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Introduction: There is no consensus about short-term suboptimal response to first-line treatments in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis., Methods: We searched studies with interferon beta or glatiramer acetate in which a long-term (≥ 2 years (y)) outcome could be predicted using short-term (≤ 1 y) suboptimal response criteria (EDSS-, imaging- and/or relapse-based). We obtained pooled diagnostic accuracy parameters for the 1-y criteria used to predict disability progression between 2-5 y., Results: We selected 45 articles. Eight studies allowed calculating pooled estimates of 16 criteria. The three criteria with best accuracy were: new or enlarging T2-weighted lesions (newT2) ≥ 1 (pooled sensitivity: 85.5%; specificity:70.2%; positive predictive value:48.0%; negative predictive value:93.8%), newT2 ≥ 2 (62.4%, 83.6%, 55.0% and 87.3%, respectively) and RIO score ≥ 2 (55.8%, 84.4%, 47.8% and 88.2%). Pooled percentages of suboptimal responders were 43.3%, 27.6% and 23.7%, respectively. Pooled diagnostic odds ratios were 14.6 (95% confidence interval: 1.4-155), 9.2 (1.4-59.0) and 8.2 (3.5-19.2)., Conclusions: All criteria had a limited predictive value. RIO score ≥ 2 at 1-y combined fair accuracy and consistency, limiting the probability of disability progression in the next years to 1 in 8 optimal responders. NewT2 ≥ 1 at 1-y had similar positive predictive value, but diminished the false negatives to 1 in 16 patients. More sensitive measures of treatment failure at short term are needed.

Several variants in strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) at the SP140 locus have been associated with multiple sclerosis (MS), Crohn's disease (CD) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). To determine the causal polymorphism, we have integrated high-density data sets of expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL), using GEUVADIS RNA sequences and 1000 Genomes genotypes, with MS-risk variants of the high-density Immunochip array performed by the International Multiple Sclerosis Genetic Consortium (IMSGC). The variants most associated with MS were also correlated with a decreased expression of the full-length RNA isoform of SP140 and an increase of an isoform lacking exon 7. By exon splicing assay, we have demonstrated that the rs28445040 variant was the causal factor for skipping of exon 7. Western blots of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from MS patients showed a significant allele-dependent reduction of the SP140 protein expression. To confirm the association of this functional variant with MS and to compare it with the best-associated variant previously reported by GWAS (rs10201872), a case-control study including 4384 MS patients and 3197 controls was performed. Both variants, in strong LD (r(2) = 0.93), were found similarly associated with MS [P-values, odds ratios: 1.9E-9, OR = 1.35 (1.22-1.49) and 4.9E-10, OR = 1.37 (1.24-1.51), respectively]. In conclusion, our data uncover the causal variant for the SP140 locus and the molecular mechanism associated with MS risk. In addition, this study and others previously reported strongly suggest that this functional variant may be shared with other immune-mediated diseases as CD and CLL., (© The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Background: Recent findings have shown a correlation between the intrathecal IgG index and variants at the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGHC) locus in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS)., Objectives: The objective of this paper is to analyse the association of the locus with MS susceptibility and its relationship with intrathecal immunoglobulin (Ig) parameters., Methods: We genotyped the rs11621145 variant, located at the IGHC locus, in 2726 patients with MS and 2133 healthy controls. Associations of intrathecal IgG and IgM indexes with rs11621145 were analysed by linear regression analysis in 538 MS patients., Results: We found that rs11621145 showed statistically significant evidence for association with susceptibility to MS (odds ratio = 0.69, p = 1.053E-09), though validation of this result in additional cohorts would be desirable. We confirmed the association between the IgG index and the rs11621145 (p = 6.85E-07, Beta = 0.207). Furthermore, rs11621145 was inversely correlated with IgM index (p = 7.24E-04, Beta = -0.277), and therefore marks a decreased likelihood of presenting IgM oligoclonal bands (odds ratio = 0.38, p = 2.35E-06)., Conclusions: Our results suggest that the polymorphism of the IGHC locus could be altering the switching of the Ig isotype in B cells and it may be interfering with T-dependent and T-independent antibody responses., (© The Author(s), 2014.)

