6 FA and n-3 FA in fat and meat.

Ocean warming and acidification are current global environmental challenges impacting aquatic organisms. A shift in conditions outside the optimal environmental range for marine species is likely to generate stress that could impact metabolic activity, with consequences for the biosynthesis of marine lipids. The aim of this study was to investigate differences in the lipid content of Dicathais orbita exposed to current and predicted future climate change scenarios. The whelks were exposed to a combination of temperature and CO2-induced acidification treatments in controlled flowthrough seawater mesocosms for 35 days. Under current conditions, D. orbita foot tissue has an average of 6 mg lipid/g tissue, but at predicted future ocean temperatures, the total lipid content dropped significantly, to almost half. The fatty acid composition is dominated by polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA 52%) with an n-3:6 fatty acid ratio of almost 2, which remains unchanged under future ocean conditions. However, we detected an interactive effect of temperature and pCO2 on the % PUFAs and n-3 and n-6 fatty acids were significantly reduced by elevated water temperature, while both the saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids were significantly reduced under increased pCO2 acidifying conditions. The present study indicates the potential for relatively small predicted changes in ocean conditions to reduce lipid reserves and alter the fatty acid composition of a predatory marine mollusc. This has potential implications for the growth and survivorship of whelks under future conditions, but only minimal implications for human consumption of D. orbita as nutritional seafood are predicted.

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Experimental animal models are the primary tool to test nutritional intervention strategies for health promotion and prevention and/or treatment of human diseases. These kinds of experiments test hypotheses that otherwise could not be done in humans. These models generate data important for pre-clinical screening purposes. However their ability to predict human responses has been disappointing, particularly when it comes to dietary n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Many times it is difficult to recapitulate the data as a result of diet between pre-clinical experiments and clinical trials in part because we lack the fundamental understanding of how to effectively translate diets between species. The diets in experiments using rodent models are preferentially designed to generate positive results (i.e., perform a dose response and pick the dose that works) with little thought on their applicability to humans. Accordingly, the levels of n-3 and n-6 PUFA used in rodent diets are typically on the extreme and rarely justified. A search of the literature reveals no guidelines establishing appropriate levels for the use of PUFA in rodent diets although extrapolation to human conditions is quite common despite being inappropriate. The goal of this paper is to examine allometric scaling models between species for dietary PUFA using similar endpoints with the hypothesis that equivalent physiological changes in rodents and humans support the mathematical model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work was performed to study the effect of dietary inclusion of different fatty acid combinations (saturated, n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids; PUFA) on caecal fermentation activity, feed intake, growth rate and feed efficiency of young rabbits around weaning (17 to 44 d) and fattening rabbits (28 to 63 d of age). Five diets were formulated using the same raw materials and including 3% of lard (A diet, rich in saturated fat), sunflower oil (S diet, rich in n-6 PUFA), linseed oil (L diet, rich in n-3 PUFA), sunflower oil and lard at 1:1 rate (SA diet), or linseed oil and lard at 1:1 rate (LA diet). In the first trial, the effect of the 5 diets on rabbit performance was evaluated in a fattening period from 28 to 63 d of age, with 490 rabbits allocated in individual cages; mortality rates were measured with 1670 rabbits (750 allocated in individual cages and 920 in collective cages, 8 rabbits/cage). In the second trial, 120 young rabbits were used from 17 to 44 d of age, weaned at 28 d, allocated in collective cages and randomly fed with A, S or L diets, evaluating performance and gut weight and caecum fermentation activity. The use of animal fat or vegetable oil and the richness in n-3 or n-6 PUFA of vegetable oils had no significant effect on the feed intake (130 g dry matter/d) and growth rate of fattening rabbits (45.5 g/d), but the inclusion of sunflower oil in diet improved feed conversion rate (2.79 for S diet vs. 2.87 for the rest of diets; P

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are necessary for overall health. The two PUFAs families, n-6 and n-3 fatty acid are physiologically and metabolically distinct. Proportion of PUFAs in serum and erythrocyte phospholipids is an important determinant of both health and disease, and depends on endogenous metabolism controlled by genetic polymorphisms and dietary intake. Both n-3 and n-6 PUFAs are processed to powerful promoters of eicosanoids synthesis at the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase level. Evidence from observational and intervention studies suggest that n-3 PUFAs are cardioprotective, perhaps through their anti-inflammatory, anti-arrhythmic, lipid-lowering, and antihypertensive effects. In contrast, dietary n-6 PUFAs have pro-inflammatory effect. Low n-3 and elevated n-6 PUFAs levels were found in patients with cancer on different sites. The present review will focus on the current knowledge related to PUFAs intake and status in health and disease, with reference to the Serbian population. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. III41030]

