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Copyright of Adab Al-Kufa is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine whether there is a causal relationship between mortgage credit and house prices in Turkey. Design/methodology/approach: Granger causality test, Toda–Yamamoto causality test, Fourier Granger causality test and Fourier Toda–Yamamoto causality tests are applied. Findings: The findings show that there is a strong one-way causality between mortgage credit and house prices and that the developments in credit markets are more decisive in the relationship between mortgage credit and house prices than the developments in the housing markets. Practical implications: Considering a causal relationship between mortgage credit and house prices may contribute to more efficient use of the tools of both macroeconomic and microeconomic policies for the mortgage credit and housing markets in Turkey. Furthermore, by understanding the importance of the direction of causality between both dynamics, it may be possible to prevent and/or mitigate the negative effects of large house price movements on both Turkish housing and mortgage markets as well as on Turkish economy. Originality/value: To the best of the authors' knowledge, the contribution of this study is to examine for the first time whether the causal relationship between mortgage credit and house prices in Turkey is mutual as well as to apply four different causality tests and to compare their results for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Semestre Económico is the property of Sello Editorial de la Universidad de Medellin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study investigates the relationship between household credit and banking stability in Malaysia using a sample of 37 commercial banks spanning the period from 2008 to 2015. In analyzing household credit’s influence on the Malaysian banking sector’s stability, household credit was categorized into two components, namely mortgage and consumer credit. The Banking Stability Index (BSI) for each bank is constructed using 15 bank-specific variables and some macro-economic variables. The determinants of the BSI are estimated using a static panel data technique. The fixed-effects regression results showed a statistically significant negative relationship between both forms of household credit (mortgage credit and consumer credit) upon the banking sector’s stability. The finding signals that understanding the link between household credit and the Bank Stability Index is crucial to the policymakers and the banks’ management in closely monitoring household credit, particularly mortgage and consumer credit.

Today, black-owned banks are important financial resources challenging economic exclusion. Nevertheless, they do not associate strongly with building black wealth. Some scholars argue this signals black-owned banks are ornamental, or ineffective responses to legacies of economic exclusion in black segregated neighborhoods. To engage these critiques, I draw on the dialectical theoretical frames of cultural assets and structural deficits to examine the effectiveness of black-owned banks during the subprime lending boom—a period when bank practices exploiting a history of economic exclusion in black segregated neighborhoods intensify. Specifically, I analyze administrative data from the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) and the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) to assess whether black-owned banks associate with access to mortgage credit when the subprime lending boom peaks in 2006. Using propensity score matching with inverse probability weighting, I find black-owned banks do not associate with mortgage originations in 2006; but neighborhoods with black-owned banks receive fewer subprime mortgage loans, compared to matched ones without them. As such, black-owned banks appear to effectively shield black segregated neighborhoods from the time period's predation. Overall, findings imply black-owned banks support protective credit markets during periods of intensifying economic exclusion and exploitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Economic History Research / Investigaciones de Historia Económica is the property of Asociacion Espanola de Historia Economica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Digital-marketing market is growing exponentially. There are a lot of services, platforms and technologies that are used for business promotion. While 10 years ago only Google and Facebook were available, today we can see thousands of various solutions. Analysts forecast transit of all industries to digital space. Changes in behavioral skills of customer finance services and growing competitive pressure on the part of start-ups ruin conventional business-models and induce us to develop new strategies. Therefore banks and other regulated finance intermediaries try, with due regard to their budgets, to master as quickly as possible innovations in the field of finance technologies and alter formats of client service. A typical feature of today’s society development is increasing innovation of all spheres of human activity. For example, now we can observe break-through innovation in technology, which changes not only technical and technological foundations of economy but drastically influence different processes in the social sphere. Researching credit strategies within the frames of economic behavior of the population is connected mainly with studying the grounds, key trends and consequences of individuals’ operations on finance service market. The article investigates specific features of Russian citizens’ behavior in the segment of mortgage crediting and auto-crediting, analyzes figures of banks in crediting individuals and shows risks of repayment delay. The authors systematized key concepts of regulating credit and finance markets, which is needed for the process of designing the effective regulatory model that takes into account specific features of markets. The findings of the research can be used in assessing the efficiency and improvements in international coordination of national regulators on finance markets.

