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Tethystrombus coronatus (Defrance, 1827) Plate 4 A * Strombus coronatus Defrance 1827: 124. Strombus italicus Duclos — Mayer 1864: 73, pl. 7, fig. 54. Strombus coronatus Defr. —Pereira da Costa 1867: 137, pl. 17, fig. 3. Strombus coronatus Defrance — Fontannes 1879: 151, pl. 9, fig. 1. Strombus coronatus (Defr.) — Sacco 1893: 7, pl. 1, figs. 19-27. Strombus coronatus Defrance, 1827 — Palla 1967: 959, pl. 72, fig. 2. Strombus (Strombus) coronatus (Defrance, 1827) — Malatesta 1974: 219, pl. 17, figs. 1-7. Strombus coronatus Defrance — Fekih 1975: 111, pl. 33, fig. 1. Strombus (S.) coronatus Defrance — Pavia 1976a, pl. 5, figs. 1-4. Strombus coronatus Defrance, 1827 — Meco 1977: 56, pl. 14, fig. 2, pl. 15, fig. 2, pl. 16, figs. 1-2, pl. 17, figs. 1-2, pl. 18, figs. 1-2, pl. 19, fig. 1, pl. 20, fig. 1, pl. 21, fig. 1, pl. 22, fig. 1, pl. 23, figs. 1-3, pl. 24, fig. 1, pl. 25, figs. 1-2, pl. 26, fig. 1, pl. 27, figs. 1-2. Strombus coronatus Defrance, 1827 — Martinell 1979: 123, pl. 3, figs. 5-6. Strombus coronatus (Defrance, 1827) — Ferrero Mortara et al. 1984: 138, pl. 21, figs. 6-7. Strombus coronatus Defrance, 1827 — Cavallo & Repetto 1992: 58, fig. 101. Strombus coronatus Defrance, 1827 — Solsona 1998: 169, pl. 8, figs. 1-6. Strombus (Strombus) coronatus Defrance, 1827 — Landau et al. 2004a: 63, pl. 14, fig. 6. Strombus coronatus (Defrance, 1827) [sic]—Chirli 2008: 6, pl. 2, figs. 1-6. Strombus coronatus Defrance, 1827 — Chirli & Richard 2008: 24, pl. 3, fig. 7. Strombus coronatus Defrance, 1827 — Sosso & Dell’Angelo 2010: 23, 33, unumbered figure second row left. Strombus coronatus (Defrance, 1827) [sic]—Brunetti 2014: 30, unumbered fig. Persististrombus coronatus (Defrance, 1827) — Ávila et al. 2016b: 915, fig. 2A-H. Persististrombus coronatus (Defrance, 1827) —Brunetti & Vecchi 2016: 62, pl. 1, fig. A. Persististrombus coronatus (Defrance, 1827) — Brunetti & Cresti 2018: 50, fig. 130. non Strombus coronatus Defr. —Ĥrnes 1853: 187, pl. 17, fig. 1 [Persististrombus inflexus (Eichwald, 1830)]. non Strombus coronatus Defr. —Hoernes & Auinger (partim) 1884: 163, pl. 18, figs. 4-5, pl. 19. fig. 1 [Persististrombus inflexus (Eichwald, 1830)]. non Strombus coronatus Defr. —Hoernes & Auinger (partim) 1884: 163, pl. 18, figs. 1-3 [Persististrombus lapugyensis (Sacco, 1893)]. non Strombus coronatus Defrance — Strausz 1966: 222, figs. 102-103 [Persististrombus inflexus (Eichwald, 1830)]. non Strombus coronatus Defrance — Schultz 1998: 60, pl. 23, fig. 6 [Persististrombus inflexus (Eichwald, 1830)]. Santa Maria material examined. Maximum height 119.1 mm, width 107.2 mm. Figueiral: CIADP-F 32 (1) Casa dos Fósseis Museum, Santa Maria (collection Dalberto Pombo); DBUA-F 1011 (2), DBUA-F 1236 (1), DBUA-F 533 (1), Malbusca; DBUA-F 928- A (1), Malbusca, Santa Maria Island, Azores, Touril Complex, Lower Pliocene. Discussion. Dekkers (2008) erected the genus Tethystrombus with the West African Strombus latus Gmelin, 1791 as type species. He included in his new genus the European fossil Strombus bubonius Lamarck, 1822 and S. coronatus Defrance, 1827. The ongoing heated discussion as to the phylogeny of this group (i.e., Dekkers, 2008, vs. Kronenberg & Vermeij 2002) will not be entered into here. The presence of Tethystrombus coronatus (Defrance, 1827) in the Santa Maria assemblages and its biogeographic, palaeoecological and palaeoclimatological implications were fully discussed in Ávila et al. (2016b). Distribution. Middle Miocene: Atlantic, Aquitaine Basin (Cossmann & Peyrot 1924), Loire Basin (Glibert 1949). Upper Miocene: Atlantic, Portugal (Pereira da Costa 1867); Proto-Mediterranean, Italy (Sacco 1893). Lower Pliocene: Atlantic, Santa Maria Island, Azores (Ávila et al. 2015b, 2016b, 2018a, 2020a, 2022; Rebelo et al. 2016; Uchman et al. 2017, 2020; Dávid et al. 2021), Madeira and Porto Santo (Mayer 1864), Canary Islands (Meco 1977), Morocco (Lecointre 1952); western Mediterranean, NE Spain, (Martinell 1979; Martinell & Marquina 1981), France (Fontannes 1879; Chirli & Richard 2008); central Mediterranean, Italy (Sacco 1893; Pavia 1976a; Cavallo & Repetto 1992; Chirli 2008; Sosso & Dell’Angelo 2010; Brunetti & Cresti 2018). Upper Pliocene: central Mediterranean, Italy (Brunetti & Vecchi 2016), western Mediterranean, Estepona Basin (Landau et al. 2004a)., Published as part of Sacchetti, Claudia, Landau, Bernard & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2023, The Lower Pliocene marine gastropods of Santa Maria Island, Azores: Taxonomy and palaeobiogeographic implications, pp. 1-150 in Zootaxa 5295 (1) on pages 56-57, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5295.