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This article argues that projects to make Britain's imperial history visible to the public through the display of statues, the establishment of a history museum, and the renovation of historical markers solidified a colonial narrative about the British empire's permanence in India during the first two decades of the twentieth century, decades in which anticolonial unrest threatened the British occupation of the subcontinent. The monumental scale expressed permanence. An imperial aesthetic linked the cities important to showcasing the empire in Calcutta, New Delhi, and London. Contrary to mainstream assumptions that commemorations should be preserved for the sake of documenting history, these markers enacted a British story of triumph at a moment when mass campaigns against British rule were occurring. Coming at the end of a long nineteenth century of statue mania, when many European nations installed memorials to national heroes, the installation of monuments in India presented a colonialist public history of events such as the Black Hole incident of 1757 or the rebellions of 1857. Drawing from Viceroy George Curzon's ambitions in historical preservation and monumentalizing, the article shows how he stabilized a British narrative of India amid anticolonial campaigns of protest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The First World War has had an indelible impact on Newfoundland, shaping not only its relationship with Britain and empire, but also its union with Canada in 1949. For some, the Battle of the Somme was a powerful display of Newfoundland's identity as a British dominion and its loyalty to the mother country. Many Newfoundlanders, however, lament the tragic economic and political consequences of Newfoundland's war service that many believe led to its loss of independence and its union with Canada decades later. Edward Riche's 2017 play Dedication explores the legacy of the First World War on Newfoundland identity and the province's continued positive association with Sir Douglas Haig through the dramatisation of a grieving female journalist interviewing Haig in St. John's in 1924, just before the unveiling of the national war memorial. The play grapples with themes of colonisation, patriotism, and duty as the playwright seeks to challenge the prevailing myth of identity grounded in glorious sacrifice. While the interview in the play raises questions about the war's legacy through its focus on the dedication of the WWI monument by Haig himself, Riche interrogates Newfoundland's established memory of the war, as well as the value of monuments as historical markers of memory and identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In recent years, the removal of monuments which glorify historical figures associated with racism and colonialism has become one of the most visible and contested forms of decolonisation. Yet many have objected that there is educational value in leaving such monuments standing. In this paper, I argue that public monuments can be understood as speech acts which communicate messages to those who live among them. Some of those speech acts derogate particular social groups, contributing to their marginalisation in much the way that slurs do. Comparing derogating monuments to slurs is also productive in suggesting morally appropriate responses to their harms. I explore the limits of the use‐mention distinction in relation to the harmfulness of slurs and apply this to show that attempting to recontextualise harmful monuments in situ—by, for example, changing the text on an accompanying plaque in order to retain the monument for its educational value—will not solve the problem in most cases. I conclude that the removal of slurring monuments, or their relocation to museum exhibitions dedicated to presenting a more critical view of history, is a more robust and reliable way of protecting against harm, and that this consideration outweighs any purported educational value in leaving monuments in place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a definition of monuments and describes their potential for removalist and preservationist controversy. The authors focus on the example of Confederate monuments in the United States as, on the basis of racist impacts, these monuments are candidates for widespread removal. The authors review influential existing philosophical arguments aimed at clarifying this controversy. In this, they draw attention to an especially promising formulation of a moral harm argument. The authors improve upon this argument by offering an educationally sensitive civic harm argument. In this, they advance a view of limited compatibility between removalist and preservationist aims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the original manuscript containing 70 recipes was written by' Mina patchier' , an inmate of the Tares in camp in the period of the German occupation of Czechoslovakia, in 1944 before her death, a result of hunger and disease, Mina entrusted a friend with the writings intended for her own daughter.