Background: A considerable percentage of multiple sclerosis patients have attentional impairment, but understanding its neurophysiological basis remains a challenge. The Attention Network Test allows 3 attentional networks to be studied. Previous behavioural studies using this test have shown that the alerting network is impaired in multiple sclerosis. The aim of this study was to identify neurophysiological indexes of the attention impairment in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients using this test., Results: After general slowing had been removed in patients group to isolate the effects of each condition, some behavioral differences between them were obtained. About Contingent Negative Variation, a statistically significant decrement were found in the amplitude for Central and Spatial Cue Conditions for patient group (p<0.05). ANOVAs showed for the patient group a significant latency delay for P1 and N1 components (p<0.05) and a decrease of P3 amplitude for congruent and incongruent stimuli (p<0.01). With regard to correlation analysis, PASAT-3s and SDMT showed significant correlations with behavioral measures of the Attention Network Test (p<0.01) and an ERP parameter (CNV amplitude)., Conclusions: Behavioral data are highly correlated with the neuropsychological scores and show that the alerting and orienting mechanisms in the patient group were impaired. Reduced amplitude for the Contingent Negative Variation in the patient group suggests that this component could be a physiological marker related to the alerting and orienting impairment in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. P1 and N1 delayed latencies are evidence of the demyelination process that causes impairment in the first steps of the visual sensory processing. Lastly, P3 amplitude shows a general decrease for the pathological group probably indexing a more central impairment. These results suggest that the Attention Network Test give evidence of multiple levels of attention impairment, which could help in the assessment and treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is the most common progressive and disabling neurological condition affecting young adults in the world today. From a genetic point of view, MS is a complex disorder resulting from the combination of genetic and non-genetic factors. We aimed to identify previously unidentified loci conducting a new GWAS of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) in a sample of 296 MS cases and 801 controls from the Spanish population. Meta-analysis of our data in combination with previous GWAS was done. A total of 17 GWAS-significant SNPs, corresponding to three different loci were identified:HLA, IL2RA, and 5p13.1. All three have been previously reported as GWAS-significant. We confirmed our observation in 5p13.1 for rs9292777 using two additional independent Spanish samples to make a total of 4912 MS cases and 7498 controls (ORpooled = 0.84; 95%CI: 0.80-0.89; p = 1.36 × 10-9). This SNP differs from the one reported within this locus in a recent GWAS. Although it is unclear whether both signals are tapping the same genetic association, it seems clear that this locus plays an important role in the pathogenesis of MS.

Background: A software based tool has been developed (Optem) to allow automatize the recommendations of the Canadian Multiple Sclerosis Working Group for optimizing MS treatment in order to avoid subjective interpretation., Methods: Treatment Optimization Recommendations (TORs) were applied to our database of patients treated with IFN beta1a IM. Patient data were assessed during year 1 for disease activity, and patients were assigned to 2 groups according to TOR: "change treatment" (CH) and "no change treatment" (NCH). These assessments were then compared to observed clinical outcomes for disease activity over the following years., Results: We have data on 55 patients. The "change treatment" status was assigned to 22 patients, and "no change treatment" to 33 patients. The estimated sensitivity and specificity according to last visit status were 73.9% and 84.4%. During the following years, the Relapse Rate was always higher in the "change treatment" group than in the "no change treatment" group (5 y; CH: 0.7, NCH: 0.07; p < 0.001, 12 m - last visit; CH: 0.536, NCH: 0.34). We obtained the same results with the EDSS (4 y; CH: 3.53, NCH: 2.55, annual progression rate in 12 m - last visit; CH: 0.29, NCH: 0.13)., Conclusion: Applying TOR at the first year of therapy allowed accurate prediction of continued disease activity in relapses and disability progression.