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7965273, {"references":["Mayer, K. (1864). Die Tertiar-fauna der Azoren und Madeiren. Zurich, published by the author. Z ¸ rich: vi + 107 pp. + 7 pls.","Fontannes, F. (1879 - 1880) Les inverte´bre´s du bassin tertiaire du Sud-Est de la France. Les mollusques plioce`nes de la Valle´edu Rho ˆ ne et du Roussillon. 1. Gaste´ropodes des formations marines et saumatres. Georg, Lyon & F. Savy, Paris, VIII + 276 pp., 12 pls. [pp. 1 - 76 published in 1879, remainder in 1880] https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 13209","Sacco, F. (1893). I molluschi dei terreni terziarii del Piemonte e della Liguria. Parte XIV. (Strombidae, Terebellidae, Chenopidae ed Haliidae). Carlo Clausen, Torino, 40 pp., 2 pls.","Palla, P. (1967) Gasteropodi pliocenici della Bassa Val d'Elsa (Toscana Occidentale). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 73, 931 - 1020.","Malatesta, A. (1974) Malacofauna pliocenica Umbra. Memorie per Servire alla Carta Geologica d'Italia, 13, 1 - 498.","Fekih, M. (1975) Paleoecologie du Plioce`ne marin au nord de la Tunisie. Annales des Mines et de la Ge´ologie, 27, 1 - 195.","Pavia, G. (1976 a [1975]) I molluschi del Pliocene inferiore di Monteu Roero (Alba, Italia NW). Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana, 14, 99 - 175.","Meco, J. (1977) Los Strombus neogenos y cuaternarios del Atlantico euroafricano (taxonomia, biostratigrafia y paleoecologia). Paleontologia de Canarias vol. 1. Excmo. Cabildo Insular de Gran Canaria, Gran Canaria, 142 pp.","Martinell, J. (1979) Mesogastropoda del Plioceno del Emporda (Girona). 1. Descriptiva y sistematica. Studia Geologica Salmanticensia, 15, 85 - 165.","Ferrero Mortara, E. L., Montefameglio, L., Novelli, M., Opesso, G., Pavia, G. & Tampieri, R. (1984) Catalogo dei tipi e degli esemplari figurati della collezione Bellardi e Sacco. 2. Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Cataloghi 7, 1 - 484.","Cavallo, O. & Repetto, G. (1992) Conchiglie fossili del Roero. Atlante iconografico. Associazione Naturalistica Piemontese Memorie (Associazione Amici del Museo ' Federico Eusebio'), 2, 1 - 251.","Solsona, M. (1998) Paleobiologia dels mesogastero`podes del Plioce`del Mediterrani nord-occidental. Unpublished Tese de Doutoramento, Departamento d'Estratigrafia i Paleontologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, 540 pp.","Landau, B. M, Marquet, R. & Grigis, M. (2004 a) The early Pliocene Gastropoda (Mollusca) of Estepona, southern Spain. 2. Orthogastropoda, Neotaenioglossa. Palaeontos, 4, 1 - 108.","Chirli, C. & Richard, C. (2008) Les mollusques plaisanciens de la Co ˆ te d'Azur. Chirli, C., Tavarnelle, 128 pp., 25 pls.","Sosso, M. & Dell'Angelo, B. (2010) I fossili del Rio Torsero. Editing Marginalia, Cartotectonica Beusi srl, Prato, 95 pp.","Avila, S. P., Melo, C., Berning, B., Cordeiro, R., Landau, B. & Silva, C. M. da (2016 b) Persististrombus coronatus (Mollusca: Strombidae) in the lower Pliocene of Santa Maria Island (Azores, NE Atlantic): paleoecology, paleoclimatology and paleobiogeographic implications. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 441, 912 - 923. