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Background: Cardiac evaluation using transthoracic echocardiography before noncardiac surgery is common in real-world practice. However, evidence supporting preoperative echocardiography is lacking. This study aims to evaluate the additional benefit of preoperative echocardiography in predicting postoperative cardiovascular events (CVE) in noncardiac surgery., Methods: This study is designed as a multicenter, prospective study to assess the utility of preoperative echocardiography in patients undergoing intermediate- or high-risk noncardiac surgery. This trial comprises two studies: (1) a randomized controlled trial (RCT) for patients undergoing intermediate-risk surgery with fewer than three clinical risk factors from the revised cardiac risk index (intermediate-risk group) and (2) a prospective cohort study for patients undergoing intermediate-risk surgery with three or more clinical risk factors, or who undergo high-risk surgery regardless of the number of clinical risk factors (high-risk group). We hypothesize that the use of preoperative echocardiography will reduce postoperative CVEs in patients undergoing intermediate- to high-risk surgery through discovery of and further intervention for unexpected cardiac abnormalities before elective surgery. A total of 2330 and 2184 patients will be enrolled in the two studies. The primary endpoint is a composite of all-cause death; aborted sudden cardiac arrest; type I acute myocardial infarction; clinically diagnosed unstable angina; stress-induced cardiomyopathy; lethal arrhythmia, such as sustained ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation; and/or newly diagnosed or acutely decompensated heart failure within 30 days after surgery., Discussion: This study will be the first large-scale prospective study examining the benefit of preoperative echocardiography in predicting postoperative CVE. The PREOP-ECHO trial will help doctors identify patients at risk of postoperative CVE using echocardiography and thereby reduce postoperative CVEs., Trial Registration: The Clinical Research Information Service KCT0006279 for RCT and KCT0006280 for prospective cohort study. Registered on June 21, 2021., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Background: Three-dimensional (3D) speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) has been developed to overcome the limitations of two-dimensional (2D) STE and has been applied in the several clinical settings. However, no data exist about the prognostic value of 3DSTE-based strain on clinical outcome after myocardial infarction (MI). This study was designed to investigate the prognostic value of area strain (AS) by 3D speckle tracking in predicting clinical outcome after acute MI., Methods: We assessed 96 patients (62±14 years, 72% male) with acute MI and who had undergone a coronary angiography. Clinical parameters and conventional echocardiographic measurements including the left atrial (LA) size and tissue Doppler measurements were evaluated. The global left ventricular (LV) AS was measured using 3D speckle tracking software. The relationship between the AS and clinical outcome of death or hospitalization for heart failure (HF) was assessed., Results: During a median follow-up of 33±10 months, primary endpoint of death or HF occurred in 12 patients (12.5%). AS was predictive of death or HF after adjustment for age, gender, peak CK-MB, LA volume, LV end-systolic volume, LV mass, the ratio of early mitral inflow velocity to early mitral annular velocity, and LV ejection fraction in a multivariate Cox model (HR 1.23, 95% CI 1.02-1.47, P=.03). In addition, AS added incremental value in predicting death or heart failure on a model based on clinical and standard echocardiographic measures (P=.008)., Conclusion: AS is independently associated with increased risk of death or HF after acute MI, suggesting that it can be a useful prognostic parameter in the patients following MI., (© 2016, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Aims: Global measures of left ventricular (LV) function, in particular LV ejection fraction (LVEF) and global myocardial strain measures, are powerful predictors of outcomes in patients with LV dysfunction, heart failure, or both. However, less is known about the relationship between regional myocardial function, especially that assessed by strain echocardiography and clinical prognosis., Methods and Results: We studied 248 patients with LV dysfunction, heart failure, or both 5 days after first myocardial infarction (MI) from the VALIANT study. We assessed peak longitudinal strain (LS) via B-mode speckle tracking in 12 segments from the apical 4- and 2-chamber views and visually assessed LV wall motion score (WMS). We related these measures of regional myocardial function to each other and to clinical outcomes over 20-month follow-up. Normal reference values for segmental LS were derived from 50 healthy controls. Regional LS (-7.7%, Q1: -11.2%, Q3: -4.9%) was worse in segments with abnormal WMS, although was significantly impaired even in segments scored as normokinetic compared with normal controls (-10.4 ± 5.2% vs. -20.0 ± 7.6%, P < 0.001). In multivariable Cox proportional hazards models, each additional abnormal LS segment was associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio: 