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This article examines how the ongoing Ukraine-Russia war has affected the valuation of five European Union currencies: the Polish Zloty, Hungarian Forint, Czech Koruna, Swedish Krone, and Romanian Leu. Using high-frequency time series data and advanced statistical models, we analyze a 522-week period from 1 January 2013, to 24 February 2023, with 24 February 2022, as a key focal point. The Russia-Ukraine war had varying effects on the currencies of non-Eurozone countries. Poland, Hungary, and Sweden experienced significant impacts, while Czechia and Romania remained relatively stable. Our research also highlights the stability of the Euro as a reserve currency, which attracts investors during times of crisis and protects participating economies from currency fluctuations. Additionally, our analysis underscores the distinct impact of war on these currencies, influenced by their unique political, economic, and financial structures and strengths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Max-Planck-Institut für Gesellschaftsforschung Discussion Papers is the property of Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper argues that the null or weak response of emerging market currencies to domestic monetary policy documented in the literature is the result of wide event windows. An event study with intraday data for Mexico shows that an unanticipated tightening appreciates the currency and flattens the yield curve, consistent with the evidence for advanced economies. With daily event windows, however, only the yield curve responds to monetary policy. Noise in daily exchange rate returns explains the lack of response of the currency. Such noise gives rise to a bias that declines after controlling for potential omitted variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exposures of expected future nominal depreciation rates to the current interest rate differential violate the UIP hypothesis in a pattern that is a nonmonotonic function of horizon. Forward expected nominal depreciation rates are monotonic. We explain the two patterns by simultaneously incorporating the weak form of PPP into a joint model of the stochastic discount factor, the nominal exchange rate, and domestic and foreign yield curves. Departures from PPP generate the first pattern. The risk premiums for these departures generate the second pattern. Thus, the variance of the stochastic discount factor is related to the real exchange rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The currency depreciation rate is often computed as the ratio of foreign to domestic pricing kernels. Using bond prices alone to estimate these kernels leads to currency puzzles: the inability of models to match violations of uncovered interest parity and the volatility of exchange rates. This happens because of the FX bond disconnect, the inability of bonds to span exchange rates. Incorporating innovations to the pricing kernel that affect exchange rates but not bonds helps resolve the puzzles. This approach also allows one to relate news about cross‐country differences between international yields to news about currency risk premiums. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explains the fundamental concepts of the Cycle of Money theory. It examines an economy as a whole; therefore, the structure of the economy and the distribution of money in the economy are evaluated in terms of how they interact. The objective of this paper is to show the relationship between the Cycle of Money theory, the exchange rate, and inflation. Inflation is the result not only of rising prices but also of a mismatch between price growth and productivity. Productivity in the Cycle of Money theory refers to the distribution and reuse of money in an economy. The depiction of an economy is made through its function and structure, something that is reflected in the money cycle, i.e. problems in the functioning of the economy appear in the structure of the economy and vice versa - productivity and the structure of the economy are two sides of the same coin, which means that they are inextricably linked to each other. Inflation leads to a reduction in the money cycle, which is also reflected in the reduced exchange rate. In deflation, the previous pattern is the same. In the case of Domism, meaning that the economy has appropriate function and structure, it is plausible to decrease inflation and increase the currency rate together with productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We assess the properties of currency value strategies based on real exchange rates. We find that real exchange rates have predictive power for the cross-section of currency excess returns. However, adjusting real exchange rates for key country-specific fundamentals (productivity, the quality of export goods, net foreign assets, and output gaps) better isolates information related to the currency risk premium. In turn, the resultant measure of currency value displays considerably stronger predictive power for currency excess returns. Finally, the predictive information content in our currency value measure is distinct from that embedded in popular currency strategies, such as carry and momentum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi Terapan is the property of Universitas Airlangga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tiempo y Economía is the property of La Fundacion Universidad de Bogota Jorge Tadeo Lozano and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper presents a new reason why countries may want to keep separate currencies rather than form a currency union. In a search model of a two‐country world, keeping multiple currencies with trade restrictions that favor the use of the domestic currency in domestic goods markets is socially beneficial relative to forming a currency union or letting multiple currencies circulate in all countries without restrictions. Multiple currencies improve the allocation of liquidity in the presence of trading frictions that make the use of currencies necessary to exchange commodities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The understanding of symmetrical or asymmetrical effects of exchange rate volatility improves the effectiveness of macroeconomic management policies. This study examines the long-run asymmetrical effects of exchange rate volatility on real demand for money in Zimbabwe, using monthly data from January 2018 to September 2020. Exchange rate shocks are calculated by decomposing exchange rate volatility measure into positive and negative components to examine their short-run and long-run effects and to determine whether the long-run effects of the components of exchange rate movements are symmetrical or asymmetrical. The linear ARDL and the non-linear ARDL models are estimated. The study employs the F-bounds test to confirm the longrun relationship and the Wald test for the asymmetrical effect. The results show that exchange rate depreciation in Zimbabwe has symmetrical effects on real demand for money. Thus, exchange rate policies in Zimbabwe should assume linearity in the passthrough effects on real demand for money. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we investigate how individuals make time-money tradeoffs in labor contexts in which they are either asked to work to earn money or to pay money to avoid work. Theory predicts that exchange rates between time and money are invariant to the elicitation method. Results from our experiments, however, show otherwise, highlighting inconsistencies in how individuals consider their time. In the first two experiments, participants work to earn money, and we compare two incentivized elicitation methods. In the first, "Fixed-Time mode," we fix the amount of time participants need to work and elicit the minimum dollar amount they require to do the job. In the second, "Fixed-Moneymode," we fix the amount of money we pay participants and ask for the maximum amount of time they are willing to work for that pay. We similarly vary elicitation procedures in Experiment 3 for paying money to avoid work. Translating the results into pay per hour, we find that in Fixed-Time mode, valuation of time is stable across durations, based on an analytical approach. By contrast, in Fixed-Money mode, participants increase their pay-per-hour demand when the amount of money increases, indicating a less calculated and more emotional view of time. Our results demonstrate that individuals' value of their time of labor can be fluid and dependent on the compensation structure. Our findings have implications for theories of time valuation in the labor market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of the provisions of legal metrology on the formation and functioning of the monetary environment in the market is studied. It is shown that the use of tangible (reference) measures for determining the value of goods and monetary units makes it possible to form a stable monetary system, equal for all market participants. This system can reasonably be attributed to information measuring systems. Systems based on the use of constant tangible measures that determine the value of goods and money have been formed and functioned in international trade for a long time. In the XIX–XX centuries, the monetary system, in which a fixed weight of gold served as the tangible measure of money, was called the "gold standard." In the 1970s, this system was abandoned without objective reasons. Nowadays, many people believe that the main reason is the uncontrolled issuance of paper money (US dollars). As a result, the tangible measure of money was replaced by a monetary measure. The money of a number of chosen countries turned out to be a measure of the national currencies of other countries. Then money was made a commodity – an object of market trade, the price of which is determined by supply and demand. Thus, the most important principle of metrology, i.e., the invariability (constancy) of the measure of system objects, was violated. The resulting monetary system became unstable. This situation has led to an increase in the number of proposals for a return to the gold standard. The analysis carried out in the paper confirmed the relevance of these proposals. At the present stage of metrology development, it is advisable to explore the possibility of a broader (not only at the expense of precious metals) resource provision of tangible monetary measures, in particular, to consider the possibility of using materials and (or) goods that are in high demand in the international market as monetary measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been determined that given the same factors of production, bank regulation of macroeconomic processes can lead to sustainable economic growth with inflationary self-regulation of market equilibrium and a catastrophic economy decline with deflationary self-regulation of market equilibrium. It is impossible to regulate the amount of money in circulation by simultaneously changing the interest rate and the exchange rate, because they are functionally dependent. There is a marginal interest rate, after which it is impossible to carry out foreign exchange transactions due to a reduction of cash in circulation through negative foreign currency. The exit of the economy from recession or depression through inflation can significantly increase the production factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to investigate the sources of real exchange rate fluctuation by utilizing sign restrictions in structural vector autoregressive (SVAR) method. Under an agnostic identification scheme, the empirical results show that the delayed overshooting puzzle still exists in response to monetary shock even if price puzzle is ruled out by construction. In contrast, all countries experience a significant initial real depreciation, and then gradually appreciate in response to currency risk premium (CRP) shock. This finding is consistent with Dornbusch's overshooting model. In addition, I examine the importance of investors' expectations in determining the short-term variations in the real exchange rate. The results indicate that the CRP and expectation shocks obviously outperformed the demand, supply and monetary shocks in terms of explaining the real exchange rate fluctuation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the three functions of currency internationalization, including exchange medium, pricing currency and foreign reserve, this paper