Background: Alemtuzumab (ALZ) is a humanized monoclonal antibody approved for the treatment of patients with highly active relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) administered in two annual courses. The objective of this study was to describe the effectiveness and safety data of ALZ and to report the health resource utilization in patients receiving this treatment. Methods: In this retrospective, non-interventional study, information was retrieved from patients' medical charts at one center in Spain. Included patients were =18 years old, and ALZ treatment was initiated between 1 March 2015 and 31 March 2019, according to routine clinical practice and local labeling. Results: Of 123 patients, 78% were women. Themean (standard deviation, SD) age of patients at diagnosis was 40.3 (9.1) years, and themean time since diagnosis was 13.8 (7.3) years. Patients were previously treated with amedian (interquartile range; IQR) number of two (2.0-3.0) disease-modifying treatments (DMTs). Patients were treated with ALZ for a mean (SD) of 29.7 (13.8) months. ALZ reduced the annualized relapse rate (ARR) (1.5 before vs. 0.05 after; p < 0.001) and improved themedian EDSS (4.63 before vs. 4.00 after; p < 0.001). Most (90.2%) patients were relapse-free while receiving ALZ. The mean number of gadolinium-enhancing [Gd+] T1 lesions was reduced (1.7 before vs. 0.1 after; p < 0.001), and the mean number of T2 hyperintense lesions was maintained (35.7 before vs. 35.4 after; p = 0.392). A total of 27 (21.9%) patients reported 29 autoimmune diseases: hyperthyroidism (12), hypothyroidism (11), idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) (3), alopecia areata (1), chronic urticaria (1), and vitiligo (1). Themean number of health resources (outpatient visits, emergency room visits, hospital admissions, and tests performed in the hospital) used while patients were treated with ALZ progressively decreased from year 1 to year 4, except for a slight increase at year 2 of outpatient visits. Conclusion: The ReaLMS study provides real-world evidence that ALZ can promote clinical and magnetic resonance imaging disease remission, as well as disability improvement in patients with MS, despite several prior DMT failures. The ALZ safety profile was consistent with data available from clinical trials and other real-world studies. Healthcare resource use was reduced throughout the treatment period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional neuroanatomy of cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis is currently still a challenge. During the progression of the disease, several cognitive mechanisms deteriorate thus diminishing the patient’s quality of life. A primary objective in the cognitive assessment of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients is to find reliable measures utilizing diverse neuroimaging techniques. Moreover, especially relevant in the clinical environment is finding technical approaches that could be applied to individual participants and not only for group analysis. A 64-channel electroencephalographic recording (EEG) was made with thirty participants divided into three groups of equivalent size (N = 10) (healthy control, low-EDSS (1–2.5) and moderate-EDSS (4–6)). Correlation analysis was applied to multiple measures: behavior, neuropsychological tests (Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test, 3 seconds (PASAT-3s) and the Symbol Digit Modality Test (SDMT)), Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), even-related potential (P3) and event-related desynchronization (ERD) parameters and the correlation scores between individual participant’s P3/ERD maps and the healthy grand average P3/ERDmaps. Statistical analysis showed that diverse parameters exhibited significant correlations. A remarkable correlation was the moderate score found between SDMT and EDSS (r = −0.679, p = 0.0009). However, the strongest correlation was between the value of integrated measures (reaction time, P3 and ERD latency) and EDSS (r = 0.699, p = 0.0006). In regard to correlations for grand average maps between groups, the P3 component exhibited a lower score according to a more deteriorated condition (higher EDSS). In contrast, ERD maps remained stable with an increase of EDSS. Lastly, a Z-transformation of individual values of all variables included in the study exhibited heterogeneity in cognitive alterations in the multiple sclerosis participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fingolimod approval was based mainly on two clinical trials, FREEDOMS and TRANSFORMS, which demonstrated the efficacy and safety of fingolimod in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). We present an observational study that validates these trials findings in a real-world setting, whereby the effectiveness and safety of fingolimod was assessed in Seville’s’ (Spain) clinical practice. This retrospective study in MS patients assessed effectiveness (relapses, EDSS, gadolinium-enhancing