1.42, 95% confidence interval: 1.06-1.90, P = 0.02) even after adjustment for clinical covariates, including LVEF, LV end-systolic volume, and number of abnormal segments by WMS., Conclusion: In patients with LV dysfunction, heart failure, or both after MI, regional LS is significantly depressed even in segments with normal WMS, and this measure was related to adverse outcome., (Published on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. All rights reserved. © The Author 2015. For permissions please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Objectives: A pathophysiological mechanism of microvascular dysfunction in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is multifactorial; thus, multiple modalities were needed to precisely evaluate a microcirculation., Methods: We complementarily assessed microcirculation in STEMI by the index of microcirculatory resistance (IMR) and coronary flow reserve (CFR) immediately after a primary percutaneous intervention in 89 STEMI patients. Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) including cardiovascular death, target vessel failure, heart failure, and stroke were assessed during a mean follow-up period of 3.0 years., Results: The microcirculation of enrolled patients was classified into four groups using cutoff CFR and IMR values (CFR>2 and mean IMR): group-1 (n=23, CFR>2 and IMR ≤ 27); group-2 (n=31, CFR ≤ 2 and IMR ≤ 27); group-3 (n=9, CFR>2 and IMR>27); and group-4 (n=26, CFR<2 and IMR>27). On echocardiography 3 months later, improvement in the wall motion score index was shown in group-1 (P<0.01), group-2 (P<0.01), and group-3 (P=0.04), whereas group-4 did not show improvement in wall motion score index (P=0.06). During clinical follow-up, there were no MACCE in group-1 and the patients in group-2 and group-3 showed significantly lower MACCE compared with group-4 (group-1=0%, group-2, and group-3=10%, group-4=23.1%, P=0.04)., Conclusion: Complimentary assessment of microcirculation by the IMR and CFR may be useful to evaluate myocardial viability and the long-term prognosis of STEMI patients.

Purpose: We aimed to discover clinical and angiographic predictors of microvascular dysfunction using the index of microcirculatory resistance (IMR) in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)., Materials and Methods: We enrolled 113 patients with STEMI (age, 56±11 years; 95 men) who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The IMR was measured with a pressure sensor/thermistor-tipped guidewire after primary PCI. The patients were divided into three groups based on IMR values: Low IMR [<18 U (12.9±2.6 U), n=38], Mid IMR [18-31 U (23.9±4.0 U), n=38], and High IMR [>31 U (48.1±17.1 U), n=37]., Results: The age of the Low IMR group was significantly lower than that of the Mid and High IMR groups. The door-to-balloon time was <90 minutes in all patients, and it was not significantly different between groups. Meanwhile, the symptom-onset-to-balloon time was significantly longer in the High IMR group, compared to the Mid and Low IMR groups (p<0.001). In the high IMR group, the culprit lesion was found in a proximal location significantly more often than in a non-proximal location (p=0.008). In multivariate regression analysis, age and symptom-onset-to-balloon time were independent determinants of a high IMR (p=0.013 and p=0.003, respectively)., Conclusion: Our data suggest that age and symptom-onset-to-balloon time might be the major predictors of microvascular dysfunction in STEMI patients with a door-to-balloon time of <90 minutes.

Background: Although prompt reperfusion treatment restores normal epicardial flow, microvascular dysfunction may persist in some patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Impaired myocardial perfusion is caused by intraluminal platelets, fibrin thrombi and neutrophil plugging; antiplatelet agents play a significant role in terms of protecting against thrombus microembolization. A novel antiplatelet agent, ticagrelor, is a non-thienopyridine, direct P2Y12 blocker that has shown greater, more rapid and more consistent platelet inhibition than clopidogrel. However, the effects of ticagrelor on the prevention of microvascular dysfunction are uncertain. The present study is a comparison between clopidogrel and ticagrelor use for preventing microvascular dysfunction in patients with ST elevation or non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI or NSTEMI, respectively)., Methods/design: The TIME trial is a single-center, randomized, open-label, parallel-arm study designed to demonstrate the superiority of ticagrelor over clopidogrel. A total of 152 patients with a spectrum of STEMI or NSTEMI will undergo prospective random assignment to clopidogrel or ticagrelor (1:1 ratio). The primary endpoint is an index of microcirculatory resistance (IMR) measured after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI); the secondary endpoint is wall motion score index assessed at 3 months by using echocardiography., Discussion: The TIME trial is the first study designed to compare the protective effect of clopidogrel and ticagrelor on coronary microvascular dysfunction in patients with STEMI and NSTEMI., Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02026219. Registration date: 24 December 2013.

