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A novel series of chalcone-Vitamin E-donepezil hybrids was designed and developed based on multitarget-directed ligands (MTDLs) strategy for treating Alzheimer's disease (AD). The biological results revealed that compound 17f showed good AChE inhibitory potency ( rat AChE IC 50 = 0.41 µM; ee AChE IC 50 = 1.88 µM). Both the kinetic analysis and docking study revealed that 17f was a mixed type AChE inhibitor. 17f was also a good antioxidant (ORAC = 3.3 eq ), selective metal chelator and hu MAO-B inhibitor (IC 50 = 8.8 µM). Moreover, it showed remarkable inhibition of self- and Cu 2+ -induced A β 1-42 aggregation with a 78.0 and 93.5% percentage rate at 25 µM, respectively, and disassembled self-induced and Cu 2+ -induced aggregation of the accumulated A β 1-42 fibrils with 72.3 and 84.5% disaggregation rate, respectively. More importantly, 17f exhibited a good neuroprotective effect on H 2 O 2 -induced PC12 cell injury and presented good blood-brain barrier permeability in vitro . Thus, 17f was a promising multi-target-directed ligand for treating AD.

Herein, combining 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline and benzylpiperidine groups into cinnamic acid derivatives, a series of novel cinnamic acid hybrids was rationally designed, synthesized and evaluated by the multi-target-directed ligands (MTDLs) strategy. Hybrid 4e was the most promising one among these hybrids with a reversible huBuChE inhibitor (IC 50  = 2.5 μM) and good MAO-B inhibition activity (IC 50  = 1.3 μM) and antioxidant potency (ORAC = 0.4 eq). Moreover, compound 4e significantly inhibited self-mediated Aβ 1-42 aggregation (65.2% inhibition rate). Compound 4e exhibited remarkable anti-inflammatory propery and neuroprotective effect. Furthermore, compound 4e displayed favourable blood-brain barrier penetration via parallel artificial membrane permeation assay (PAMPA). The obtained results also revealed that compound 4e significantly improved dyskinesia recovery rate and response efficiency on AD model zebrafish. Further, 4e did not show obvious acute toxicity at dose up to 1500 mg/kg in vivo and improved scopolamine-induced memory impairment. Importantly, compound 4e showed good stability in both artificial gastric fluid and artificial intestinal fluid. Therefore, compound 4e presented a promising multi-targeted active molecule for treating AD., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

A series of novel chalcone derivatives was designed, synthesized and evaluated as multifunctional agents for the treatment of AD. Among of these synthesized compounds, compound TM-2 was a selective BuChE inhibitor (IC 50  = 2.6 μM) and selective MAO-B inhibitor (IC 50  = 5.3 μM), which were supported by docking study. Compound TM-2 also showed good antioxidant activity, and was a selective metal chelator, as well as a neuroprotectant. Moreover, compound TM-2 could significantly inhibit self-induced and Cu 2+ -induced Aβ 1-42 aggregation with 70.2% and 80.7% inhibition rate, respectively, and could disaggregate Cu 2+ -induced Aβ 1-42 aggregation (73.5%), the further TEM images observed provided rational explanation. Besides, compound TM-2 displayed good PAMPA-BBB permeability and conformed to the Lipinski's rule of five. Further, compound TM-2 presented precognitive effect on scopolamine-induced memory impairment in vivo assay. Therefore, compound TM-2 might be a promising multifunctional hit compound for the treatment of AD, and the further structure optimization are in progress., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

A series of 2-acetylphenol-donepezil hybrids was designed and synthesized based on multi-target-directed ligands strategy. The biological activities were evaluated by AChE/BChE inhibition and MAO-A/MAO-B inhibition. The results revealed that the tertiary amines and methylene chain length significantly affected the eeAChE inhibitory potency, in particular, compound TM-14 showed the best eeAChE inhibitory activity with IC 50 value of 2.9 μM, in addition, both kinetic analysis of AChE inhibition and docking study displayed that TM-14 could simultaneously bind to the catalytic active site and peripheral anionic site of AChE. Moreover, compound TM-14 was a selective metal chelator and could form 1:1 TM-14-Cu 2+ complex. The structure-active-relationship also indicated that the O-alkylamine fragment remarkably decreased hMAO-B inhibitory activity, compound TM-2 exhibited potent hMAO-B inhibitory activity (IC 50  = 6.8 μM), which was supported by the molecular docking study. More interestingly, compounds TM-14 and TM-2 could cross the blood-brain barrier in vitro. Therefore, the structure-active-relationship of 2-acetylphenol-donepezil hybrids could encourage the development of multifunction agents with selective AChE inhibition or selective MAO-B inhibition for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