This work was conducted in order to study the chemical composition, fatty acid profile, as well as the levels of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) present in the Longissimus muscle of Caracu and Caracu vs. Charolais genetic groups of cattle. This study was carried out at the Experimental Farm of the Agronomic Institute of Paraná, in southern Brazil. Twenty animals (10 Caracu – CAR and 10 Caracu vs. Charolais – CAC) were used, with an initial average age between 8 and 10 months. The young bulls were slaughtered at 450 kg and 18 months of age. The moisture and crude protein percentages were similar between the two genetic groups. However, the percentage of ash was higher in the CAC group. Conversely, total lipid levels was lower in the CAC group. The fatty acid profiles were similar for CAR and CAC bulls. Percentages of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and n-6 were higher in the CAC group. The monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), saturated fatty acid, and n-3 percentages, as well n-6/n-3 and PUFA/MUFA ratios, were similar between CAR and CAC bulls. The 18:2 n-6, 18:2 c – 9 t – 11 and 20:3 n-6 contents (mg/g of total lipids) were higher in the CAR group.Este trabalho foi realizado para estudar a composição química, perfil de ácidos graxos e a quantificação dos ácidos graxos n-3, n-6 e ácido linoléico conjugado (CLA) no músculo Longissimus de bovinos inteiros dos grupos genéticos Caracu e Caracu vs. Charolês. Este estudo foi realizado na Fazenda Experimental do Instituto Agronômico do Paraná. Foram utilizados vinte animais (10 – Caracu – CAR e 10 Caracu vs. Charolês – CAC) com idade inicial de 8-10 meses. Os animais foram abatidos com peso médio de 450 kg e 18 meses. A percentagem de umidade e proteína total foram similar entre os dois grupos genéticos. Entretanto, a percentagem de cinzas foi maior no grupo CAC. Ao contrário, a percentagem de lipídeos totais foi menor no grupo CAC. O perfil de ácidos graxos foi similar entre os animais CAR e CAC. A percentagem de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados (AGPI) e n-6 foi maior para animais do grupo CAC. As percentagens de ácidos graxos monoinsaturados (AGMI), ácidos graxos saturados (AGS), n-3 e as razões de n-6/n-3 e AGPI/AGS foram similar entre os animais CAR e CAC. A quantificação dos ácidos graxos 18:2 n-6, 18:2 cis 9 trans 11 and 20:3 n-6 (mg/g of total lipids) foi maior em animais do grupo CAR.

Avaliou-se a influência da adição (1,2%) de ácido linoléico conjugado (CLA) na dieta sobre o desempenho, a deposição e o perfil de ácidos graxos na carne de pacus. Foram utilizados 112 pacus em crescimento (256,19 ± 24,09), distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com dois tratamentos e quatro repetições, em oito tanques (1 m³ cada), e alimentados até a saciedade aparente, três vezes ao dia, durante 60 dias. Utilizou-se dieta extrusada, com 28% PB e 3.000 kcal ED/kg de ração. A cada duas semanas, foram coletados oito peixes de cada tratamento (dois de cada repetição) para determinar a composição de ácidos graxos no tempo. Pela análise de Broken-line, a máxima deposição do cis-9, trans-11, trans-10, cis-12 e do CLA total foi estabelecida com 23, 20 e 21 dias, respectivamente. Não foram observadas diferenças no desempenho e na composição química do peixe inteiro, do filé e do fígado. A deposição de CLA ocorreu em altas concentrações em todos os tecidos do pacu. O fornecimento de CLA na dieta afetou a composição de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados e monoinsaturados no peixe inteiro, filé e fígado. A deposição de CLA em pacus corresponde a até 3,6% dos lipídios totais no peixe inteiro e no filé.This work was carried out to evaluate the effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) inclusion (1.2%) on pacu performance and fillet fatty acids deposition and profile. A hundred and twelve growing pacus (256.19 ± 24.09 g of initial weight) were allotted to a completely randomized design with two treatments and four replicates, in eight tanks (1 m³ each) and hand fed to apparent satiation, three times a day, for 60 days. Extruded diet with 28% CP and 3,000 kcal DE/kg of ration was fed. Every each two week, eight fish per treatment (two per replicate) were collected to determine the fillet fatty acid composition. Broken-line analysis indicated that the cis-9, trans-11, trans-10, cis-12 and the total CLA maximum deposition in "pacu" tissue muscle were established at 23, 20 and 21 days, respectively. CLA was deposited in high concentrations in all pacu tissues studied. No differences on performance and whole fish, fillet and liver compositions were observed. CLA dietary inclusion affected the total percentages of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids in whole fish, fillet and liver. It was concluded that pacu can incorporate CLA in whole body and fillet up to 3.6% of total lipids.