We investigated whether the presence of J wave on the surface electrocardiography (sECG) could be a potential risk factor for ventricular fibrillation (VF) during acute myocardial infarction (AMI). We performed a retrospective study of 317 patients diagnosed with AMI in a single center from 2009 to 2012. Among the enrolled 296 patients, 22 (13.5%) patients were selected as a VF group. The J wave on the sECG was defined as a J point elevation manifested through QRS notching or slurring at least 1 mm above the baseline in at least two leads. We found that the incidence of J wave on the sECG was significantly higher in the VF group. We also confirmed that several conventional risk factors of VF were significantly related to VF during AMI; time delays from the onset of chest pain, blood concentrations of creatine phosphokinase and incidence of ST-segment elevation. Multiple logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the presence of J wave and the presence of a ST-segment elevation were independent predictors of VF during AMI. This study demonstrated that the presence of J wave on the sECG is significantly related to VF during AMI.

Aims: We aimed to investigate whether thrombus aspiration could preserve the index of microcirculatory resistance (IMR) after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)., Methods and Results: Sixty-three patients with STEMI were randomised into two groups: primary PCI after thrombus aspiration (aspiration group, n=33) and primary PCI without thrombus aspiration (non-aspiration group, n=30). IMR was measured using a pressure-temperature sensor-tipped coronary wire. Echocardiography was performed at baseline and at six-month follow-up. No significant differences in baseline ejection fraction (EF, 47.3±8.5% vs. 49.5±7.8%, p=0.281) and baseline wall motion score index (WMSI, 1.45±0.31 vs. 1.37±0.27, p=0.299) were observed between the two groups. However, significant differences in IMR (23.5±10.2 U vs. 34.2±21.7 U, p=0.018), %E2%88%86EF (follow-up EF - baseline EF; 3.33±4.6% vs. 0.73±1.9%, p=0.005), and %E2%88%86WMSI (follow-up WMSI - baseline WMSI; -0.121±0.16 vs. -0.004±0.07, p=0.001) were observed between the two groups., Conclusions: Thrombus aspiration as an adjunctive method to primary PCI for STEMI may preserve microvascular integrity and have beneficial effects on myocardial microcirculation.

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection is a rare cause of acute coronary syndrome and sudden cardiac death. The incidence, causes, pathogenesis, and treatment have not been defined clearly, but spontaneous coronary artery dissection should be considered in young patients without major cardiovascular risk factors or in patients in the peripartum period who present with acute coronary syndrome. The treatment is often challenging. Medical treatment is usually considered, and percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass surgery may be possible in some patients. We herein report two cases of middle-aged males with myocardial infarction who were treated with percutaneous coronary angioplasty.