The Pacific War Memorial on Corregidor Island in the Philippines was erected by the United States government to commemorate Filipino and American soldiers who had lost their lives during the Second World War. Inaugurated in 1968, it was the first American memorial on Philippine soil since the United States had recognized the Philippines as an independent country in 1946, following almost fifty years of colonial rule. This article interprets the monument and the wider Corregidor memoryscape. It examines how the United States, the Philippines and the Second World War are depicted both within and around the memorial and what this suggests about the creation and persistence of colonial memory. The article explores the tensions between colonial and decolonized remembrance, and the extent to which the Pacific War Memorial serves as a historical marker for the United States' achievements in the Philippines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utility of communicating hazard vulnerability to the public through monuments and historical markers commemorating and describing past disasters is explored in this paper. A survey of county emergency management directors in Wisconsin focused upon their awareness of such monuments and their attitudes regarding the effectiveness of disaster markers and commemoration in communicating hazard risk to the public, both residents and visitors. Emergency managers held disparate views regarding the effectiveness of the markers among the public, although managers in counties with markers tended to hold a higher opinion of their effectiveness in communicating hazard risk and to be more willing to commemorate future disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coloniser and colonised were produced as subjectivities through power relations mediated through objects. The erection of public statues of 'great men' in prominent places in European and colonial cities was a political act with an ideological meaning. These survive within the curated space of the city long after the end of imperial domination. In the case of Barbados, for example, a statue to Lord Nelson was erected in the early nineteenth century in Bridgetown, decades before its London equivalent, as part of a planter politics of anti-anti-slavery. The statue of Cecil Rhodes in Oxford, together with the other commemorative plaques and statues placed in his honour, were similarly part of an Edwardian pro-imperial propaganda in Oxford. In these places, as elsewhere around the world, from Barcelona to Cape Town, public campaigns have demanded the removal or public remediation of these forms of rhetoric via monument. But opponents of the removal of Nelson and Rhodes from their privileged positions in Bridgetown and Oxford have argued that these statues were very old, and were therefore now part of a public culture which should be preserved without revision. To remove them would be to 'erase' history, in Mary Beard's phrase. But is leaving these objects as they are not also a kind of historical erasure, a silencing of the past in Michel Rolphe Trouillot's terms? For without a new mediation, what is lost from public memory and attention is that these objects were contested projects of minority ideologies and interests, both at their origins and today. Is the argument from 'heritage' not bound up with an odd contemporary imbalance of attention towards the needs of the present and future vs the legacies of the past, the retrogressive temporality of the neo-liberal moment? The point is not the destruction of 'the past', as if there was ever one monolithic uncontested past, but the renegotiation of which past the present holds up to its face. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ongoing changes in communications technology create new opportunities not only in terms of acquisition of data on urban cultural heritage, but also in terms of active participation in the creation of such heritage. One example of this is interactive games, which are used in the field of tourism, including urban games and rural games. One of such games is Ingress, which is played in real time in virtual reality on mobile devices. The game board for Ingress is a real map of the world, produced by Google Maps, with superimposed virtual objects (portals) that reflect physical sites in geographic space submitted by gamers and approved by the entity managing the game. The aim of this study was to identify sites in urban space that are submitted to the world of virtual reality in the Ingress game. In addition, the goal was to determine how these sites affect the tourist offering of the city. The study consisted of an analysis of the number and type of historical sites officially listed in the register of stationary historical sites in 12 small towns in the Krakow Metropolitan Area. The list was then compared with their presence in the game of Ingress. The study analyzes the nature of the virtual game map for towns, presents an inventory and classification of sites submitted by gamers, and estimates the rank of historical sites among all sites available in the game. Research has shown a strong dependence of the number of portals introduced into the game of Ingress on the number of residents of local municipalities. The virtual world of attractive sites introduced by gamers into Ingress is substantially different from that shaped by tourist guides and the actual history of cities. The number of Ingress portals per city does not reflect the nature and number of historical sites registered as cultural heritage sites. In small cities, the nature of the portals is similar. Most portals are dominated by commemorative plaques, sculptures, and monuments as well as religion-oriented sites including churches and chapels. On the other hand, the number of recreational, educational, and cultural sites is negligible. The employment of new local marketing strategies based on social networks and urban games is not very common. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intimately intertwined with physical and symbolic space, the presence of public monuments inscribes the politics and ideologies of the powerful onto the cultural landscape, thereby imparting the message that their positions and perspectives are to be respected and remembered. First, since the 1800s, Budapest's grand Millennium Monument has been exploited by the "vicissitudes" of Hungary's continually changing political regimes and ideologies, from imperialists to (counter)revolutionaries to monarchists to communists. Written in Stone: Public Monuments in Changing Societies: by Sanford Levinson, Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2018. [Extracted from the article]