Objetivou-se avaliar a composição química e o perfil de ácidos graxos do músculo Longissimus de bovinos inteiros de diferentes grupos genéticos terminados em confinamento. Foram utilizados 40 animais, com idade média de 22 meses, oriundos de quatro grupos genéticos: NGR (¼ Nelore vs. ¼ Guzerá vs. ½ Red Angus); NSM (¼ Nelore vs. ¼ Simental vs. ½ Marchigiana); NRL (¼ Nelore vs. ¼ Red Angus vs. ½ Limousin) eNMM (¼ Nelore vs. ¾ Marchigiana). Após o abate e resfriamento da carcaça, foram retiradas amostras do músculo Longissimus entre a 12ª e 13ª costelas. Não houve efeito (p > 0,05) do grupo genético sobre as percentagens de umidade (74,0%), cinzas (1,0%), proteína bruta (19,0%) e lipídeos totais (2,0%) do músculo Longissimus. O grupo NMM apresentou menor (p < 0,05) percentagem de C14:0, C14:1, C16:0 e maior de C18:0 e C22:1. As percentagens dos ácidos graxos saturados (46%), monoinsaturados (45%) e poli-insaturados (8%) foram semelhantes (p > 0,05) entre os grupos genéticos. A razão AGI/AGS (0,2) não diferiu. Os grupos genéticos NMM e NGR apresentaram, respectivamente, maior (8,5%) e menor (5,6%) percentagem de ácidos graxos n-6 e maior (5,5) e menor (4,0) razão n-6 n-3-1.This work was undertaken to study the physical-chemical composition and fatty acid profile in the Longissimus muscle of young bulls from different genetic groups finished in feedlot. Forty animals were used, with average age of 22 months, from four genetic groups: NGR (¼ Nelore vs. ¼ Guzerá vs. ½ Red Angus); NSM (¼ Nelore vs. ¼ Simental vs. ½ Marchigiana); NRL (¼ Nelore vs. ¼ Red Angus vs. ½ Limousin) and NMM (¼ Nelore vs. ¾ Marchigiana). After slaughter and carcass chilling, Longissimus muscle samples were collected between the 12th and 13th ribs. There was no genetic group effect (p > 0.05) on muscle moisture (74.0%), ash (1.0%), crude protein (19.0%) and total lipids (2.0%). The NMM group presented the lowest (p < 0.05) ratio of C14:0, C14:1, C16:0 and the highest ratio of C18:0 and C22:1. The saturated fatty acid ratio (46.0%), monounsaturated fatty acid ratio (45.0%) andpolyunsaturated fatty acid ratio (8%) were similar (p > 0.05) among the genetic groups. The AGS/AGI ratio (0.2) was similar. The NMM and NGR groups presented, respectively, the highest (8.5%) and the lowest (5.6%) ratios of n-6 fatty acids and the highest (5.5) and thelowest (4.0) n-6 n-3-1 ratio.

Objetivou-se avaliar a influência da adição de CLA na dieta sobre o desempenho produtivo, a composição química e o perfil de ácidos graxos de tilápia-do-nilo. Foram utilizados 80 peixes revertidos, com 109 ± 10 g, distribuídos em oito tanques (0,8 m³ cada), em densidade de 10 peixes/tanque, durante 90 dias. Avaliou-se a inclusão na dieta de 2% de CLA (Luta-CLA®-BASF, Brasil) com 60% dos isômeros (cis-9,trans-11 e trans-10,cis-12) e 40% do veículo (ácido oléico e outros ácidos graxos). Como dieta utilizou-se ração comercial extrusada, com 29% PB e 3.000 kcal ED/kg de ração. Ao final do experimento, todos os peixes foram utilizados para avaliação do desempenho, da composição química e do perfil de ácidos graxos no fígado e nos filés. A taxa de eficiência protéica, o rendimento de carcaça, o índice hepatossomático e a gordura visceral não diferiram com a adição de CLA a dieta. A adição de CLA a dieta promoveu melhora no ganho de peso, aumento no consumo e melhora na conversão alimentar. Os peixes alimentados com dietas com adição de CLA apresentaram aumento na composição de ácidos graxos saturados e redução dos ácidos graxos n-6 nos filés. Houve também aumento na composição de ácidos graxos n-3 e de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados totais no fígado. Houve aumento da proteína nos filés de tilápias alimentadas com dietas enriquecidas com CLA. O uso do CLA melhora variáveis de desempenho produtivo, afeta o metabolismo e a proporção dos ácidos graxos nos filés e fígados e aumenta proteína nos filés em tilápia-do-nilo.The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of the addition of CLA in the diet on Nile tilapia productive performance, chemical and fatty acids composition. Eighty reversed fish with 109 ± 10 g were used, distributed in eight tanks (0.8 m³ each) in density of ten fishes/tank, during 90 days. It was evaluated the inclusion in the diets of 2% of CLA (Luta-CLA®-BASF, Brazil) with 60% of isomers (cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12) and 40% of vehicle (oleic acid and other fatty acids). As diets, a commercial extruded ration with 29% CP and 3000 kcal DE/kg of ration was used. At the end of the experiment all fishes were used for the evaluation of performance, of chemical composition and profile of fatty acids on liver and fillets. No differences for protein efficiency ratio, carcass yield, hepatosomatic index and visceral fat, were observed with the addition of CLA in the diet. The addition of CLA in the diet improved weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio. Fishes fed diets with addition of CLA showed an increase in saturated fatty acids composition, reduction in n-6 fatty acids in the fillets and increase in n-3 fatty acids and total polyunsaturated fatty acids composition in the liver. There was an increase of protein in fillets of tilapia fed with rations enriched with CLA. CLA utilization improve productive performance, affect the fatty acids metabolism and pattern in fillets and liver and increase the body protein of Nile tilapia.