Aims: We assessed the relationship between diabetes and cardiac structure and function following myocardial infarction (MI) and whether diabetes influences the effect of direct renin inhibition on change in left ventricular (LV) size., Methods and Results: The ASPIRE trial enrolled 820 patients 2-8 weeks after MI with ejection fraction ≤ 45% and randomized them to the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren (n= 423) or placebo (n = 397) added to standard medical therapy. Echocardiography was performed at baseline and after 36 weeks in 672 patients with evaluable paired studies. Compared with non-diabetic patients, diabetic patients (n = 214) were at higher risk for a composite of cardiovascular (CV) death, heart failure hospitalization, recurrent MI, stroke, or aborted sudden death (14 vs. 7%; adjusted hazard ratio 1.63, 95% confidence interval 1.01-2.64, P= 0.045), despite similar left ventricular ejection fraction (37.9 ± 5.3 vs. 37.6 ± 5.2%, P= 0.48) and end-systolic volume (ESV) (84 ± 25 vs. 82 ± 28 mL, P= 0.46). Diabetic patients demonstrated greater concentric remodelling (relative wall thickness 0.38 ± 0.07 vs. 0.36 ± 0.07, P= 0.0002) and evidence of higher LV filling pressure (E/E' 11.1 ± 5.3 vs. 9.1 ± 4.3, P= 0.0011). At 36 weeks, diabetic patients experienced similar per cent reduction in ESV overall (-4.9 ± 17.9 vs. -5.5 ± 16.9, P= 0.67) but tended to experience greater reduction in ESV than non-diabetic patients when treated with aliskiren (interaction P = 0.08)., Conclusions: Compared with non-diabetic patients, diabetic patients are at increased risk of CV events post-MI despite no greater LV enlargement or reduction in systolic function. Diabetic patients demonstrate greater concentric remodelling and evidence of higher LV filling pressure, suggesting diastolic dysfunction as a potential mechanism for the higher risk observed among these patients.

Aims: The mechanisms responsible for the increased risk of heart failure (HF) post-myocardial infarction (MI) may differ between patients with versus without diabetes. We hypothesized that after high-risk MI, patients with diabetes would demonstrate patterns of remodeling that are suggestive of reduced ventricular compliance and that are associated with an increased risk of death or HF., Methods and Results: We performed quantitative echocardiographic analysis in 153 patients with diabetes and 451 patients without diabetes enrolled in the VALIANT Echo study. Diabetes was associated with a higher risk of death or HF in age-adjusted models (hazard ratio 1.44, 95% CI 1.04-2.00, P = .028). Diabetic patients were similar to nondiabetic patients with respect to left ventricular (LV) volume and ejection fraction but had higher LV mass index (104.1 ± 27.5 vs 97.1 ± 28.6 g/m(2), P = .009), relative wall thickness (0.41 ± 0.08 vs 0.38 ± 0.07, P < .0001), and left atrial volume index (LAVi) (26.2 ± 8.1 vs 24.0 ± 8.2 mL/m(2), P = .008)-all parameters that were significantly related to the risk of death or HF hospitalization. Changes in LV volume and ejection fraction from baseline to 20 months were not different, although diabetic patients demonstrated greater increase in LAVi (4.4 ± 7.7 vs 2.2 ± 6.7 mL/m(2), P = .01)., Conclusions: After high-risk MI, diabetic patients were at higher risk of death or HF and demonstrated greater baseline LV mass index, relative wall thickness, and LAVi as well as greater left atrial enlargement at 20-month follow-up. These findings suggest greater baseline concentric remodeling and long-term elevation in LV diastolic pressure post-MI among diabetic patients, which may partially mediate this risk., (Copyright © 2011 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Aims: Direct renin inhibitors provide an alternative approach to inhibiting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) at the most proximal, specific, and rate-limiting step. We tested the hypothesis that direct renin inhibition would attenuate left ventricular remodelling in patients following acute myocardial infarction receiving stable, individually optimized therapy, including another inhibitor of the RAAS., Methods and Results: We randomly assigned 820 patients between ∼2 and 8 weeks following acute myocardial infarction, with the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤45%, and regional wall motion abnormalities (≥20% akinetic area), to receive aliskiren (n = 423), titrated to 300 mg, or matched placebo (n = 397), added to the standard therapy. All patients were required to be on a stable dose of an ACE-inhibitor or ARB, and beta-blocker unless contraindicated or not tolerated. Echocardiograms were obtained at baseline, and following 26-36 weeks of treatment. The primary endpoint was change in left ventricular end-systolic volume from baseline to 36 weeks, and was evaluable in 329 patients in the placebo group and 343 patients in the aliskiren group. We observed no difference in the primary endpoint of end-systolic volume change between patients randomized to aliskiren (-4.4 ± 16.8 mL) or placebo (-3.5 ± 16.3 mL), or in secondary measures of end-diastolic volume, or LVEF. We also observed no differences in a composite endpoint of cardiovascular death, hospitalization for heart failure, or reduction in LVEF >6 points. There were more investigator reported adverse events in the aliskiren group, including hypotension, increases in creatinine and hyperkalaemia., Conclusion: Adding the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren to the standard therapy, including an inhibitor of the RAAS, in high-risk post-MI patients did not result in further attenuation of left ventricular remodelling, and was associated with more adverse effects. These findings do not suggest that dual RAAS blockade with aliskiren would provide additional benefit in these high-risk post-MI patients.