explores how the degree of currency internationalization affects the impact of the exchange rate and the asset price on valuation effects. Using samples of 161 countries or regions from 2001 to 2016 and the threshold regression method, we find that, firstly, there is a threshold effect of the exchange rate on valuation effects due to currency internationalization. The higher the comprehensive level of currency internationalization is, the greater the positive impact of the exchange rate on valuation effects will be. Secondly, the threshold effect of the asset price on valuation effects due to currency internationalization is not significant because of the high stickiness of asset price. Besides, compared with developed countries, currency internationalization is more important to increase valuation effects through exchange rate channel and asset price channel in developing countries or regions. Finally, there are some differences in the three types of currency internationalization functions. The promotion of exchange medium function will lead to a greater positive impact of the exchange rate on valuation effects, as well as pricing currency function. However, the foreign reserve function has no such effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There exist some non-stochastic factors in the financial market, so the dynamics of the exchange rate highly depends on human uncertainty. This paper investigates the pricing problems of foreign currency options under the uncertain environment. First, we propose an currency model under the assumption that exchange rate, volatility, domestic interest rate and foreign interest rate are all driven by uncertain differential equations; especially, the exchange rate exhibits mean reversion. Since the analytical solutions of nested uncertain differential equations cannot always be obtained, we design a new numerical method, Runge–Kutta-99 hybrid method, for solving nested uncertain differential equations. The accuracy of the designed numerical method is investigated by comparison with the analytical solution. Subsequently, the quasi-closed-form solutions are derived for the prices of both European and American foreign currency options. Finally, in order to illustrate the rationality and the practicability of the proposed currency model, we design several numerical algorithms to calculate the option prices and analyze the price behaviors of foreign currency options across strike price and maturity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 18th century, a fierce political debate broke out in Sweden about the causes of an extraordinary depreciation of the currency. More specifically, the deteriorating value of the Swedish currency was blamed arbitrarily on monetary causes (e.g., the overissuing of banknotes) and on non‐monetary causes (such as balance‐of‐payments deficits). This paper provides a comprehensive empirical assessment of this so‐called "Swedish Bullionist Controversy". The results of vector autoregressions suggest that increasing amounts of paper money did give rise to inflation and a depreciation of the exchange rate. Conversely, non‐monetary factors were probably less important for these developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we examine the role of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa's (BRICS) currency in energy market by using vine copula method. The value-at-risk (VaR) and expected shortfall of two portfolios are calculated. One is a benchmark portfolio which is consisted of only energy prices, the other is a portfolio which adding the BRICS's exchange rate into the benchmark portfolio. The data period is from 24 August 2010 to 29 November 2019. Our results show the BRICS's currency can reduce the risk in energy investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study used a global value chain model to determine the effect of currency appreciation and its resultant impact on different sectors, value chains, and world output. Based on the global value chain (GVC) perspective, we derived a formula for the computation of world output adjustment by sectors caused by currency appreciation. Utilizing the WIOD database, we applied the formula to calculate the changes to the value-added by each sector level, given a specified currency appreciation. Our empirical findings revealed that currency appreciation creates an illusion of higher GDP growth when denominated in a foreign currency. However, when denominated in domestic currency, appreciation of the currency put an adverse impact on its own GDP growth. The impact of currency appreciation varies from country to country and their respective sectors. Taking the world as a whole, US dollar exchange rate appreciation drives up global real GDP, while RMB appreciation leaves a negative impact on the global GDP. Furthermore, it is assumed that if a country's aggregate demand exceeds its aggregate output, its currency appreciation tends to expand global GDP. Similarly, if a country produces more than what it consumes, its currency appreciation leads to decline in the global GDP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Swiss franc exchange rates exhibit safe‐haven characteristics, which suggest a close link between the forward premium puzzle and profitability of the carry trade. Our analysis of Swiss franc exchange rates shows that the two phenomena are distinct from each other, thus corroborating U.S. dollar evidence. Persistent exposures to two different global shocks drive the two phenomena in Swiss franc exchange rates. Moreover, we find significant links between expected average Swiss franc exchange rate changes and macroeconomic conditions during the period of the minimum Swiss franc exchange rate against the euro, but not during the rest of the sample period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fluctuations of exchange rates has increased in recent years with the global financial and economic crisis. In fact, we're talking about unprecedented currency volatility. The current period of exchange rate fluctuations determines the relevance and importance of the matter presented. Relations between Bulgarian travel companies and foreign partners are closely linked to fluctuations in the exchange rates of national