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In this study, we determined the levels of individual fatty acids in the whole chicken body, as well as dry matter, nitrogenic substances and fat in Cobb 500 and Ross 308 chickens after 40 days of fattening. The highest level of all fatty acids (FA), regardless of the hybrid combination and sex of the chickens, was determined for oleic/elaidic acid, followed by palmitic, linoleic/linolelaidic, palmitoleic and stearic acids. In Cobb 500 cocks, higher values (P ≤ 0.05; P ≤ 0.01) were found for all saturated fatty acids (SaFA) compared to hens. With the exception of γ-linoleic acid, the levels of n-6 FA measured in cocks were higher (P ≤ 0.01) than in hens and n-3 FA showed higher levels of eicosatrienoic (P ≤ 0.05) and docosapentaenoic acids (P ≤ 0.01). Ross 308 hens had higher levels of most SaFA, with differences for palmitic (P ≤ 0.01), myristic, heptadecanoic and stearic acids (P ≤ 0.05). Regarding monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), hens contained higher levels of myristoleic (P ≤ 0.05) and oleic/elaidic acids (P ≤ 0.01). Cocks showed higher levels of n-6 FA except for linoleic/linolelaidic and γ-linolenic acids; higher levels were found for cis-8,11,14-eicosatrienoic, docosatetraenoic (P ≤ 0.05) and arachidonic acids (P ≤ 0.01). With the exception of α-linolenic acid, n-3 FA levels were higher in cocks, with differences in the levels of cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic and docosapentaenoic acids (P ≤ 0.01). The results suggest possible directions for future research focused on the use of broiler chicken hybrids with more favourable proportions of n-6 FA and n-3 FA in fat and meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ocean warming and acidification are current global environmental challenges impacting aquatic organisms. A shift in conditions outside the optimal environmental range for marine species is likely to generate stress that could impact metabolic activity, with consequences for the biosynthesis of marine lipids. The aim of this study was to investigate differences in the lipid content of Dicathais orbita exposed to current and predicted future climate change scenarios. The whelks were exposed to a combination of temperature and CO2-induced acidification treatments in controlled flowthrough seawater mesocosms for 35 days. Under current conditions, D. orbita foot tissue has an average of 6 mg lipid/g tissue, but at predicted future ocean temperatures, the total lipid content dropped significantly, to almost half. The fatty acid composition is dominated by polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA 52%) with an n-3:6 fatty acid ratio of almost 2, which remains unchanged under future ocean conditions. However, we detected an interactive effect of temperature and pCO2 on the % PUFAs and n-3 and n-6 fatty acids were significantly reduced by elevated water temperature, while both the saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids were significantly reduced under increased pCO2 acidifying conditions. The present study indicates the potential for relatively small predicted changes in ocean conditions to reduce lipid reserves and alter the fatty acid composition of a predatory marine mollusc. This has potential implications for the growth and survivorship of whelks under future conditions, but only minimal implications for human consumption of D. orbita as nutritional seafood are predicted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of the duration (24 hours, 60 days and 120 days) of frozen storage (-20 °C) on the fatty acid composition of meat from ostriches supplemented with linseed and rapeseed. The study was carried out on muscles of 40 ostriches raised on five dietary groups: control with no supplementation (C), with 4% linseed (L4); 8% linseed (L8); and 5% rapeseed (R5); or 10% rapeseed (R10) in the diet. As the frozen storage period increased, the fatty acid profile of the ostrich meat in all the "enriched" groups changed, especially treatments L4 and L8. There was a decrease in the polyunsaturated fatty acid content (especially from 61 to 120 days of storage) including linolenic, arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids. However, storage did not influence the fatty acid profile of ostrich meat up to 60 days. These results suggest that freezing is an acceptable method for preserving ostrich meat (up to 60 days), causing only a small decrease in the fatty acids of ostrich meat enriched with n-3 fatty acids. However, further research on prolonged frozen storage is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA), have known anti-inflammatory effects, including the modulation of adipose tissue-derived inflammatory mediators (i.e., adipokines) implicated in obesity-related pathologies, such as insulin resistance. Less is known about the effects of plant-derived n-3 PUFA, α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3) and stearidonic acid (SDA 18:4n-3), or n-6 PUFA linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6) and arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6), especially in combination with an inflammatory stimulus, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), at a dose intended to mimic obesity-associated low-grade inflammation. To study this, 3T3-L1 adipocytes were incubated with 100 μmol/L of various n-3 or n-6 PUFA with or without 10 ng/mL LPS for up to 24 h. AA in the presence of LPS synergistically increased ( p < 0.05) pro-inflammatory monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP)-1 and interleukin (IL)-6 secretion and gene expression, as well as COX-2 and TLR2 gene expression at 6 and/or 24 h, suggesting their potential roles in the synergistic effects of AA and LPS. Plant-derived fatty acids ALA, SDA, and LA did not differentially affect adipokine gene expression or secretion, whereas LPS-induced pro-inflammatory IL-1β expression and MCP-1 secretion was decreased ( p < 0.05) by EPA, DHA, and/or EPA+DHA (50 μmol/L each) compared with LPS alone. Only DHA increased ( p < 0.05) gene expression of the n-3 PUFA receptor GPR120 and simultaneously decreased LPS-induced nuclear factor-κB activation compared with control. Our findings emphasize that specific fatty acids within the n-3 or n-6 PUFA class warrant consideration in