T1 and new/enlarged T2-weighted lesions): total cohort (n = 249) and stratified according to prior treatment (glatiramer acetate/interferon beta-1 [immunomodulator], natalizumab, naïve), gender, basal EDSS score, basal Gd+ lesions, ARR prior to treatment, age at treatment initiation and number of prior treatments. A multivariante model was used to assess the ARR with baseline characteristics. The safety profile (adverse events [AEs]) was also described. Fingolimod reduced the annualized relapse rate (ARR) by 75%, 67% and 85% in the total cohort, patients previously treated with immunomodulatory and naïve patients (p<0.0001 all cases). However, patients previously treated with natalizumab kept a constant ARR. The ARR results and the consequent increase in the proportion of relapse-free patients were independent of the age at treatment initiation, number of prior treatments, gender and basal Gd+ lesions. Although fingolimod was effective regardless the basal EDSS score and ARR prior to fingolimod treatment, better outcomes were observed in patients with basal EDSS score <3 (0.2 vs. 0.4; p = 0.0244) and ARR ≥ 2 prior to fingolimod treatment (p = 0.0338). Only the basal EDSS score was association with ARR in the first 24 months of fingolimod treatment in the multivariante model (p = 0.0439). The cumulative probability of disability progression was 20% (month-24) in the total cohort, and was independent from prior treatment, age at treatment initiation, number of prior treatments, gender, basal EDSS score, basal Gd+ lesions and ARR prior to treatment. The real-world fingolimod benefits observed in this study seem to be similar than those observed in previous clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recent findings have shown a correlation between the intrathecal IgG index and variants at the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGHC) locus in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Objectives: The objective of this paper is to analyse the association of the locus with MS susceptibility and its relationship with intrathecal immunoglobulin (Ig) parameters. Methods: We genotyped the rs11621145 variant, located at the IGHC locus, in 2726 patients with MS and 2133 healthy controls. Associations of intrathecal IgG and IgM indexes with rs11621145 were analysed by linear regression analysis in 538 MS patients. Results: We found that rs11621145 showed statistically significant evidence for association with susceptibility to MS (odds ratio = 0.69, p = 1.053E-09), though validation of this result in additional cohorts would be desirable. We confirmed the association between the IgG index and the rs11621145 (p = 6.85E-07, Beta = 0.207). Furthermore, rs11621145 was inversely correlated with IgM index (p = 7.24E-04, Beta = -0.277), and therefore marks a decreased likelihood of presenting IgM oligoclonal bands (odds ratio = 0.38, p = 2.35E-06). Conclusions: Our results suggest that the polymorphism of the IGHC locus could be altering the switching of the Ig isotype in B cells and it may be interfering with T-dependent and T-independent antibody responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: What currently appears to be irreversible axonal loss in normal appearing white matter, measured by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy is of great interest in the study of Multiple Sclerosis. Our aim is to determine the axonal damage in normal appearing white matter measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy and to correlate this with the functional disability measured by Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite scale, Neurological Rating Scale, Ambulation Index scale, and Expanded Disability Scale Score. Methods: Thirty one patients (9 male and 22 female) with relapsing remitting Multiple Sclerosis and a Kurtzke Expanded Disability Scale Score of 0-5.5 were recruited from four hospitals in Andalusia, Spain and included in the study. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy scans and neurological disability assessments were performed the same day. Results: A statistically significant correlation was found (r = -0.38 p < 0.05) between disability (measured by Expanded Disability Scale Score) and N-Acetyl Aspartate (NAA/Cr ratio) levels in normal appearing white matter in these patients. No correlation was found between the NAA/Cr ratio and disability measured by any of the other disability assessment scales. Conclusions: There is correlation between disability (measured by Expanded Disability Scale Score) and the NAA/Cr ratio in normal appearing white matter. The lack of correlation between the NAA/Cr ratio and the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite score indicates that the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite is not able to measure irreversible disability and would be more useful as a marker in stages where axonal damage is not a predominant factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]