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Multiple energy carrier systems stem from the need to evolve traditional electricity, gas and other energy systems to more efficient, integrated energy systems. An approach is presented, for controlling multiple energy carriers, including electricity (AC or DC), heat, natural gas and hydrogen, with the objective to minimise the overall cost and/or emissions, while adhering to technical and commercial constraints, such as network limits and market contracts. The technique of multi-agent systems (MAS) was used. The benefits of this approach are discussed and include a reduction of more than 50% in the balancing costs of a potential deviation. An implementation of this methodology is also presented. In order to validate the operation of the developed system, a number of experiments were performed using both software and hardware. The results validated the efficient operation of the developed system, proving its ability to optimise the operation of multiple energy carrier inputs within the context of an energy hub, using a hierarchical multi-agent system control structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] A multi-agent system was designed for aggregated micro-generator emissions control. [•] Simulations of system operation were validated experimentally. [•] VPP emissions have been controlled with a good accuracy. [•] VPP controllability increased when the number of micro-generators was increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] A multi-agent system was designed for the battery charging management of electric vehicles. [•] The real-time operation of the agent-based control system was demonstrated experimentally. [•] Electric vehicles were managed according to electricity prices and network constraints. [•] Electric vehicles provided active demand services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]