Mortgage credit is recognized in Colombia as one of the most used tools to obtain homeownership. This research identifies the main determinants of mortgage credit and estimates the influence of factors such as education, income and employment in the probability of making effective use of such credit by households in Bogota. In order to aim that purpose, this paper makes a description of regulatory framework for access to housing and the financial conditions established by major banks. Subsequently, and bases on the data gathered by the multipurpose survey made in 2014 for Bogota, a Logit model was estimated to establish the probability of use of credit for the purchase of housing. The results suggest that age, income and job stability influence the decision to use mortgage credit, however, the most important factor is given by the level of education.

Copyright of Nova Economia is the property of Nova Economia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article investigates the wording of the category ‘credit’. It enumerates key features of the credit. On the basis of distinguishing characteristics the field of consumer credit was identified. The broad interpretation of consumer credit was provided with classifications by certain criteria. The article shows the difference between mortgage credit and consumer credit and formulates narrower, western interpretation of consumer credit. The author discusses different views on the essence of the category ‘consumer credit’ – POS – credits and non-target bank credits, as well as other limits of understanding. The author formulated his own idea of consumer credit by incorporating retail and mortgage crediting in this notion. As a result the author gives the definition of the category ‘consumer credit’.

This study has used data from the ASEAN region in order to study the relationship among the various dimensions of credit and sustainable economic growth. The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of the credit dimensions on the economic growth for the period 1995-2018. The estimation of regressors was performed on the basis of the one step system of generalized method of moments and the panel corrected standard approach methods. The dynamic and static estimations reveal that the effect of household credit on the economic growth is insignificant whereas business credit, mortgage credit, consumer credit and private sector credit were found to be positive and significant. The current study is original in the sense that the study has been performed with a new dataset and the focus variables are also different. Such studies are important for the ASAEN region as the region is developing as the region is under development, and the level of credit available is one of the primary indicators of the economic performance or ability of a country. Also, this study has used an estimation method that account for the problems of panel data, specifically the issues created by the cross-sections and heterogeneity. The study also has important theoretical and policy-making implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Direito da Cidade is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The observed mortgage denial rate (ODR), calculated from Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) data, is often used to measure mortgage credit availability, but it does not account for shifts in applicants' credit profiles. In this article, we develop an additional tool, which we call the real denial rate (RDR), as a way to account for credit differences and hence more consistently measure denial rates and mortgage credit accessibility. We match HMDA data with CoreLogic proprietary data to obtain both borrower demographic information (e.g., income and race and ethnicity) and mortgage credit characteristics (e.g., loan-to-value ratios, debt-to-income ratios, and credit scores). We account for shifts in applicants' credit profiles by considering only the denial rate of low-credit-profile applicants. Our RDR results show that conventional mortgages have higher denial rates than government mortgages do, racial and ethnic differences are smaller than the ODR indicates but are not eliminated, and small-dollar mortgages have higher RDRs, particularly in the government loan channel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We assess the credit market impact of mortgage "strip-down" — reducing the principal of underwater residential mortgages to the current market value of the property for homeowners who file for bankruptcy under Chapter 7 or Chapter 13. Strip-down of residential mortgages in bankruptcy was proposed in 2009 as a means of reducing foreclosures during the Great Recession but was blocked by lenders on the grounds that it would greatly increase the cost of mortgage loans. Our goal is to test this hypothesis and determine whether the change would in fact have a large adverse impact on mortgage availability. Our identification is provided by a series of U.S. Court of Appeals decisions in the late 1980s and early 1990s that introduced mortgage strip-down under both bankruptcy Chapters in parts of the U.S., followed by two Supreme Court rulings that abolished mortgage strip-down all over the country. We find that neither the circuit court decisions to allow strip-down nor the Supreme Court decisions to abolish it had any significant effect on either mortgage availability or mortgage interest rates. The lack of systematic response suggests that, at least during normal economic times when bankruptcy and foreclosure rates are low, introducing mortgage strip-down under bankruptcy would not adversely affect mortgage loan availability and could be a useful new policy tool to reduce foreclosures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the evolution of the mortgage credit market in Lima between 1835 and 1865. In particular, it explores the effects of political instability and institutional change on the allocation of mortgage credit. By relying on a sample of more than 1 400 notarized records, the article suggests that political instability and institutional uncertainties led to the stagnation of credit markets in the 1830s and early 1840s. As Peru became more stable after 1845 and the risk of lending declined, the credit market expanded more rapidly and interest rates declined.