To discover multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD), a series of chalcone-O-carbamate derivatives was designed and synthesized based on the multitarget-directed ligands strategy. The in vitro biological activities were evaluated including AChE/BChE inhibition, MAO-A/MAO-B inhibition, antioxidant activities, Aβ 1-42 aggregation inhibition, metal-chelating properties and neuroprotective effects against H 2 O 2 -induced PC12 cell injury. The results showed compounds 5b and 5h indicated highly selective BChE inhibitory activity with IC 50 values of 3.1 μM and 1.2 μM, respectively and showed highly selective MAO-B inhibitory potency with IC 50 values of 1.3 μM and 3.7 μM, respectively. In addition, compounds 5b and 5h could inhibit self-induced Aβ 1-42 aggregation with 63.9% and 53.1% inhibition percent rate, respectively. Particularly, compound 5b was a potent antioxidant agent and neuroprotectant, as well as a selective metal chelator by chelating Cu 2+ and Al 3+ . Moreover, compound 5b could inhibit and disaggregate Cu 2+ -induced Aβ 1-42 aggregation, which was further supported by the TEM images. Furthermore, compounds 5b and 5h could cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in vitro and conformed to the Lipinski's rule of five. Finally, the in vivo assay exhibited that compound 5b could improve scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment. Taken together, these results revealed that compound 5b might be a potential multifunctional agent for the treatment of AD, and deserved to do further structure optimization., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

A series of novel phthalimide-alkylamine derivatives were synthesized and evaluated as multi-functions inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The results showed that compound TM-9 could be regarded as a balanced multi-targets active molecule. It exhibited potent and balanced inhibitory activities against ChE and MAO-B (huAChE, huBuChE, and huMAO-B with IC 50 values of 1.2μM, 3.8μM and 2.6 μM, respectively) with low selectivity. Both kinetic analysis of AChE inhibition and molecular modeling study suggested that TM-9 binds simultaneously to the catalytic active site and peripheral anionic site of AChE. Interestingly, compound TM-9 abided by Lipinski's rule of five. Furthermore, our investigation proved that TM-9 indicated weak cytotoxicity, and it could cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in vitro. The results suggest that compound TM-9, an interesting multi-targeted active molecule, offers an attractive starting point for further lead optimization in the drug-discovery process against Alzheimer's disease., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

A new family of multitarget molecules able to interact with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), as well as with monoamino oxidase (MAO) A and B, has been synthesized. Novel 3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinoline-O-alkylamine derivatives have been designed using a conjunctive approach that combines the JMC49 and donepezil. The most promising compound TM-33 showed potent and balance inhibitory activities toward ChE and MAO (eeAChE, eqBuChE, hMAO-A and hMAO-B with IC 50 values of 0.56μM, 2.3μM, 0.3μM and 1.4μM, respectively) but low selectivity. Both kinetic analysis of AChE inhibition and molecular modeling study suggested that TM-33 binds simultaneously to the catalytic active site and peripheral anionic site of AChE. Furthermore, our investigation proved that TM-33 could cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in vitro, and abided by Lipinski's rule of five. The results suggest that compound TM-33, an interesting multi-targeted active molecule, offers an attractive starting point for further lead optimization in the drug-discovery process against Alzheimer's disease., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

A series of 4'-aminochalcone-revastigmine hybrids were designed, synthesized and evaluated as multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. The results showed that most of these compounds exhibited good multifunctional activities. In particular, compound 6c displayed the best inhibitory potency on acetylcholinesterase (IC 50 =4.91μM), and significant antioxidative activity with a value 2.83-fold of Trolox. The kinetic analysis of AChE inhibition revealed that 6c showed mixed-type inhibition, binding simultaneously to the catalytic active site and peripheral anionic site of AChE. In addition, 6c inhibited self-induced Aβ 1-42 aggregation and Cu 2+ -induced Aβ 1-42 aggregation by 89.5% and 79.7% at 25μM respectively, as well as acted as a selective monoamine oxidase B inhibitor (IC 50 =0.29μM) and a selective biometal chelator. Furthermore, 6c could cross the blood-brain barrier in vitro. Based on these results, Compound 6c could be considered as a very promising lead compound for Alzheimer's disease., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

A series of homoisoflavonoid Mannich base derivatives were designed, synthesized and evaluated as multifunctional agents against Alzheimer's disease. It demonstrated that most of the derivatives were selective AChE and MAO-B dual inhibitors with good multifunctional properties. Among them, compound 10d displayed the comprehensive advantages, with excellent AChE and MAO-B inhibitory activities (IC 50 =2.49±0.08nM and 1.74±0.0581μM, respectively), good self- and Cu 2+ -induced Aβ 1-42 aggregation inhibitory potency, antioxidant activity, biometal chelating ability and high BBB permeability. These multifunctional properties make 10d as an excellent candidate for the development of efficient drugs against AD., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)