currencies. And while the Bulgarian lev is pegged to the euro, many of the countries with which we are in business are experiencing turmoil related to the depreciation of their national currency against the euro. The problems in tourism related to the wave of bankruptcies of Russian tour operators in 2014 are exacerbated. And although in recent years the statistics speak about the growth of foreign tourists, it is a fact that in the last season - 2019, tourists from Russia and the former Russian republics make up a very small part of them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper revisits the validity of the weak currency policy in Vietnam. It estimates the income and exchange rate elasticities of Vietnam's bilateral export and import demand with its twentythree trading partners between 1994 and 2016. The Fully Modified OLS (FMOLS) estimates suggest that the income elasticities of both export and import demand are consistently significant and more elastic with expected positive signs. Meanwhile, the exchange rate elasticities are inconsistent in terms of their size, sign and statistical significance. In general, bilateral import demand, compared to bilateral export demand, shows considerably inelastic exchange rate elasticity with signs that are opposite to expectation. Only three countries satisfy the Marshall-Lerner condition. Also, the influence of income over trade balance outweighs that of exchange rate. The weak currency policy that was once claimed to be effective is now ineffective in Vietnam as the country's external sector is dominated by foreign-invested enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to reveal the tools and the policies of the Islamic monetary system related to fluctuations in the value of money, and the appropriateness of these policies to the nature of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)states. The fluctuations that are taking place in the internal and external value of money, is considered to be the most prominenteconomical problem of the GCC states. which cause economic chaos and hindrances in business transactions, in addition to the huge loses that the reserves of the GCC states are exposed to. The study has concluded that the Islamic Monetary system contains self restrictions and factors that lead to stability in price levels as a whole, as well as stability in exchange rates. further more, the Islamic monetary system policies are very appropriate to the GCC states economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clearly money is very important for any community of humans, especially for business purposes. It is well known that in modern world currencies of all developed countries have their own problems but problems of coping with own currency is much bigger in developing countries. Steve Hanke offers fixed exchange rate as a solution for developing countries. There can be some other ways too: not to have national currency, to have free currency regime, etc. Here is given a research about the currency problems of Georgian businessmen and of their opinions about how one could better cope with the currency's problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigated empirically, the prospect for single currency in West African sub-region. Latest data from the fifteen members of ECOWAS was collected on basically six major criteria for monetary union. Simple bar chat was used to showcase the position of each member at present and the readiness for such monetary union. Descriptive statistics was employed to analyse the convergence tendency of member states using all six criteria which are economic indicators. The result divulged that, except for exchange rate that has convergence to a large extent, all the other criteria were very far from merging or uniting. In essence, the ECOWAS members are not fully prepared for such a monetary union, come January 2020. The study suggests that more time be given to all members to improve on their economic indicators and surplus members should assist the shortage states to realize this aim. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyze current account imbalances through the lens of the two largest surplus countries; China and Germany. We observe two striking patterns visible since the 2007/8 Global Financial Crisis. First, while China has been gradually reducing its current account surplus, Germany's surplus has continued to increase throughout and after the crisis. Second, for these two countries, there is a remarkable reversal in the patterns of exchange rate misalignment: China's currency has turned from being undervalued to overvalued, Germany's currency has erased its level of overvaluation and become undervalued. Our empirical analyses show that the current account balances of these two countries are quite well explained by currency misalignment, common economic factors, and country-specific factors. Furthermore, we highlight the global financial crisis effects and, for Germany, the importance of differentiating balances against euro and non-euro countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of RAN - Revista Academia & Negocios is the property of RAN - Revista Academia & Negocios, Universidad de Concepcion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Research background: The study contributes to the field of monetary economics. In the practice of monetary policy, all central banks have a vivid interest in distinguishing between signals and noise in the data. Purpose: The study investigates from a frequency-domain perspective the interlinkages between money, loans, inflation and real GDP for the euro area. Research methodology: The research methodology includes a combination of a time-series single-equation estimation approach with a frequency decomposition analysis. Results: Broad monetary measures are found to add positively and significantly to euro area inflation over longer horizons and so do loan developments. Over medium-term horizons, real economic and exchange rate developments seem to exert a significant impact. Over shorter horizons, none of the variables under consideration affects inflation in a significant way. Robustness checks confirm the overall results. Monetary aggregates also seem to explain house price developments at