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While few places on earth have been as deeply impacted by the human-horse relationship as the steppes of Mongolia and eastern Eurasia, gaps in the archaeological record have made it strikingly difficult to trace when and how the first domestic horses were integrated into ancient societies in this key region of the world. Recently, organic materials preserved in melting mountain ice have emerged as a key source of archaeological insight into the region's deep past. Newly-identified artefacts recovered from melting snow and ice in the Altai Mountain range of western Mongolia (including metal artefacts, skeletal remains, and hoof fragments) provide archaeological evidence for the use of horses at high altitudes from the Bronze Age through the 20th century. Direct radiocarbon dating and genomic sequencing demonstrate the presence of Przewalski's horse in the region during the early second millennium BCE, suggesting that this taxon may have once foraged at high altitudes frequented by human hunters. Importantly, directly-dated remains of horse hoof trimmings provide some of the oldest direct evidence of horse transport in the Eastern Steppe as early as the 14th century BCE, and suggest a role for high-mountain hunting in the innovation of reliable mounted riding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the analysis of textiles from the tenth century Mongolian rock burial of Üzüür Gyalan. It is the only undisturbed rock burial discovered to date and presents a unique opportunity to examine a complete set of grave goods, both organic and inorganic, included in a Medieval horse-accompanied burial. The high degree of preservation and the prevalence of woven wool textiles set it apart from other rock burials where silk, sheepskin, and felt garments have been found. Certain features of the assemblage, including the abundance of the woven wools, their technical consistency, and evidence for household rather than specialised production, suggest the work of local weavers. Drawing comparisons with a living nomadic weaving tradition in Ladakh, Tibet, this paper relates aspects of the assemblage to production in a mobile pastoralist context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]