Objectives: We sought to investigate the clinical prognostic value of longitudinal and circumferential strain (S) and strain rate (SR) in patients after high-risk myocardial infarction (MI)., Background: Left ventricular (LV) contractile performance after MI is an important predictor of long-term outcome. Tissue deformation imaging might more closely reflect myocardial contractility than traditional measures of systolic functions., Methods: The VALIANT (Valsartan in Acute Myocardial Infarction Trial) Echo study enrolled 603 patients with LV dysfunction, heart failure, or both 5 days after MI. We measured global peak longitudinal S and systolic SR (SRs) from apical 4- and 2-chamber views and global circumferential S and SRs from parasternal short-axis view with speckle tracking software (Velocity Vector Imaging, Siemens, Inc., Mountain View, California). We related global S and SRs to LV remodeling at 20-month follow-up and to clinical outcomes., Results: Both longitudinal (mean: -5.1 ± 1.6 100/ms) and circumferential SRs (mean: -8.0 ± 2.8 100/ms) were predictive of death or hospital stay for heart failure (hazard ratio: 2.4, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.0 to 3.1, p < 0.001; hazard ratio: 1.3, 95% CI: 1.2 to 1.4, p < 0.001, respectively) after adjustment for clinical covariates by Cox proportional hazards, and longitudinal SRs further improved in predicting 18-month survivor on a model based on clinical and standard echocardiographic measures (increase in area under the receiver-operator characteristic curve: 0.13, p = 0.009). With multivariable logistic regression, circumferential SRs, but not longitudinal SRs, was strongly predictive of remodeling (odds ratio: 1.3, 95% CI: 1.1 to 1.4, p < 0.001)., Conclusions: Both longitudinal and circumferential SRs were independent predictors of outcomes after MI, whereas only circumferential SRs was predictive of remodeling, suggesting that preserved circumferential function might serve to restrain ventricular enlargement after MI., (Copyright © 2010 American College of Cardiology Foundation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Mechanical dyssynchrony is considered an independent predictor for adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients with heart failure. However, its importance as a risk factor after myocardial infarction is not well defined., Methods and Results: We examined the influence of mechanical dyssynchrony on outcome in patients with left ventricular dysfunction, heart failure, or both after myocardial infarction who were enrolled in the Valsartan in Acute Myocardial Infarction (VALIANT) echocardiography study. B-mode speckle tracking with velocity vector imaging was used to assess ventricular synchrony in 381 patients who had image quality sufficient for analysis. Time to regional peak velocity and time to strain rate were measured among 12 left ventricular segments from the apical 4- and 2- chamber views, and the SDs between all 12 segments were used as a measure of dyssynchrony. The relationships between the SD of time to regional peak velocity and strain rate and clinical outcome of death or heart failure were assessed. In a multivariate Cox model adjusted for clinical and echocardiographic variables, the SD of time to peak velocity (hazard ratio per 10 ms, 1.10; 95% confidence interval, 1.02 to 1.18; P=0.010) and the SD of time to strain rate (hazard ratio per 10 ms, 1.16; 95% confidence interval, 1.06 to 1.27; P=0.001) were independent predictors of death or heart failure., Conclusions: Left ventricular dyssynchrony is independently associated with increased risk of death or heart failure after myocardial infarction, suggesting that contractile pattern may play a role in post-myocardial infarction prognosis.