the development of nutritional strategies to improve obesity-associated inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fatty acids and consequently diet play an essential role in the formation of inflammatory mediators involved in the pathogenesis of asthma. Because intake variations of omega-6 (n-6) and omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids ultimately determine cell membrane incorporation, changes in diet have the potential to modify downstream production of inflammatory mediators derived from these compounds. It has long been hypothesized that decreasing the n-6/n-3 ratio could reduce the production of more proinflammatory mediators while increasing the formation of downstream metabolites that can serve to limit or resolve inflammation. In turn, these changes would result in improved asthma outcomes or would lower the risk for asthma incidence. This review will focus on the role of fatty acid inflammatory and resolving mediators and will summarize the clinical and epidemiologic data on how diet and obesity alter fatty acid profiles that can contribute to asthma. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objetivou-se avaliar a composição química e o perfil de ácidos graxos do músculo Longissimus de bovinos inteiros de diferentes grupos genéticos terminados em confinamento. Foram utilizados 40 animais, com idade média de 22 meses, oriundos de quatro grupos genéticos: NGR (¼ Nelore vs. ¼ Guzerá vs. ½ Red Angus); NSM (¼ Nelore VS. ¼ Simental vs. ½ Marchigiana); NRL (¼ Nelore VS. ¼ Red Angus vs. ½ Limousin) e NMM (¼ Nelore VS. ¾ Marchigiana). Após o abate e resfriamento da carcaça, foram retiradas amostras do músculo Longissimus entre a 12ª e 13ª costelas. Não houve efeito (p > 0,05) do grupo genético sobre as percentagens de umidade (74,0%), cinzas (1,0%), proteína bruta (19,0%) e lipídeos totais (2,0%) do músculo Longissimus. O grupo NMM apresentou menor (p < 0,05) percentagem de C14:0, C14:1, C16:0 e maior de C18:0 e C22:1. As percentagens dos ácidos graxos saturados (46%), monoinsaturados (45%) e poli-insaturados (8%) foram semelhantes (p > 0,05) entre os grupos genéticos. A razão AGI/AGS (0,2) não diferiu. Os grupos genéticos NMM e NGR apresentaram, respectivamente, maior (8,5%) e menor (5,6%) percentagem de ácidos graxos n-6 e maior (5,5) e menor (4,0) razão n-6 n-3-1.

In this study, the effects of diets on growth parameters and flesh fatty asit compositions of rainbow trouts were studied. The diets used in the experiment were control, 250 and 500 mg/kg α-tocopherol acetate and 250 and 500 mg/kg daphne leaves extract containing antioxidants. The initial and final mean weights of the fish fed with experimental diets were 107,71g and 195,85 (α-tocopherol acetate) respectively. The differences among the final mean weights of experimental groups were not significant (P>0.05). MUFA, PUFA, DHA, n-3 and n-3/n-6 final concentrations of fish flesh were significantly increased as compared to the initial concentrations, whereas n-6 concentrations were significantly reduced (P<0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dietary intake of linoleic acid (LNA, 18:2n-6) has increased dramatically during the 20th century and is associated with greater prevalence of obesity. The endocannabinoid system is involved in regulation of energy balance and a sustained hyperactivity of the endocannabinoid system may contribute to obesity. Arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6) is the precursor for 2-AG and anandamide (AEA), and we sought to determine if low fat diets (LFD) could be made obesogenic by increasing the endocannabinoid precursor pool of ARA, causing excessive endocannabinoid signaling leading to weight gain and a metabolic profile associated with obesity. Mice (C57BL/6j, 6 weeks of age) were fed 1 en% LNA and 8 en% LNA in low fat (12.5 en%) and medium fat diets (MFD, 35 en%) for 16 weeks. We found that increasing dietary LNA from 1 to 8 en% in LFD and MFD significantly increased ARA in phospholipids (ARA-PL), elevated 2-AG and AEA in liver, elevated plasma leptin, and resulted in larger adipocytes and more macrophage infiltration in adipose tissue. In LFD, dietary LNA of 8 en% increased feed efficiency and caused greater weight gain than in an isocaloric reduction to 1 en% LNA. Increasing dietary LNA from 1 to 8 en% elevates liver endocannabinoid levels and increases the risk of developing obesity. Thus a high dietary content of LNA (8 en%) increases the adipogenic properties of a low fat diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of our study was to compare nutritional quality of oils of legumes (soybean, pea, faba bean and lupin) and oil plants (rape, sunflower, poppy and flax) grown in the Czech Republic. Individual seeds of legumes and oil seeds were analysed for fat content and fatty acid profile. Fatty acids were detected by gas chromatography, following fat extraction. The fatty acid profile was evaluated for contents of fatty acids saturated, unsaturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. The highest proportion of fat in the dry matter of seed was found in poppy, followed by sunflower, flax, rape, soybean, lupin, pea, and faba bean. Differences in fat contents between individual plants were highly significant (P ≤ 0.01), except for differences between flax and rape (P ≤ 0.05), pea and faba bean and poppy and sunflower (non-significant). Apart from rapeseed, markedly higher proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids were found in other oils but rapeseed had the least content of saturated fatty acids. Legumes had a favourable ratio of n-3:n-6 fatty acids, especially lupin oil (1:4.3), which is in accordance with the recommended ratio 1:5. Sunflower oil is less suitable, with n-3 present in trace concentration. The most significant source of n-3 is flaxseed oil. The study brings new findings regarding oil composition in a wide range of feed components. These data may be used for development of diets for specific purposes and for production of functional food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish and PUFA consumption are thought to play a role in mental health; however, many studies do not take into account multiple sources of PUFA. The present study analysed data from a sample of 935 randomly selected, population-based women aged 20–93 