Copyright of Ecos de Economía is the property of Universidad EAFIT and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

There are two major factors constraining the homeownership rate today: limited supply relative to net household formation and restricted credit availability. In this paper, we carefully document each of these factors, arguing that is is very difficult to fix the supply issues, as so much of the problem is local zoning laws, while steps can be taken to fix the credit availability issues. The supply/demand imbalance is currently the more significant of the two problems, as it places upward pressure on both home prices and rents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I examine the impact of usury laws on the Peruvian credit market between 1825 and 1852. Using a new data set of nearly 2,000 loans from archival sources, I show that the repeal of colonial anti-usury laws in early 1833 had an important effect on the allocation of credit in Lima. It increased interest rates and promoted access to credit. Furthermore, lenders made loans with greater maturities after the repeal of usury laws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian & Latin American Economic History is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In contemporary society we can surely conclude that the role of banks and banking is fundamental. In economic life and in economic relations circulation of money is made through banks. Today banks are of great importance for accumulation of financial assets and offering them to people that need financial support temporarily. Therefore, not providing financial support to certain subjects regardless whether we are dealing with physical or legal individuals will significantly affect the flow of goods and services. Increased financial strength of the banking system is an indicator for increased participation of banks in the financial market. The basic activity of banks is related to: the collection of deposits and provision of funds; allowing the creation of money and credit and performance of payment operations. The realization of large investments is usually done through bank loans. Additionally, some of the most important clients of banking services in the economic market are undoubtedly large construction enterprises. Therefore, So many businesses aiming for growth of their economic capacity enter into contractual relations with banks having contracted bank loan. These recent years, special importances in the banking market in the sphere of construction are mortgage loans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the volume of mortgage credit has risen in tandem with house price inflation, the sub-prime homeloan sector of this market has begun to expand in order to meet demand from those not serviced by the mainstream financial service providers. This article examines the role of local authorities in providing residential mortgages and assesses whether those who have traditionally borrowed from non-market (or public sector) lenders would be considered to be sub-prime borrowers by the private sector. It concludes that, in view of the relatively low average incomes of this cohort of borrowers, they represent a higher probability of homeloan default and as a consequence, would be subject to a higher cost of credit in the private sector. However, this paper highlights the favourable terms offered by local authorities and argues that their failure to price according to the risk profile of borrowers exposes the Exchequer to higher – and often unquantified – costs in pursuit of promoting home-ownership.

The aftermath of the 2007/2008 financial crisis has resulted in many central banks and regulatory authorities examining the effectiveness of macroprudential policy in preventing the emergence of future credit bubbles. Specific limits on loan-to-value (LTV) and loan-to-income (LTI) ratios have been introduced in a number of economies as a means of ensuring greater financial stability. The Irish property and credit market were particularly affected in the crisis as the domestic housing market had, since 1995, experienced sustained price and housing supply increases. Much of the activity in the Irish market was fuelled by a credit bubble following the emergence of international wholesale funding post 2003. After a period of pronounced declines, Irish house prices in late 2013 started to increase significantly; in early 2015, in response, the Irish Central Bank imposed new LTV and LTI limits to curb house price inflation. However, the introduction of these measures comes at a time when housing supply and mortgage lending are still at historically low levels. Therefore, in this paper we use a newly developed structural model of the Irish property and credit market to examine the implications of these measures for house prices and key activity variables in the mortgage market. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Storia Urbana is the property of FrancoAngeli srl and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article is devoted to the examination of the radical changes which have taken place during the last twenty years in the American system of mortgage finance, of the importance of the new system as a factor helping to induce the building boom, of its implications for monetary policy, and of its significance on the social plane. It is well-known that the repercussions of the great depression were aggravated by the inherent "instability" of the structure of American mortgage debt. But it was out of the depths of the depression that was born that long-range legislation which, going beyond the bounds of a simple "rescue operation" developed a series of entirely new institutions. In short, the joint effect of the new institutions was to promote far-reaching changes in mortgage credit. With the sharp reduction in the risk of illiquidity and loss, mortgage credit came to form a larger part of the normal activities not merely of Life Insurance Companies but even of commercial banks. The changed character and organisation of the market meant that the door to building finance was opened even to the lower-income groups, since the reduction in interest rates, the higher loan-to-value ratios, and the lengthening of the period of repayment, combined as the author says, "to bring the monthly charge of buying a house well below the monthly rental". Finally, the author stresses the point that the various forms of government intervention, and the activities of the new Federal institutions, besides broadening the dimensions of the mortgage market, have helped link it up more closely with other compartments of the money and capital market. JEL: G21, E51, E52