Background: Recent studies have demonstrated that the size and shape of the hyperenhanced areas on contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (ceMRI) were nearly identical to areas of irreversible injury, as defined by histochemical staining. We compared the transmural extent of infarct (TEI), as defined by ceMRI, to the initial ECG findings for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and we also assessed functional contractility according to TEI., Methods: 12 patients who presented with their first myocardial infarction underwent cine and ceMRI 4 weeks later after their successful revascularization. TEI and wall thickening were determined by using a 30-segment model., Results: Infarction was observed in 81 (23.9%) segments, of which 46 segments (56.8%) had abnormal wall motion and 35 segments (43.2%) had normal wall motion. Of the 35 segments, 33 (94.3%) had subendocardial infarction. 17 segments had infarct of less than 25% of the wall thickness, and all of them had normal wall motion. On the other hand, 11 segments had infarct of more than 75% of wall thickness, of which 11 (100%) had abnormal wall motion. None of segments with nearly transmural infarction were observed in non ST-elevation AMI. The majority of the segments with infarct had non-transmural infarction (87.5%), even if the segments were in ST-elevation AMI (76.1%). Infarct size, as defined by ceMRI, was strongly correlated with peak CK-MB and Troponin-T (r = 0.96, p < 0.001, r = 0.91, p < 0.001, respectively)., Conclusion: TEI defined by ceMRI is inversely related to the contractility after revascularization in AMI. We were able to predict the future contractile function of segments with infarction using ceMRI before revascularization.

Objectives: We aimed to identify mechanical and pharmacological revascularization strategies correlated with the index of microcirculatory resistance (IMR) in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients.Background: Microvascular dysfunction (MVD) after STEMI is correlated with infarct size and poor long-term prognosis, and the IMR is a useful analytical method for the quantitative assessment of MVD. However, therapeutic strategies that can reliably reduce MVD remain uncertain.Methods: Patients with STEMI who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were enrolled. The IMR was measured with a pressure sensor/thermistor-tipped guidewire immediately after primary PCI. High IMR was defined as values ≥66th percentile of IMR in enrolled patients (IMR > 30.9 IU).Results: A total of 160 STEMI patients were analyzed (high IMR = 54 patients). Clinical factors for Killip class (P=0.006), delayed hospitalization from symptom onset (P=0.004), peak troponin-I level (P=0.042), and multivessel disease (P=0.003) were associated with high IMR. Achieving final thrombolysis in myocardial infarction myocardial perfusion grade 3 tended to be associated with low IMR (P=0.119), whereas the presence of distal embolization was significantly associated with high IMR (P=0.034). In terms of therapeutic strategies that involved adjusting clinical and angiographic factors associated with IMR, preloading of third-generation P2Y12 inhibitors correlated with reducing IMR value (β = -10.30, P < 0.001). Mechanical therapeutic strategies including stent diameter/length, preballoon dilatation, direct stenting, and thrombectomy were not associated with low IMR value (all P > 0.05), and postballoon dilatation was associated with high IMR (β = 8.30, P=0.020).Conclusions: In our study, mechanical strategies were suboptimal in achieving myocardial salvage. Preloading of third-generation P2Y12 inhibitors revealed decreased IMR value, indicative of MVD prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Besides contrast-induced acute kidney injury(CI-AKI), adscititious vital organ damage such as hypoxic liver injury(HLI) may affect the survival in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). We sought to evaluate the prognostic impact of CI-AKI and HLI in STEMI patients who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods: A total of 668 consecutive patients (77.2% male, mean age 61.3±13.3 years) from the INTERSTELLAR STEMI registry who underwent primary PCI were analyzed. CI-AKI was defined as an increase of ≥0.5 mg/dL in serum creatinine level or 25% relative increase, within 48h after the index procedure. HLI was defined as ≥2-fold increase in serum aspartate transaminase above the upper normal limit on admission. Patients were divided into four groups according to their CI-AKI and HLI states. Major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) defined as a composite of all-cause mortality, non-fatal MI, non-fatal stroke, ischemia-driven target lesion revascularization and target vessel revascularization were recorded. Results: Over a mean follow-up period of 2.2±1.6 years, 94 MACCEs occurred with an event rate of 14.1%. The rates of MACCE and all-cause mortality were 9.7% and 5.2%, respectively, in the no organ damage group; 21.3% and 21.3% in CI-AKI group; 18.5% and 14.6% in HLI group; and 57.7% and 50.0% in combined CI-AKI and HLI group. Survival probability plots of composite MACCE and all-cause mortality revealed that the combined CI-AKI and HLI group was associated with the worst prognosis (p<0.0001 for both). Conclusion: Combined CI-AKI after index procedure and HLI on admission is associated with poor clinical outcomes in patients with STEMI who underwent primary PCI. (INTERSTELLAR ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02800421.) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]