years. A validated and comprehensive dietary questionnaire ascertained the consumption of n-3 and n-6 PUFA. Another assessed fish and energy intake and provided data for a dietary quality score. The General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) measured psychological symptoms and a clinical interview (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Research Version, Non-patient edition) assessed depressive and anxiety disorders. Median dietary intakes of long-chain n-3 fatty acids (310 mg/d) were below suggested dietary target levels. The only PUFA related to categorical depressive and anxiety disorders was DHA. There was a non-linear relationship between DHA intake and depression; those in the second tertile of DHA intake were nearly 70 % less likely to report a current depressive disorder compared to those in the first tertile. The relationship of DHA to anxiety disorders was linear; for those in the highest tertile of DHA intake, the odds for anxiety disorders were reduced by nearly 50 % after adjustments, including adjustment for diet quality scores, compared to the lowest tertile. Those who ate fish less than once per week had higher GHQ-12 scores, and this relationship was particularly obvious in smokers. These are the first observational data to indicate a role for DHA in anxiety disorders, but suggest that the relationship between DHA and depressive disorders may be non-linear. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background: This study examined the effects of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) as different n-6: n-3 ratios on spatial learning and gene expression of peroxisome- proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in the hippocampus of rats. Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly allotted into 3 groups of ten animals each and received experimental diets with different n-6: n-3 PUFA ratios of either 65:1, 22:1 or 4.5:1. After 10 weeks, the spatial memory of the animals was assessed using the Morris Water Maze test. The expression of PPARα and PPARγ genes were determined using real-time PCR.Results: Decreasing dietary n-6: n-3 PUFA ratios improved the cognitive performance of animals in the Morris water maze test along with the upregulation of PPARα and PPARγ gene expression. The animals with the lowest dietary n-6: n-3 PUFA ratio presented the highest spatial learning improvement and PPAR gene expression. Conclusion: It can be concluded that modulation of n-6: n-3 PUFA ratios in the diet may lead to increased hippocampal PPAR gene expression and consequently improved spatial learning and memory in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: N-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been shown to prevent tissue release of inflammatory molecules. We have shown that a combination of n-6 and n-3 PUFAs is more efficient than single supplementations on the long-term consequences of intraocular pressure elevation. We hypothesized that such an association is also more effective during early retinal stress by modifying retinal proinflammatory prostaglandin and cytokine productions. Rats were supplemented for 3 months with n-6 PUFAs, n-3 PUFAs, or both n-6 and n-3 PUFAs. After 3 months, a surgical elevation of intraocular pressure was induced. Retinal morphometry and glial cell activation were evaluated 24 hours after laser treatment. The retinal levels of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and the messenger RNA levels of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α were measured. Retinal glial cell activation after laser treatment was partly prevented by dietary n-6, n-3, and n-6 and n-3 PUFAs. Retinal PGE1 was unaffected by the laser treatment or by the diet. Dietary n-6 and/or n-3 PUFAs prevented the increase in PGE2 levels observed in laser-treated retinas without affecting the induction of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α messenger RNAs. This study shows that not only a combination of n-6 and n-3 PUFAs but also single supplementations can preserve the retina from early glial cell activation and PGE2 release. The protective effect is not mediated by changes in cytokine expression but may be related to modifications in retinal prostaglandin metabolism. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Smaller mammals, such as mice, possess tissues containing more polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) than larger mammals, while at the same time live shorter lives. These relationships have been combined in the 'membrane pacemaker hypothesis of aging'. It suggests that membrane PUFA content might determine an animal's life span. PUFAs in general and certain long-chain PUFAs in particular, are highly prone to lipid peroxidation which brings about a high rate of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. We hypothesized that dietary supplementation of either n-3 or n-6 PUFAs might affect (1) membrane phospholipid composition of heart and liver tissues and (2) life span of the animals due to the altered membrane composition, and subsequent effects on lipid peroxidation. Therefore, we kept female laboratory mice from the C57BL/6 strain on three diets (n-3 PUFA rich, n-6 PUFA rich, control) and assessed body weights, life span, heart, and liver phospholipid composition after the animals had died. We found that while membrane phospholipid composition clearly differed between feeding groups, life span was not directly affected. However, we were able to observe a positive correlation between monounsaturated fatty acids in cardiac muscle and life span. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fatty acid composition of cow milk, collected in a survey from 19 dairy farms in the border area between Italy and Slovenia, was investigated for 2 consecutive years (2005 and 2006) to assess the possibility of discriminating the area of the origin of the milk. Farms were selected based on diet, animal breed, and farm management to represent the local variability of the systems. In Slovenian farms, grass silage and hay prevailed over corn silage and concentrate feeds, whereas in Italian farms, hay and concentrates were the predominant components of the diet. Fifty-three fatty acids were separated and quantified in Italian and Slovenian milks. Saturated fatty acids represented the most abundant class, followed by monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Significant differences were observed between Italian and Slovenian milks for the concentration of 40 fatty acids, whereas significant differences were observed between years of production for 15 fatty acids. Discriminant analysis was used to identify a classification criterion of milk, using country and year of production as grouping variables. Considering statistical results and the scatter plot of the scores of the first 2 functions, the best discriminant criteria were those based on unsaturated fatty acids and on fatty acids with several carbon atoms ≥18. