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Community Readiness Model (CRM) through pragmatic mixed methods design, combining quantitative CRM survey with qualitative data, was used to assess the level of preparedness and readiness among local leaders, employers and community members in supporting working mothers to combine breastfeeding with work. The study was conducted in one of the tea state farms in Kericho County of Kenya. A total of 17 purposively selected men (fathers), lactating mothers, peer educators, health professionals (doctors, nurses and nutritionists), tea plantation managers and grandmothers were interviewed. The CRM that has six different dimensions was applied to determine the stage of readiness to support working mothers to combine breastfeeding with work. Community Readiness Score (CRS) was calculated descriptively as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Thematic analysis using NVIVO software was used to analyse qualitative data. We found that the mean (±SD) CRS was 7.3 (1.9), which corresponded to the third highest level of the nine stages or the 'stabilization' stage of community readiness. Dimensionally, the mean CRS was the highest (8.3 ± 1.9) for leadership followed by community efforts (7.5 ± 2.1), whereas the lowest CRS was observed for knowledge of efforts (6.6 ± 2.3) and availability of resources (6.6 ± 1.9). In conclusion, high level of readiness to support working women to combine work with breastfeeding with suboptimal knowledge of efforts and availability of resources was observed in the area. Future interventions should focus on enabling the community to feel more comfortable and creating detailed and refined knowledge on combining breastfeeding with work., (© 2021 The Authors. Maternal & Child Nutrition published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

We assessed the potential effectiveness of human milk banking and lactation support on provision of human milk to neonates admitted in the newborn unit (NBU) at Pumwani Maternity Hospital, Kenya. This pre–post intervention study collected data from mothers/caregivers and their vulnerable neonates or term babies who lacked sufficient mother's milk for several reasons admitted in the NBU. The intervention included establishing a human milk bank and strengthening lactation support. Preintervention data were collected between 5 October 2018 and 11 November 2018, whereas postintervention data were collected between 4 September 2019 and 6 October 2019. Propensity score‐matched analysis was performed to assess the effect of the intervention on exclusive use of human milk, use of human milk as the first feed, feeding intolerance and duration of NBU stay. The surveys included 123 and 116 newborns at preintervention and postintervention, respectively, with 160 newborns (80 in each group) being included in propensity score matched analysis. The proportion of neonates who exclusively used human milk during NBU stay increased from 41.3% preintervention to 63.8% postintervention (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 2.68; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.31, 5.53) and those whose first feed was human milk increased from 55.0% preintervention to 83.3% postintervention (adjusted OR: 5.09; 95% CI: 2.18, 11.88). The mean duration of NBU stay was 27% (95% CI: 5.8%, 44.0%) lower in the postintervention group than in the preintervention group. The intervention did not affect feeding intolerance. Integrating human milk banking and lactation support may improve exclusive use of human milk among vulnerable neonates in a resource limited setting. Key messages: Mother's milk is recommended for feeding preterm and low birthweight neonates.However, when the provision of mother's milk is not feasible, the use of donor human milk—from a human milk bank—is recommended.In this quasi‐experimental study, human milk banking and lactation support intervention increased the exclusive use of human milk during hospital stay and the use of human milk as the first feed among neonates admitted in the newborn unit at Pumwani Maternity Hospital, Kenya.The intervention also reduced the duration of stay in the newborn unit and there was no impact on feeding intolerance.Human milk banking and lactation support may improve the exclusive use of human milk among vulnerable neonates in a resource‐limited setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This implementation research study sought to examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal and infant nutrition practices, and related aspects of health and food systems in Nairobi and Uasin Gishu Counties, Kenya. The study triangulated in-depth interviews with 16 pregnant women, 31 lactating women (including COVID-19 positive), 10 facility health workers, 10 community health volunteers, 6 focus group discussions (FGDs) with