The article offers the author's view on the Oranta Ukraine figure on the Independence Monument in Maidan, Ukraine. The author states that the figure represents the main symbol of the Ukraine independence. The author mentions that it can be associated with massive monument of Mother Homeland rising from shore of Dnieper in Kiev.

In this article, we look at two very different contexts of monument use – Bronze Age Inner Asia and the Classic period Maya lowlands – in order to explore the function and meanings of monuments and the variety of ways in which they worked to mark and differentiate ancient landscapes. Our goal in uniting such disparate contexts is to examine how power and social organization in these settings were translated into monumental material forms, and how such materializations were experienced by those who viewed and re-interpreted the monuments. In particular, we explore how monuments acted as orientational markers within specific cultural contexts. Our discussion finds common ground between the disparate settings through several common interpretive frameworks focused on spatial, temporal and social orientational work accomplished by active, agentive monuments through their relationships with humans, which we frame as a ‘technology of the monument’. Monuments are instrumental in situating groups within these different layers, or landscapes, of lived experience, yet even while physically fixed, allow for movement through changing meanings and ideas. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Public memorials depicting men enshrined in stone, flanked by etched names or dates are ubiquitous in the United States and elsewhere as markers of memory. Newer memorials are beginning to move away from these tropes, which, for centuries, defined the memorial. In this paper, I will trace the transition in memorialization from what I call the imitation of heroes to imagining with the venerated. In order to demonstrate this shift I focus on the ways in which these memorials begin to individuate the venerated and require the visitor to become an active participant. Ultimately, my goal is not merely to point out this shift but to argue that this transition is important because it includes imagination in a way that has a powerful effect on the visitor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Memorials and monuments retell the past through a variety of visual media, but especially through words, narratives, and other textual references. Surprisingly, geographers have devoted limited attention to interpreting the actual phrases inscribed into places of memory and how these narratives lie at the heart of the struggle to be remembered (or forgotten) for social groups traditionally excluded from dominant representations of public history. Employing a pedagogical framework called "textual politics," I describe two projects in which my students engaged the North Carolina Highway Historical Marker Program. The first project involved a group of students conducting a content and discourse analysis of the inscriptions found on North Carolina roadside markers and identifying important social changes but also continuing injustices in the depiction of slavery and African Americans. In the second project, a student and I partnered with a non-profit community development organization in New Bern, North Carolina to apply for the establishment of a highway marker that would retell the history of a major early 20th century fire and its impact on the city's African American population. The marker application was unsuccessful, shedding light on the obstacles that face efforts to rewrite, literally and politically, landscapes of public memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the Southern Alberta Historical Markers Project as of 2012. According to the article, the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada designated the community of Stirling, Alberta, as a National Historic Site in 1989 to commemorate the Mormon Agricultural Village, also known as the Plat of Zion. The article also discusses the work of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (LDS) Church History Department (CHD) on the project.

The article offers information on the historical markers and monuments in Texas. It states that the historical monuments reflect the complexity and diversity of political, economic, and social forces. It mentions that the historical markers deal with Asian, Hispanic, or European nationalities and biographical summations of women's lives. Among the historical monuments cited are the Heroes of the Alamo and a 28-foot granite obelisk.

This article presents an essay that discusses how the importance and associated memories of various monuments change over time. The author cites the statue of Carlos IV, a late eighteenth-century Spanish king whose statue has been moved to several locations in Mexico City, Mexico. The statue has been relocated several times as the nature of the Mexican identity changed after it gained independence in 1821.