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2015.10.043","Brunetti, M. M. & Cresti, M. (2018) I fossili di Orciano Pisano. Atlante iconografico. Edizioni Danaus, Palermo, 232 pp.","Eichwald, E. (1830) Naturhistorische Skizze von Lithauen, Volhynien und Podolien in geognostisch-mineralogischer, botanischer und zoologischer Hinsicht. Eichwald, Wilna, 256 pp.","Strausz, L. (1966) Die Mioza ¨ n-Mediterranen Gastropoden ungarns. Akade´miai Kiado´, Budapest, 692 pp.","Schultz, O. (1998) Tertia ¨ rfossilien o ¨ sterreichs, Wirbellose, niedere Wirbeltiere und marine Sa ¨ ugetiere; scho ¨ ne, interessante, ha ¨ ufige und wichtige Makrofossilien aus den Besta ¨ nden des Naturhistorischen Museums Wien und Privatsammlungen; eine Bilddokumentation. Golschneck-Verlag, Wien, 159 pp.","Dekkers, A. M. (2008) Revision of the family Strombidae (Gastropoda) on the supraspecific level. Part One. De Kreukel, 44 (3), 35 - 64.","Gmelin, J. F. (1791) Caroli a Linnei systema natura per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, disserentis, synonymis, locis etc. Editio decima tertia, aucta, reformata, cura J. F. Gmelin. 1 (6). Vermes testacea. G. E. Beer, Lipsiae, pp. 3021 - 4120.","Lamarck, J. B. P. A. de M. (1822) Histoire naturelle des animaux sans verte`bres, pre´sentant des characte`res ge´ne´raux et particuliers de ces animaux, leur distribution, leurs classes, leurs familles, leurs genres, et la citation des principales espe`ces qui s'y rapportent, pre´ce´de´e d'une introduction offrant la de´termination des caracte`res essentiels de l'animal, sa distinction du ve´ge´tal et des autres corps naturels; enfin, l'exposition des principes fondamentaux de la zoologie, 7. Lamarck, Paris, 711 pp.","Kronenberg, G. C. & Vermeij, G. J. (2002) Terestrombus and Tridentarius, new genera of Indo-Pacific Strombidae (Gastropoda), with comments on included taxa and on shell characters in Strombidae. Vita Malacologica, 1, 49 - 54.","Glibert, M. (1949) Gastropodes du Miocene moyen du Bassin de la Loire. 1. Memoires de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, 2 (30), 1 - 240.","Avila, S. P., Ramalho, R., Habermann, J., Quartau, R., Kroh, A., Berning, B., Johnson, M., Kirby, M., Zanon, V., Titschack, J., Goss, A., Rebelo, A. C., Melo, C., Madeira, P., Cordeiro, R., Meireles, R., Bagaco, L., Hipolito, A., Uchman, A., Da Silva, C. M., Cach \" o, M. & Madeira, J. (2015 b) Palaeoecology, taphonomy, and preservation of a lower Pliocene shell bed (coquina) from a volcanic oceanic island (Santa Maria Island, Azores, NE Atlantic Ocean). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 430, 57 - 73. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2015.04.015","Uchman, A., Quintino, V., Rodrigues, A. M., Johnson, M. E., Melo, C., Cordeiro, R., Ramalho, R. & Avila, S. P. (2017) The trace fossil Diopatrichnus santamariensis nov. sp. - a shell armored tube from Pliocene sediments of Santa Maria Island, Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean). Geobios, 50 (5 - 6), 459 - 469. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. geobios. 2017.09.002","Uchman, A., Johnson, M. E., Ramalho, R., Quartau, R., Berning, B., Hipolito, A., Melo, C., Rebelo, A. C., Cordeiro, R. & Avila, S. P. (2020) Neogene marine sediments and biota encapsulated between lava flows on Santa Maria Island (Azores, northeast Atlantic): An interplay between sedimentary, erosional, and volcanic processes. Sedimentology, 67, 3595 - 3618. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / sed. 12763","David, A., Uchman, A., Ramalho, R. S., Madeira, J., Melo, C., Madeira, P., Rebelo, A. C., Berning, B., Johnson, M. E. & Avila, S. P. (2021) Diverse bioerosion structures in lower Pliocene deposits from a volcanic oceanic island: Baia de Nossa Senhora section, Santa Maria Island, Azores (Central Atlantic Ocean). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 569, 110 - 284. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2021.110284","Lecointre, G. (1952) Recherches sur le Ne´oge`ne et le Quaternaire marins de la co ˆ te atlantique du Maroc, 2, Pale´ontologie. Notes et Me´moires du Service Ge´ologique du Maroc, 99, 5 - 170.","Martinell, J. & Marquina, J. M. (1981) Malacofauna Pliocenica de St. Vicenc ¸ dels Horts (Baix Llobregat, Barcelona). Iberus, 1, 9 - 22."]}

