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Objective To investigate the expression pattern of major histocompatibility complex class Ⅰ molecule（MHC-Ⅰ） in different brain regions of mouse，and to improve the understanding for nonimmune function of MHC-Ⅰ. Methods Immunofluorescence staining was used for labeling MHC-Ⅰ with OX-18 primary antibody in wide-type adult mice. Images were acquired on LeicaTCS SP8 confocal microscope，and analyzed by FIJI software. Results MHC-Ⅰ was widely distributed in various brain regions and had cell specificity.Even in the same nucleus，MHC-Ⅰ was unevenly distributed among different neurons in the brain. Somas of layer 2/3 and layer 5 neurons in the primary somatosensory cortex highly expressed MHC-Ⅰ.Both the hippocampal granular cell layer and the pyramidal cell layer had low levels of MHC-Ⅰ expression，and many scattered neurons expressed high level of MHC-Ⅰ .The high expression of MHC-Ⅰ in the amygdala was specifically concentrated in the basolateral amygdala nucleus，anterior part， while only a few neurons had low-level expression in the lateral amygdalar nucleus and basolateral amygdalar nucleus，posterior part.MHC-Ⅰ-positive neurons in the midbrain and thalamus were clustered and distributed in some specific nuclei. Conclusion MHC-Ⅰ is widely distributed in the mouse brain with cell specificity，which suggests its important role in central nerve system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]