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fatty acid composition of muscle membrane phospholipids and fat stores may affect migration performance in birds. The purpose of this study was to investigate seasonal changes in the fatty acid composition of (1) pectoralis muscle phospholipids, (2) intramuscular triglyceride stores and (3) adipose tissue triglycerides in free-living white-throated sparrows (Zonotrichia albicollis). During migratory seasons there was an increase in the n-6:n-3 ratio of muscle membrane phospholipid fatty acids without a change in the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids. This change was driven mainly by an increase in the proportion of 18:2n-6 and a decrease in the proportion of 22:6n-3. An increase in the proportion of 18:2n-6 was also observed in the intramuscular and adipose tissue triglyceride stores during the migratory seasons. These increases in 18:2n-6 were offset by a decrease in 16:0; resulting in an elevated proportion of unsaturated fatty acids and elevated double bond index in both fat stores of migrants. The elevated levels of 1 8:2n-6 in migrant fat stores indicates a high dietary component of this fatty acid, as white-throated sparrows feed mainly on tree seeds and some insects during migration and may not have access to a diet high in n-3 fatty acids. We suspect that elevated dietary levels of 18:2n-6 also caused the observed increases in the proportion of this fatty acid in muscle phospholipids. Overall, we conclude that seasonal changes in adipose and muscle fatty acid composition are likely attributable to diet more than other factors such as migratory exercise or mitochondrial density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Associations between and changes in plasma phospholipid fatty acid (FA) concentrations and expression of delta 5 desaturase (D5D), delta 6 desaturase (D6D) and delta 9 desaturase (D9D) in leucocytes were investigated both before and during n-3 FA supplementation for 2 weeks in 20 healthy individuals. Participants were divided into two groups depending on fish intake: one fish meal or less per week and no marine FA supplement (Lowfish, n = 9) and more than one fish meal per week and/or daily oral marine FA supplement (Highfish, n = 11). Before starting supplementation (t = 0), concentrations of n-3 FAs were significantly lower in the Lowfish group compared to the Highfish group. During supplementation in both groups, n-3 FAs increased, whereas n-6 FAs decreased. D5D expression was significantly higher in Lowfish compared to Highfish at t = 0. No difference in D6D or D9D expression was observed. D5D expression was inversely correlated with EPA, DPA, DHA and total n-3 FA, and positively correlated with the ratio total n-6 FA/total n-3 FA at t = 0. Expression of D5D in the Lowfish group as well as D6D in both groups significantly decreased relative to the expression at t = 0 during the first day of supplement. PUFA concentration was generally predicted by its precursor FA and D5D or D6D expression. The correlations mentioned disappeared after 2 weeks of supplementation. This indicates that steady-state FA desaturase expression is associated with plasma phospholipid FA composition. Whether leucocyte desaturase expression may have potential as a marker of PUFA status merits further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Essential fatty acids (EFA) remain one of the least well-understood and enigmatic nutrients in aquaculture nutrition. Of all dietary nutrients none has a greater direct impact on the composition of its consumer. Their importance stems not only to their impact on animal growth, but also to factors such as reproduction, immunity and product quality. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) has consistently been shown to provide the greatest EFA value to most species. However, the nutritional value of eicosapentaenoic (EPA; 20:5n-3) and arachidonic (ARA; 20:4n-6) acids has also been significantly greater than that exhibited by linolenic (LNA; 18:3n-3) and linoleic (LOA; 18:2n-6) acids. All five fatty acids have been shown to provide EFA value to most aquaculture species, although the optimal dietary inclusion levels and balance among the fatty-acid classes (n-3 and n-6) and fatty-acid chain lengths (18-C, 20-C or 22-C) vary among species. Environmental origin (freshwater, estuarine or marine) appears to be a primary factor influencing the difference in EFA requirements. The role that EFA play in osmoregulation clearly shows how these nutrients affect animals from different aquatic environments. The influence of EFA on growth also appears to be greatest in larval fish and crustaceans, possibly because of their reduced ability to digest and absorb lipids, but also because of a proportionally higher demand for EFA in the development of, in particular, neural tissues. Despite an abundance of research since the 1970s on the EFA requirements of aquaculture species there remains a need to better define the EFA requirements of most aquaculture species. Of all major aquaculture species only the penaeid shrimp has a comprehensively documented assessment of its nutritional requirements for EFA. The nutritional requirements for EFA in most fish species have not been comprehensively studied and those species that were fully examined in the 1970s and 1980s now need to be reassessed in light of recent changes to the use of high-nutrient-density diets that were not routinely used in either practice or research during that earlier period. In addition to changes in dietary specification strategies, declining dependence on marine-origin lipid sources in recent years has placed an increased imperative on