In this work, all the Lower Pliocene gastropod assemblages of Santa Maria Island are revised. These all form part of the Touril Complex. Seventy-seven species are identified representing 61 genera. Two species are described as new: Bittium miradouroense nov. sp. and Erato mayeri nov. sp. The name Tritonium secans Bronn in Reiss 1862 is considered a junior subjective synonym of Monoplex comptus (A. Adams, 1855). Pleurotoma perturrita Bronn in Reiss 1862 is considered a junior subjective synonym of Crassopleura maravignae (Bivona, 1838). However, due to the difficulties in collecting from these deposits, this is likely to be a considerable underestimate of the original diversity of local Early Pliocene gastropod faunas. The assemblage reflects a fully tropical with mean annual sea surface temperatures (SSTs) estimated about 3.7°C to 6.3°C higher than the present-day 20.6°C, and with mean monthly SSTs ranging from 20°C to 28°C, with six months with mean SSTs over 24°C. The assemblages all represent relatively shallow water, fully saline marine environments. At genus level the assemblage is typical of that seen in the tropical Mediterranean-West African Palaeobiogeographical Province during the early Pliocene (MPPMU1; roughly equivalent to the Zanclean and earliest Piacenzian). At species level, 35% of the species taxa found in Santa Maria are also found in the Mediterranean during MPPMU1. There is a much weaker association with the northern warm temperate Pliocene Boreal-Celtic Province, with only 17% of species occurring in both. Moreover, most of those are ubiquitous European species with both wide geographic and stratigraphic distributions. The assemblage is relatively endemic (29%) suggesting that the Azorean subprovince/ecoregion, which is recognised today, was already in place in the Lower Pliocene. A small number of tonnoidean species found in Santa Maria are species known to have had an amphiatlantic distribution during the Pliocene, and for Distorsio mcgintyi Emerson & Puffer, 1953, a well-known and widely distributed tropical American Atlantic species from the Early Miocene to present-day, its presence in Santa Maria marks the most easterly range expansion for the species, as today is not found in the Azores.

Subfamily Strombinae Rafinesque, 1815 Genus Tethystrombus Dekkers, 2008 Type species. Strombus latus Gmelin, 1791 (Dekkers 2008: 35), by original designation. Present-day, West Africa., Published as part of Sacchetti, Claudia, Landau, Bernard & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2023, The Lower Pliocene marine gastropods of Santa Maria Island, Azores: Taxonomy and palaeobiogeographic implications, pp. 1-150 in Zootaxa 5295 (1) on page 56, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5295.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7965273, {"references":["Rafinesque, C. S. (1815) Analyse de la nature ou tableau de l'univers et des corps organiseis. Rafinesque, Palermo, 223 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 106607","Dekkers, A. M. (2008) Revision of the family Strombidae (Gastropoda) on the supraspecific level. Part One. De Kreukel, 44 (3), 35 - 64.","Gmelin, J. F. (1791) Caroli a Linnei systema natura per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, disserentis, synonymis, locis etc. Editio decima tertia, aucta, reformata, cura J. F. Gmelin. 1 (6). Vermes testacea. G. E. Beer, Lipsiae, pp. 3021 - 4120."]}

The new species of Lichtenstein’s catalog (1794: part 2) were discussed by Geiger (2003). Here a facsimile edition and full translation of the work is given. Additional insights into select Lichtenstein species are provided. Tentative identifications include Mya papyracea Lichtenstein, 1794 as a member of Thraciidae, Helix porphyrostoma Lichtenstein, 1796 from Ambon as a member of Planorbidae and Helix australasiae Lichtenstein, 1794 from Tahiti as a Partula sp. Trochus tahitiensis Lichtenstein, 1794 is here designated as a nomen oblitum with Trochus histrio Reeve, 1861 [1842 in error] as its nomen protectum. Oliva brasiliensis Chemnitz and Murex galea Chemnitz (now Coralliophila galea) were first made available by Lichtenstein (1794), not by Schumacher (1817) and Dillwyn (1823), respectively. Olivancillaria brasiliensis (Lichtenstein, 1794) is senior synonym of O. urceus (Röding, 1798).