food vendors, 4 FGDs and 15 stakeholder interviews with government and implementing partners. Trends from Kenyan Health Information System indicators (i.e., exclusive breastfeeding and initiation of breastfeeding, antenatal care) were also examined. During the COVID-19 pandemic, a decline in attendance of antenatal care, and maternity facilities was observed, and corroborated by Kenyan Health Information System data. Lack of clarity among health workers on COVID-19 breastfeeding guidance and fear of COVID-19 infection early in the pandemic were key drivers of early infant formula use, mother-child separation following delivery and delayed initiation of breastfeeding. Most women exclusively breastfed due to Government of Kenya restrictions in movement. Unemployment and job loss was linked to food insecurity and worsened by increased food prices and limited social protection measures. In response, pregnant and lactating women resorted to skipping meals and reducing quantity and variety of foods consumed. Efforts to build forward from COVID-19 in Kenya should include facility and community health education to prevent disruptions in breastfeeding and to support maternal dietary intake, and in the provision of targeted social protection measures alongside other multisectoral interventions (i.e., psychosocial support) for Kenyan pregnant and lactating women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) during the first six months of life is crucial for optimising child's growth, development and survival. Mother's employment may hinder optimal breastfeeding. We assessed the effectiveness of a workplace support intervention on EBF in Kenya. Methods This quasi-experimental study employing a pre-post intervention design was conducted between 2016 and 2018 on an agricultural farm in Kericho County. The intervention targeted pregnant/breastfeeding women residing on the farm and consisted of: day-care centers, sensitization on available workplace baby-friendly policies, and home-based nutritional counselling of pregnant and breastfeeding women. The effect of the interventions on EBF was estimated using propensity score weighting. Results The study included 223 and 146 mother-infant dyads in the non-treated (pre-intervention) and treated (intervention) groups, respectively. The prevalence of EBF was 20.2% in the non-treated group and 80.8% in the treated group; corresponding to a 4-fold increased probability of EBF (RR 3.99; 95% CI 2.95–5.15). In age-stratified results, the effect of the interventions was stronger among children aged 3-5 months (RR 8.13; 95% CI 4.23–15.64) than among those aged < 3 months (RR 2.79; 95% CI 2.09–3.73). Conclusions The baby-friendly workplace support intervention promoted EBF especially beyond three months in this setting. Key messages Maintaining EBF while working is more likely when employers provide the support that women need to do so. Workplace policies and programmes to support women to combine work with breastfeeding are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reestablishing exclusive breastfeeding is the cornerstone of the 2013 World Health Organization (WHO) treatment guidelines for acute malnutrition in infants less than 6 months. However, no studies have investigated guideline implementation and subsequent outcomes in a public hospital setting in Africa. To facilitate implementation of the WHO 2013 guidelines in Kilifi County Hospital, Kenya, we developed standard operating procedure, recruited, and trained three breastfeeding peer supporters (BFPS). Between September 2016 and January 2018, the BFPS provided individual breastfeeding support to mothers of infants aged 4 weeks to 4 months admitted to Kilifi County Hospital with an illness and acute malnutrition (mid‐upper‐arm circumference < 11.0 cm OR weight‐for‐age z score < −2 OR weight‐for‐length z score < ‐2). Infants were followed daily while in hospital then every 2 weeks for 6 weeks after discharge with data collected on breastfeeding, infant growth, morbidity, and mortality. Of 106 infants with acute malnutrition at admission, 51 met the inclusion criteria for the study. Most enrolled mothers had multiple breastfeeding challenges, which were predominantly technique based. Exclusive breastfeeding was 55% at admission and 81% at discharge; at discharge 67% of infants had attained a weight velocity of >5 g/kg/day for three consecutive days on breastmilk alone. Gains in weight‐for‐length z score and weight‐for‐age z score were generally not sustained beyond 2 weeks after discharge. BFPS operated effectively in an inpatient setting, applying the 2013 updated WHO guidelines and increasing rates of exclusive breastfeeding at discharge. However, lack of continued increase in anthropometric Z scores after discharge suggests the need for more sustained interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]