The article focuses on the issues underpinning the monuments attributed to poet Heinrich Heine in Berlin, Germany. Built in 1966 by the German Democratic Republic at the Volkspark am Weinberg on Veteranenstrasse, the monument shows the poet seating and gesturing with his hand. It states that the memorials depict the cultural politics of public memory in Germanic postwar and transformations. It denotes that the inscription of the said sculpture seems to speak for the Jewish condition in the country in the 20th century.

By understanding the 'Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe' as an established sign of political representation the subject of interest here is its relationship to mass media, expert and political communication. In order to ask for the constitution of the symbolic meaning of the memorial via material and communicative strategies, the paper examines three facets of the project. Within these facets the memorial comes into account as a rhetorical idea that is developed into an architectural design, as a proposal within a process of modifications on the object and as a built memorial in time and space. Within these facets communication and the memorial can relate to each other in three different ways: (1) they can intensify each other, (2) they can resist each other, (3) or they can be indifferent. The built memorial as a material object and the imagined still-to-be-built memorial have an important impact on communication and therefore on signification since the very first idea for the memorial's erection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even with increasing attention to issues of sustainability and despite being cited as a key element in approaches to building conservation, maintenance of historic buildings has received little academic study or practice-orientated development in the United Kingdom. European models of best practice have seldom been disseminated or emulated. Maintain our Heritage (MoH) is seeking to change this. It has developed a wide programme of research aimed at under- standing current attitudes towards maintenance and exploring potential ways forward; and has undertaken a pilot maintenance service, the first of its kind in the United Kingdom, inspecting 73 listed buildings in the Bath area. This paper examines the results of the latter in the context of the former. It explains the genesis of the project, examines the constraints and opportunities encountered, and looks to the future. It also points to the need for a national maintenance strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Catherine Asher discusses how Hindu nationalists are attempting to reinterpret the Taj Mahal in Agra as a Hindu monument, as politicians try to redefine India as a Hindu, rather than pluralistic, democracy. There is no question that the Taj Mahal was built in the seventeenth century as a mausoleum for a Mughal Muslim emperor and his wife; nationalists now claim that it was the product of Hindu patronage because the land had been purchased from a Hindu prince, and some go even further, claiming that it was actually designed as a Hindu palace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experimental article considers the aesthetic and durational implications of the Savannah River Site in South Carolina (a largely hidden node in the American nuclear project, where 40 percent of the Cold War's plutonium was produced). As we come to understand the Anthropocene as a process-state at the edge of geo-history—or, in other words, an always "being-towards-death"—this article asks how a slippery (and often deceitful, in a white settler imaginary) relationship with time in the American South affects how we can imagine 20,000 years of living with a nuclear hangover. This sight- and site-based investigation looks at historical markers, nuclear semiotics, public sculpture, spatial and racial histories, and atomic ecologies to wonder how we are able, or unable, to perceive the radioactive leftovers of empire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gypsum crusts on 18 important historical monuments in Prague were investigated from the point of view of their sulfur isotope composition. The ratio of 34S and 32S in deposited sulfates expressed in the delta unit (δ 34S) is almost constant for every monument but a significant difference occurs between monuments in the center of the city and those located on the surrounding hills. Two sets of climatic conditions in Prague have been found where different stone corrosion mechanisms occur. The enrichment of sulfate incrustation in 34S at the city center is explained in terms of the catalytic effect of other pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aruthor shares her experience of witnessing the unveiling of the historical marker for Dr. Jessie Mauney in Blue Mountain, Mississippi. She mentions that she milled about in the gathering, more interested in what her former patients will say than actually to look at the monument. She states that the discussions would quickly turn to mopping of sore throats, one of the things that Mauney was most famous for.

Permanent individual gravemarkers were established as social norm for large populations in the nineteenth century. These markers typically display a range of matters-of-fact about the dead: name, age or dates of birth and death, family status, social position, profession, religion, etc. They also include symbolic figurations, which communicate in a more implicit way how the survivors remember their dead. Against this background, this paper analyses gravemarkers and graveyards as material witnesses of changing social and cultural sensibilities. It explores the kinds of changes which took place in European regions with a predominantly Catholic population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]