This paper describes a new species of Ophioglossolambis Dekkers, 2012 from the Mascarene Islands (Mauritius, Rodrigues, and Réunion) and Saint Brandon (also known as Cargados Carajos) Shoals in the western Indian Ocean as Ophioglossolambis itsumiae. It is separated from Ophioglossolambis digitata (Perry, 1811), its closest congener from the coastal waters of Madagascar and East Africa, by its typically larger and broader build, longer spines, lighter coloration, a more flared labral flange, and, most especially, very compact and short spire.

This revision of the genus Canarium Schumacher, 1817 after Abbott (1960) advances our understanding of the phylogeny of Strombidae. Morphological characters were used to generate a phylogeny using maximum likelihood and including all of the recognised species. This resulted in the recognition of one tree, and within that tree the existing genera Canarium Schumacher, 1817 Tridentarius Kronenberg & Vermeij, 2002 and Terestrombus Kronenberg & Vermeij, 2002, and two more Maculastrombus n. gen. and Neostrombus n. gen. were recognisable clades. Furthermore, within the genus Canarium, four subgenera, Canarium (Canarium), Canarium (Conundrum), Canarium (Elegantum), and Canarium (Stereostrombus), were identified and described. We describe and define taxa that are compatible with the requirements of the International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature (PhyloCode 2020), and also conform to the requirements of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999). This revision assists in generating a system of nomenclature that reflects the hypothetical relationships, and is at the same time practical in its application. We designate type localities and types for included species that were not yet addressed up until now.

This paper defines a new crown clade Neostromboidea to separate the Strombidae, Rostellariidae, and Seraphsidae from their sister families Struthiolariidae and Aporrhaidae. There is significant value to understanding evolutionary processes within Stromboidea to recognise the universal similarity in the position of the eye on the end of peduncles and a diminished cephalic tentacle that arises from the middle to the end on that peduncle. This is in contrast to other members of the Stromboidea where the eye is located at the base of the cephalic tentacle. These physiological differences represent two set of organisms with divergent and independent evolutionary life histories and therefore these differences need to be identifiable within the nomenclature to bring meaning to the way we name things.

International audience; Crypt cells—one of the three cell types composing Strombidae digestive tubules—are characterized by the presence of numerous metal-containing phosphate granules termed spherocrystals. We explored the bioaccumulation and detoxification of metals in Strombidae by exposing wild fighting conch Strombus pugilis for 9 days to waterborne CuSO4 and ZnSO4. The total amount of Cu and Zn was determined in the digestive gland and in the rest of the body by Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) analyses. The digestive gland spherocrystal metal content was investigated based on the semi-quantitative energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) elemental analysis. ICP analyses of unexposed individuals revealed that 87.0 ± 5.9% of the Zn is contained in the digestive gland, where its concentration is 36 times higher than in the rest of the body. Regarding Cu, 25.8 ± 16.4% of the metal was located in the digestive gland of the control individuals, increasing to 61.5 ± 16.4% in exposed individuals. Both Cu and Zn concentrations in the digestive gland increased after exposures, pointing to a potential role of this organ in the detoxification of these metals. EDX analysis of spherocrystals revealed the presence of Ca, Cl, Fe, K, Mg, P, and Zn in unexposed individuals. No difference was found in the relative proportion of Zn in spherocrystals of exposed versus control individuals. Contrastingly, copper was never detected in the spherocrystals from controls and Zn-exposed individuals, but the relative proportion of Cu in spherocrystals of Cu-exposed individuals varied from 0.3 to 5.7%. Our results show the direct role of spherocrystals in Cu detoxification.

