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As individuals are likely to feel anxious in case of obscurities in distance education environments, it seems necessary to develop a data collection tool for anxiety in such environments. In this study, a scale was developed to reveal the anxiety levels of university students in distance education. Quantitative research method was used in the study. The study group consisted of 935 students in the first sample for exploratory factor analysis and 418 students in the second sample for confirmatory factor analysis including those who previously experienced distance education. After the validity and reliability were ensured in the study, the final version of the anxiety scale for distance education (ASDE) consisted of a total of 17 items and three dimensions. These dimensions were listed as readiness for the profession anxiety, social anxiety and privacy concern. Furthermore, to establish the concurrent validity, the Online Privacy Concern Scale and Anxiety subscale of Brief Symptom İnventory are administered to 219 and 197 students in the third and fourth samples as a criterion scale. The results of the analysis show that the ASDE is a reliable and valid measurement tool in determining the anxiety levels of university students in distance education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose: The present study aims to test the reliability and validity of the Turkish Sexual Esteem subscale of Multidimensional Sexuality Questionnaire in men and women and to examine the association of fertility and sexual esteem in Turkish women. Material and Methods: The full sample was utilized for the psychometric validation, that was the construct validity and the reliability of the Turkish Sexual Esteem subscale of the Multidimensional Sexuality Questionnaire, consisting of 335 individuals. A subsample consisting of 214 fertile and infertile Turkish women, was used for the analytical study. Data were collected by an online questionnaire. We performed descriptive statistics on both samples; confirmatory factor analysis was applied to test the psychometric properties of the Sexual Esteem Subscale, while the associations in fertile and infertile women were evaluated by means of linear regression analysis. Results: The reliability was supported by significant factor loadings and several goodness-of-fit indices. However, the construct (content) validity might be limited. It seems that the items included in the MSQ Sexual Esteem subscale are too narrowly worded. When comparing sexual esteem in infertile women with fertile women, we found that infertile women had higher sexual esteem than fertile women. Conclusion: The Turkish version of the Sexual Esteem subscale is scarcely valid and highly reliable in the Turkish population. The association between fertility and sexual esteem needs to be further investigated in larger samples and in different settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The neurogenic bladder symptom score (NBSS) represents the effect of disease-specific symptoms on the quality of life in patients with neurogenic bladder (NB). The purpose of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the NBSS in spinal cord injury (SCI) and multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. The cross cultural adaptation was achieved through forward and back translation of the items of the original version by an expert committee. Face and content validity were evaluated in a prepatient group. Internal consistency and test–retest reliability were used for reliability assessment in 102 patients. Validity was examined using Short Form-12 and King's Health Questionnaire. Eighty-four patients with SCI and 18 with MS were included in the study. Cronbach's alpha values for the total score and the incontinence, storage/voiding, and consequences domains were 0.90, 0.91, 0.81, and 0.63, respectively. The intraclass correlation coefficients were >0.80 for all subdomains and the overall score. The correlation analyses indicated that the Turkish version has good construct validity. Our results showed that the Turkish version of the NBSS has good reliability and validity in patients with SCI and MS and can be used to evaluate NB symptoms. NCT03964077. The Turkish version of the neurogenic bladder symptom score (NBSS) is a valid and reliable instrument to measure symptom specific quality of life (QOL) in both patients with spinal cord injury and multiple sclerosis. The Turkish version of the NBSS can be used in the Turkish population to measure neurogenic bladder related QOL for clinical and research purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Maternal knowledge, attitudes and health status before conception is an important determinant of fetal health. However, there are no scales in the literature to evaluate for preconception health, knowledge, and attitudes of women before pregnancy. Aim: The aim of the study was to develop a valid and reliable measurement tool that can measure the preconceptional knowledge and attitudes of reproductive age women. Methodology: A methodological design was used in this research. The sample consists of 913 women (402 married, 511 single) aged 18-45 years. Preconception Knowledge and Attitude Scale's item pool is based on literature and expert opinions. Psychometric characteristics evaluation of the scale included the content, face and construct validity, internal consistency reliability, item-total correlation, test-retest method. The data were analyzed using LISREL 8.54 and SPSS 18.0 package programs. Results: Principal component analysis and varimax rotation revealed that the reduced scale was 43 items and 7-factor which have eigenvalues more than >1 and explain 40% of the total variance. Cronbach's Alpha coefficient was found to be 0.86 for the total scale and between 0.44 and 0.82 for the subscales. Confirmatory factor analysis results showed that the model fit index values were acceptable. The test-retest reliability of the scale was found as 0.98 (p<0.001). Conclusions: The study showed that Preconceptional Knowledge and Attitude Scale was a reliable and valid scale. The scale can be use to assess preconceptional knowledge and attitudes of women by health professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we examined the psychometric properties of the Cyberbullying Inventory (CBI) for University Students. There were 635 Turkish university students (57.48% females) in the pilot data set. The results showed that the