lower frequencies. In addition, real GDP and exchange rate (possibly reflecting an income effect) exert a strong and significant impact, while stock prices show a substitution effect. Novelty: The paper adds to the studies focusing on the driving forces of inflation and growth over various time horizons, with the conclusion that central banks should adopt medium-term orientation and always closely monitor real, monetary and exchange rate developments in conjunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Optimum: Journal of Economics & Management Sciences / Ekonomi ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Optimum: Journal of Economics & Management Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Exchange rate fluctuations have been affecting economic demand in recent years. The purpose of this study is to review the effects of exchange shocks on Sanandaj Municipality Revenues. The statistical population is Sanandaj municipality during 2006-2018 and SPSS, Eviews softwares were used for data analysis. The results show that since the correlation test is not significant at the level of 0.95, there is no significant relationship between two variables of municipality income and exchange fluctuations. Thus, the main hypothesis is rejected. In other words, exchange shocks have no impact on Sanandaj municipality revenues. Also based on the correlation test, since the correlation test is not significant at the level of 0.95, the relationship between the two variables of municipality income and negative exchange fluctuations is not significant and the sub-hypothesis (1) is rejected, and finally based on correlation test, since the correlation test is not significant at the level of 0.95, the relationship between two variables of municipality and positive exchange fluctuations is not significant. Thus, the sub-hypothesis (2) is rejected as well. It could be concluded that, Sanandaj municipality revenues do not follow the currency rate fluctuations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Economics / Economia Internazionale is the property of Camera di Commercio di Genova and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Currency target zones have been under scrutiny for the past three decades, which led to the development of two broad classes of quantitative models: Phenomenological ones that explicitly take into consideration the market's perception of the bounded exchange rate, and more mechanical ones that rely on put and call options. Until now, the two models have only been compared qualitatively. Here, we derive, for the first time, a quantitative link between these two approaches. Specifically, we show how the former approach has to be generalized in order to recover the second one. This mapping lets us relate the phenomenological parameter of the first approach to economically well‐known quantities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims at modeling and forecasting volatility in both oil and USD exchange rate markets using high frequency data. We test whether extreme co-movements (co-jumps) between these markets, as well as intraday unexpected news, help to improve volatility forecasting or not. Accordingly, we propose different extensions of Corsi (2009)'s model by including co-jumps and news. Our analysis provides two interesting findings. First, we find that both markets exhibit significant co-jumps driven by unexpected macroeconomic news. Second, we show that our model outperforms Corsi (2009)'s model and provides more accurate forecasts. In particular, while co-jumps constitute a key variable in forecasting oil price volatility, the unexpected news is relevant to forecasts of USD exchange rate volatility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Euro, the single European currency is not yet adopted by all the Member States. This article provides an overview of the steps Croatia has taken on its path to adopting the euro and the road ahead. This article specifically assesses the amendments made by the Croatian Law on Credit Institutions aimed at creating the adequate regulatory framework for Croatia to join both the euro area and the Banking Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high persistence of both PPP deviations and the proxy variables for the equilibrium real rate might create a problem of spurious coefficient significance within recently applied nonlinear models. To illustrate we consider the real Dollar-Sterling exchange rate over the period 1871-1994. A nonlinear ESTAR process with a time-varying equilibrium seems to parsimoniously fit the data. Appropriate significance levels are obtained using the wild bootstrap method to adequately capture the conditional heteroskedasticity in the data. Our results provide further evidence for the nonlinear model and the implied speed of adjustment is found to be substantially faster than previously reported in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I study a model in which households can decide which currency or currencies they will accept. I provide a simple set of assumptions that are sufficient to prevent the indeterminacy of the exchange rate in the sense of Kareken and Wallace (1981). In a two-country model, stable equilibria have either a single currency or national currencies. I also show currency substitution occurs as an endogenous response to high growth in the stock of a currency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper estimates a model for the real U.S./U.K. exchange rate. The Kalman filter is used to identify a permanent and a transitory component. We find the variance of the transitory component shifts among three states according to a Markov-switching process. The model is estimated by Gibbs sampling. The transitory component appears to be driven by temporary monetary phenomena. The shifts of variance occur at times of historically significant monetary events. We find the permanent component is cointegrated with relative per capital income levels, as in the Balassa-Samuelson hypothesis. The data support a model that contains a transitory component driven by monetary phenomena and a permanent component driven by relative income levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The currencies of a few emerging market