understanding the dietary need for long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (lcPUFA). As aquaculture continues to grow there will be an increased use of alternative lipid resources, such as grain, algal and rendered oils, to provide dietary lipids. In addition to dietary dilution of natural EFA sources through the use of these raw materials, they will also bring new challenges, such as increased levels of n-6 and 18-C polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Introduction of these n-6 and PUFA fatty acids to the diet of aquaculture species will not only influence the nutritional demands of these animals, but will also affect their flesh quality characteristics by reducing their level of n-3 lcPUFA. This dilemma will demand an increased prioritisation on the value of lipid sources rich in n-3 lcPUFA, but is also likely to stimulate the development of alternative sources of lcPUFA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Dietary conditioning of juvenile trout changed the acyl chain composition of mitochondrial phospholipids and the oxidative capacities of muscle mitochondria. Trout were fed three diets differing only in fatty acid (FA) composition. The highly unsaturated 22:6 n-3 (DHA) accounted for 0.4, 14, and 30% of fatty acids in Diets 1, 2 and 3. After 10 weeks of growth, the dietary groups differed markedly in FA composition of mitochondrial phospholipids, with significant dietary effects for virtually all FA. Mean mitochondrial DHA levels were 19, 40 and 33% in trout fed Diets 1, 2 and 3. Mitochondrial oxidative capacities changed with diet, while mitochondrial concentrations of cytochromes and of the adenylate nucleotide translocase (nmol mg1 protein) did not. Mitochondria from fish fed Diet 1 had higher non-phosphorylating (state 4) rates at 5°C than those fed other diets. When phosphorylating (state 3) rates differed between dietary groups, rates at 5 and 15°C were higher for fish fed the more unsaturated diets. Stepwise multiple regressions indicated that FA composition could explain much (42–70%) of the variability of state 4 rates, particularly at 5°C. At 15°C, FA composition explained 16–42% of the variability of states 3 and 4 rates. Similar conclusions were obtained for the complete data set (trout fed diets 1, 2 and 3) and for the data from trout achieving similar growth rates (e.g. those fed Diets 1 and 2). Neither general characteristics of membrane FA, such as % saturates, unsaturation index, n-3, n-6 or n-3/n-6 nor levels of abundant unsaturated FA such as DHA or 18:1(n-9 + n-7), were systematically correlated with mitochondrial capacities even though they differed considerably between trout fed the different diets. Relatively minor FA (20:5n-3, 20:0, 18:2n-6, 18:3n-3, 18:0 and 15:0) showed better correlations with mitochondrial oxidative capacities. This supports the concept that acyl chain composition modulates mitochondrial capacities via interactions between membrane proteins and specific FA of particular phospholipid classes in their microenvironment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the intake of n-6 and n-3 PUFA of pre-school children in Flanders, Belgium, was evaluated, and recommendations to address the very low intake of long-chain PUFA are presented. Food consumption data (based on parentally reported 3??d dietary records obtained from October 2002 to February 2003) of 661 children (338 boys, 323 girls) between 2??5 and 6??5 years of age and the PUFA concentrations obtained from various food composition databases were used. The actual PUFA intake levels were compared to Belgian, European and American recommendations. Only the intake of linoleic acid (LA) fell within the recommended ranges. Margarine, bread, biscuits and chocolate products contributed most to LA intake. The intake of ??-linolenic acid (LNA) was low compared to the recommendations and was obtained mostly from the consumption of margarines and fatty sauces. This resulted in a high LA/LNA ratio. The intake of all long-chain PUFA was far below the recommended levels. Meat and meat products were the most important sources of arachidonic acid. Consumption of fish and other seafood was very low, though these were the most important sources of long-chain n-3 PUFA. In conclusion, Flemish pre-school children should consume more n-3-rich products in order to increase their LNA intake and decrease their LA/LNA ratio. Furthermore, the replacement of meat products rich in SFA by poultry would increase the arachidonic acid intake. As well, fatty fish consumption needs to be increased, as it is a rich source of long-chain n-3 PUFA. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Reports on the composition of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in milk from atopic and nonatopic mothers. Development of allergy in early infancy; Relationship between milk PUFA and atopic disease; Discussion on the significance of n-6 and n-3 PUFA in maternal milk for the development of atopic disease in children.

Diet plays a decisive role in heart physiology, with lipids having especial importance in pathology prevention and development. This study aimed to investigate how dietary lipids varying in lipid profile (virgin olive oil, sunflower oil or fish oil) affected the heart of rats during aging. Heart histopathology, mitochondrial morphometry, and oxidative status were assessed. Typical histopathological features associated with aging, such as valvular lesions, endomyocardical hyperplasia, or papillary muscle calcification, were found at a low extent in all the experimental groups. The most relevant finding was that inflammation registered by fish oil group was lower compared to the other treatments. At the ultrastructural level, heart mitochondrial area, perimeter, and aspect ratio were higher in fish oil-fed rats than in those fed on sunflower oil. Concerning oxidative stress markers, there were differences only in coenzyme Q levels and catalase activity, lower in sunflower oil-fed animals compared with those fed on fish oil. In summary, dietary intake for a long period on dietary fats with different fatty acids profile led to differences in some aspects associated with the aging process at the heart. Fish oil seems to be the fat most protective of heart during aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]