pilot data set confirmed the proposed factor structure for CBI for University Students with some modifications. The final form of CBI for University Students was cross-validated with a second data set, composed of 1281 Turkish university students (52.54% females). Confirmatory factor analyses revealed adequate fit to the data, the internal consistency coefficients showed good internal consistencies, and evidence for convergent validity was obtained. Therefore, CBI for University Students with 11 items is a valid and reliable assessment instrument that can be used by researchers, counsellors and other mental health practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To assess the validity and reliability of the stoma self‐efficacy scale for Turkish‐speaking individuals with stoma. Background: Self‐efficacy in stoma care is one of the most important variables requiring compliance for an increase in the quality of life and well‐being of individuals with stoma. Design A methodological study. Methods: This study used translation and back translation for the scale's language equivalence and expert opinion for the content validity. An expert panel and 10 individuals with stoma evaluated the scale for face validity. The scale's reliability was assessed by internal consistency, Pearson correlation, and test–retest reliability in a sample of 174 individuals with stomas. The scale's construct validity was tested with confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory factor analysis. Results: The content validity index was.96, and Cronbach's alpha was.95. In the test–retest analysis, the intraclass correlation coefficients were high. In the factor analysis, two factors emerged from the scale, and after the confirmatory factor analysis and scale modification, the fit indices of the model were found to provide a good level of validity. Conclusion: The Turkish version of the stoma self‐efficacy scale is a valid and reliable tool to determine the levels of self‐efficacy in individuals with stoma. SUMMARY STATEMENT: What is already known about this topic? Stoma creation is one of the most common surgical interventions.The ability to cope with the psychological, physiological and sociocultural changes experienced by individuals with stoma after surgery is related to their levels of self‐efficacy.Valid and reliable instruments are needed to determine the levels of self‐efficacy of individuals with stoma. What this paper adds? The Turkish version of the stoma self‐efficacy scale is a valid and reliable tool to determine the levels of self‐efficacy in individuals with stoma.The stoma self‐efficacy scale can be used by nurses to evaluate the self‐efficacy levels of Turkish‐speaking individuals with stoma in any part of the world. The implications of this paper: The stoma self‐efficacy scale can be used to evaluate self‐efficacy levels in individuals with stoma and for respective research.The adaptation of the stoma self‐efficacy scale into Turkish may contribute to the dissemination of self‐efficacy results of Turkish individuals with stoma internationally and to the comparative literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE This study aims to develop a scale to measure people's attitudes towards cancer screening and conduct a pilot study and validity-reliability study of the developed scale. METHODS This methodological study was conducted on 334 voluntary male and female relatives of patient who were between 30-70 years of age and attend family health centers at Meram district of Konya province. A sociodemographic form and a candidate scale were used for data collection. Data analysis was performed in a computer setting. RESULTS The study group of 334 participants consisted of 50% males and 50% females, and the mean age was 42.93±9.60 years. Four items with item score-scale score correlation less than ±0.200 were excluded from the 28-item candidate scale. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the 24-item scale was calculated as 0.95. Face and content validity of the scale was evaluated with two different groups. Factor analysis that was used to assess the construct validity of the one-dimensional 24-item scale determined that explained the variance ratio was 52.62%. CONCLUSION As a result of our study, a new five-point Likert scale called "Attitude Scale for Cancer Screening" has been developed. Validity and reliability studies of the scale suggest that the scale is suitable for use in our society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To adapt and psychometrically test the Compliance with Standard Precautions Scale for use by Turkish nurses. Background: Measurement of standard precautions compliance is important to manage the safety of both patients and health care teams. Methods: This two‐phase methodological study employed a correlational design with repeated measures. In phase one, the scale's adaptation, including translation, semantic equivalence, content and face validity, was implemented. In phase two, internal consistency and stability were used to examine the reliability of the scale. Construct validity was tested using the Rasch rating scale model. This study was conducted by recruiting 411 nurses from three different hospitals between September 2015 and September 2016. Results: Adaptation results showed that the Turkish version of the Compliance with Standard Precautions Scale (CSPS‐T) is adequate for linguistic and content validation. The content validity index and comprehensibility of the scale were similarly satisfactory. The reliability of the CSPS‐T was examined by Cronbach's alpha, corrected item‐total correlations and intraclass correlation coefficient, and good results were obtained. The Rasch model showed that all items were compatible with the model. Whereas Item 4 was the most difficult, Item 10 was the easiest. Conclusion: The CSPS‐T is a reliable and valid tool for assessing compliance with standard precautions amongst Turkish nurses. SUMMARY STATEMENT: What is already known about this topic? Standard precautions are an indispensable part of nursing practice and care.The Compliance with Standard Precautions Scale (CSPS) was developed on the basis of the recommendations of internationally recognized organizations.The target instrument has been translated and validated in several developing and developed countries with satisfactory reliability and validity, but not in Turkey. What is already known about this topic? This study provides a reliable, valid and comparable tool