economies (EMEs) have been following a specific dynamic since the early 2000s: They are strongly subordinated to international financial conditions, appreciating in moments of tranquility and presenting sharp depreciations in peaks of uncertainty. What is the mechanism behind it? To answer this question, this article applies the Minskyan framework to the context of money managers and their portfolio allocation decisions. The approach provides a detailed account of the mechanisms of the appreciation phase, thus complementing the emerging currencies' literature that is focused on crisis episodes. The result is a dynamic characterized by deviation-amplifying systems—the opposite of the mainstream view where fundamentals lead to an equilibrium-seeking mechanism. Apart from these contributions to the exchange rate literature, it enriches the Minskyan literature for providing a broader reading of the original framework that allows it to be transposed to a larger set of contexts and for identifying the main elements to be translated in an analysis of a different context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currency option is an important risk management tool in the foreign exchange market, which has attracted the attention of many researchers. Unlike the classical stochastic theory, we investigate the valuation of currency option under the assumption that the risk factors are described by uncertain processes. Considering the long-term fluctuations of the exchange rate and the changing of the interest rates from time to time, we propose a mean-reverting uncertain currency model with floating interest rates to simulate the foreign exchange market. Subsequently, European and American currency option pricing formulas for the new currency model are derived and some mathematical properties of the formulas are studied. Finally, some numerical algorithms are designed to calculate the prices of these options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study is to construct the model of the volatility in exchange rates considering the asymmetric effects determined by Engel and Ng (1993) sign and size bias tests. Accordingly, the volatility of the TL against EURO which is the currency of European countries having the biggest share of Turkey's foreign trade is examined by asymmetric GARCH models. A model using monthly time series data covering the period between 1999M01- 2019M05 is employed. The size and dimension of the residuals of the previous period have a significant effect on the explanation of exchange rate volatility. According to the results obtained from the asymmetric GARCH models (E-GARCH, TGARCH and APGARCH), positive shocks in the EURO/TL exchange rate have stronger effect than the negative shocks of the same magnitude. Finally, it is concluded based on forecasting error statistics that the best model for estimating the EURO/TL exchange rate volatility is TGARCH model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Within health economic studies, it is often necessary to adjust costs obtained from different time periods for inflation. Nevertheless, many studies do not report the methods used for this in sufficient detail. In this article, we outline the principal methods used to adjust for inflation, with a focus on studies relating to healthcare interventions in low- and middle-income countries. We also discuss issues relating to converting local currencies to international dollars and US$ and adjusting cost data collected from other countries or previous studies.Methods: We outlined the 3 main methods used to adjust for inflation for studies in these settings: exchanging the local currency to US$ or international dollars and then inflating using US inflation rates (method 1); inflating the local currency using local inflation rates and then exchanging to US$ or international dollars (method 2); splitting the costs into tradable and nontradable resources and using method 1 on the tradable resources and method 2 on the nontradable resources (method 3).Results: In a hypothetical example of adjusting a cost of US$100 incurred in Vietnam from 2006 to 2016 prices, the adjusted cost from the 3 methods were US$116.84, US$172.09, and US$161.04, respectively.Conclusions: The different methods for adjusting for inflation can yield substantially different results. We make recommendations regarding the most appropriate method for various scenarios. Moving forward, it is vital that studies report the methodology they use to adjust for inflation more transparently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's internet markets consumers can search for, find and compare prices worldwide. Online, information circulates faster than offline and arbitrage opportunities such as the ones arising from currency shocks are easily unveiled. In this paper, we estimate for the first‐time exchange rate elasticities for cross‐border e‐commerce transactions. Exploiting a new high‐frequency database on international transactions of parcels, we find that a 1% appreciation of the domestic currency increases e‐commerce imports by 0.7%. Comparing the result with traditional estimates in offline markets, this implies a 50% exchange rate pass‐through online. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of REMAH Journal is the property of Research & Development of Human Recourses Center (REMAH) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the Peruvian economy, as in other emerging economies, a significant portion of the debt held by firms is denominated in US dollars. While an exchange rate depreciation is likely to increase firm debt and influence investment and production plans, the literature finds weak or no evidence of this balance sheet effect. In this paper, I argue that this effect is observed in firms with a significant currency mismatch. I estimate the currency mismatch (defined as assets minus liabilities in US dollars and expressed as a percentage of total assets in domestic currency) from which the exchange rate has negative effects on firms' investment. Using financial information from 74 non-financial Peruvian firms from 2002 to 2014, I find significant balance sheet effects for firms with a currency mismatch below − 10.4%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]