Based on ethnographic fieldwork conducted between 2010 and 2013, this essay explores the everyday life of those with mortgage credit in owner-occupied homes of Warsaw, Poland and its suburbs. Mortgages have become available and popular in postsocialist Poland only recently, giving rise to a historically novel set of sensibilities, aspirations and anxieties. This essay shows how mortgage credit makes a world for mortgagors that is ordered through space and time. The first section, ‘Spaces of aspiration’, connects the history of Warsaw’s housing crunch with contemporary middle-class desires for more spacious homes. The proliferation of mortgages unfolded more space and enabled mortgagors to pursue self-transformation by means of interior design and furnishing. Enacting a break with the past, those deemed creditworthy manipulated sensuous materialities in order to align themselves with emerging forms of middle-class citizenship. The second section, ‘Mortgage time’, proceeds from the observation that alongside brick and mortar, the currency of the mortgage contracts constitutes an inextricable aspect of a mortgaged home. That currency – in many cases the Swiss franc rather than the Polish złoty – exerts a futural pull in the everyday life of young mortgagors as they come to experience their adulthood through notions of predictable, middle-class career embedded in 30-year-long contracts. The unforeseen 2008–2011 appreciation of the franc against the złoty, which plunged many into negative equity, suggests that the good life with mortgage credit emerges from the rare fortuitous confluence between market rhythms and biographical rhythms. Taken together, observations on spatial and temporal orders fostered by the Swiss franc mortgage point to the emergence of ‘the pro-cyclical everyday’, a space-time expanding and constricting with the booms and busts of the markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Historia Agraria is the property of Historia Agraria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article traces the central role of the American state, led by the Treasury, not only in the spread and deepening of global finance, but also in containing the financial crises to which this gave rise. The first part examines this role in relation to the financial crises abroad in the 1990s. The second part focuses on the Treasury’s opting for failure containment over failure prevention amidst the financialization it promoted through the 1990s. The third part shows how this laid the basis for the interpenetration of US and foreign financial markets in the mortgage credit boom in the years leading up to the 2007 financial crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

How could a primitive credit market finance the early industrialisation of an underdeveloped economy? To answer this question, we use a hand-collected data set of mortgage loans raised by industrial firms in the city of São Paulo during the period 1866-1914. These mortgages were debt obligations collateralised by land, improvements, machinery and equipment. We argue that the mortgage credit market was a key source of funding for early industrial investments in Brazil. We find that industries were mainly funded by non-banking and domestic agents. The empirical evidence suggests that mortgages were an important proxy for industrial investment. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We analyze the effects of state predatory mortgage lending laws, which have been a model for recent changes in the United States federal legislation enacted to regulate the mortgage contract terms common in higher-risk mortgage market segments. Using the Rothschild-Stiglitz approach to model credit markets under asymmetric information, legal restrictions are shown to reduce the use and attractiveness of mortgage credit. Consistent with model predictions, empirical results indicate that originations of regulated high-cost mortgages were significantly less than predicted in states with more restrictive laws. The differences between predicted and actual originations of high-cost mortgages in states with less restrictive laws were not significant. These differences were also not significant for non-high-cost originations across all states. Thus, credit regulation was differentially associated with reduction in originations of high-cost mortgages, and non-high-cost lending did not consistently expand in areas where high-cost mortgages were restricted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]