for assessing compliance with standard precautions amongst Turkish nurses.This study provides sufficient evidence to ensure the reliability and validity of the CSPS‐T.This study reveals that the CSPS‐T generally consists of easy items, presents a good fit with the model and is composed of a unidimensional scale. The implications of this paper: The implications of this study could be useful for globally improving infection control practices.The CSPS can be used to assess self‐compliance with standard precautions and evaluate the efficacy of interventional programmes in compliance with standard precautions.This work may be an example for health researchers who may not be familiar with Rasch measurement methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to produce and validate a Turkish version of the University of Virginia Parent Low Blood Sugar Survey (P-LBSS). The P-LBSS is used to assess parental fear of their diabetic children's hypoglycemia. Methods: Linguistic, content and face validity of the translated P-LBSS was tested. Afterwards, explanatory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted in order to evaluate construct validity. Results: The sample included 390 parents of type 1 diabetic adolescents aged 12-17 years. Results of the factor analysis showed that the Turkish P-LBSS had 2 subscales (behavior and worry) as in the original. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the Turkish version of the total P-LBSS was found to be 0.803, and the value was 0.865 for the behavior and 0.790 for the worry subscales. Psychometric investigation of the Turkish version of P-LBSS indicated high reliability and good retestability, content and construct validity. Conclusion: The Turkish P-LBSS is a valid and reliable instrument to measure the fear of hypoglycemia experienced by parents of diabetic adolescents aged between 12-17 years in the Turkish population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and Objectives To report the translation and adaptation process from English to Turkish and the psychometric estimates of the validity and reliability of The Organ Donation Attitude Scale Turkish. Its aim (1) is to provide data about and (2) to assess Turkish people's attitudes and volunteerism towards organ donation. Background Lack of donors is a significant problem for organ transplantation worldwide. Attitudes about organ donation and volunteerism are important factors in the lack of donors. Design To collect survey data from Turkish participants, a cross-sectional design was used: the classical measurement method. Methods The Organ Donation Attitude Scale was translated from English to Turkish and back-translated into English. The analysis included a total of 892 Turkish participants. The validity of the scale was confirmed by exploratory factor analysis and criterion-relation validity testing. A test-retest procedure was implemented for the reliability of the scale over time. Results The Organ Donation Attitude Scale consists of three relatively independent components: humanity and moral conviction, fears of medical neglect and fears of bodily mutilation. Internal consistency of these three components resulted in acceptable Cronbach's α levels. Positive correlation occurred between the volunteerism score and positive attitude about organ donation. The correlation between volunteerism score and negative attitude about organ donation was negative. Fears of bodily mutilation were most significantly related to unwillingness to commit to organ donation. The test-retest correlation coefficients proves that the Organ Donation Attitude Scale were reliable over time. Conclusion The Organ Donation Attitude Scale Turkish version is both a reliable and valid instrument that can be useful in measuring positive and negative attitudes of Turkish people about organ donation. Relevance to clinical practice With the Organ Donation Attitude Scale, researchers in Turkey will be able to ascertain important data on volunteerism and attitudes towards organ donation. Thus, positive attitudes towards cadaver organ donations will be able to encourage organ donation in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To ensure the quality of patient care, the bioavailability of drugs, and the success of the treatment, it is imperative that nurses evaluate the adherence of patients to pharmaceutical treatments using standard measurement tools that are integrated into the treatment process. No scale that uses psychometric analyses to evaluate this adherence in patients who are on oral chemotherapy is currently available. Purpose: This study developed and tested the validity and reliability of a Turkish version of the standardized Oral Chemotherapy Adherence Scale (OCAS), a tool that may be used by healthcare personnel to better evaluate patient adherence to their therapies. Methods: We developed and examined the validity and reliability of the OCAS using a sample of 306 patients with cancer who were receiving oral chemotherapy. A literature review was conducted to generate the items. An expert panel evaluated content validity; preimplementation was used to evaluate face validity, factor analysis was used to evaluate construct validity, and criterion validity was evaluated using the Medication Adherence Self-Efficacy Scale. Results: The Cronbach's alpha calculated for OCAS (19 items) was .738. A highly significant and positive correlation was observed between the test--retest scores of the participants. A positive significant correlation was observed between the total scores of the participants obtained from OCAS and Medication Adherence Self- Efficacy Scale. As a result of the factor analysis performed for the construct validity of the scale, three factors were defined that accounted for approximately 43% of the total variance. Conclusions/Implications for Practice: The OCAS has acceptable psychometric properties and is appropriate for use in research and clinical practice settings to evaluate patient adherence to their therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses issues surrounding patient privacy and confidentiality in nursing services. Topics include an overview of the four categories of privacy, namely physical, psychological, social, and cognitive, the right to privacy as a fundamental personal right and a key concept in nursing, and factors contributing to violation of a patient's right for privacy including increase in the number of communication channels, technological advances, and social media.