Laevistrombus taeniatus Quoy & Gaimard, 1834 Figure 7 Synonymy 1834 Strombus taeniatus Quoy & Gaimard, p. 75, no. 10, pl. 51, figs. 14 and 15. = Strombus taeniata Quoy—Reeve 1851, spc. 51. = Strombus canarium var. taeniatus Duclos, 1844, in Chenu, pl. 7, fig. 6. = Strombus (Strombus) isabella taeniatus Horst & Schepman, 1908, p. 213. Strombus (Strombus) canarium var isabella Lamarck — Tryon 1885, pp. 110 and 136, pl. 3, fig. 21. Strombus (Gallinula) isabella Lamarck — Melvill & Standen 1899, p. 165. Strombus canarium Linnaeus—Hinton 1972, p. 6, pl. 3, fig. 18. Hinton 1977a, p. 13, no. 5a. Hinton 1977b, p. 10, nos. 6b and c. Strombus (Laevistrombus) turturella Röding—Man in ‘T Veld & de Turck 1998, p. 98. Type material. We hereby select the only surviving syntype in the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris: Collection: Molluscs: MNHN-IM-2000-32460 as lectotype of L. taeniatus Quoy & Gaimard, 1834. Type locality. The type locality for L. taeniatus is Ambon, Indonesia. Original description. “ Strombus, testa obovata, laeve, basi striata, tribus vittis violaceo-fuscis cincta; spira brevi, mucronata; labro crasso, dilatato, antice marginato ” (Quoy & Gaimard 1834, p. 75). Translation: Strombus, shell ovate, smooth, with striate base, surrounded by three violet bands, spire short, mucronate, lip callused, dilated, anteriorly margined (Translation SM). “This small stromb has the form and the size of Canarium. Only its back is a little more abruptly bulging, and the anterior part is deeply indented. It differs from the known species by the three transverse bands of violet brown that run over the body whorl and that are divided by a background of a pretty white. The band in the middle is largest, and the posterior one is smallest. It is the one that traverses all turns of the spire by decreasing width, so as to become not more than a reddish line at the top. These three kinds of ribbons do not reach right up to the right edge, which is thick, rounded and white, of the same (colour) as the rest of the aperture and the columella. The anterior part of the canal is striated at the bottom” (Quoy & Gaimard 1834, p. 75, Translated AMD). Distribution. Laevistrombus taeniatus has a restricted range within the southwest Pacific, ranging from southern Papua to the Solomon Islands (Figure 6). There is evidence of a distributional gap between the Indonesian type population and distribution of the rarer members of the southwest Pacific populations. At the time of the Quoy and Gaimard expedition, Ambon was a significant regional trading centre (Quoy & Gaimard 1833). Records: Australia —Murray Island (Melvill & Standen 1899). Papua New Guinea —Porebada (Hinton 1972); Hula (Hinton 1972); Manus Island, Admiralty group (Hinton 1972); Loyalty Islands (Man in‘T Veld & De Turck 1998). Material examined from private collections: Papua New Guinea —No data (VC x2); Hula Village (SM x 1). Solomon Islands —No data (SM x 1); Boli Passage (SM x1). Images Published online from dealer specimen traders: Ambon, Indonesia. Discussion. Laevistrombus taeniatus possesses a high degree of variability in colouration and is constantly paler in the western side of its range. The Indonesian examples range in colour from tan to white, with a highly variable number and colouration of banding on the body whorl. The southwest Pacific representatives of this species are consistently coloured, with a large central band on the main tanned body whorl, while the two bands alluded to in the original description vary in intensity from dark to absent.

Here we evaluate the taxonomy of the marine gastropod genus Laevistrombus Abbott, 1960 and determine that there are five extant species within this genus, three of which occur in the southwest Pacific. Comparative analyses of this complex have been problematic due to the lack of designated type material. Therefore, we present the type material for L. canarium Linnaeus, 1758; L. taeniatus Quoy & Gaimard, 1834; and L. vanikorensis Quoy & Gaimard, 1834. Current taxonomy has L. vanikorensis absorbed within the L. canarium complex. L. taeniatus is generally held to be a synonym of L. turturella Röding, 1789. We demonstrate that both L. taeniatus and L. vanikorensis are distinct species and reinstate both to species level. Our revision also notes the significant variability in early teleoconch structure within the geographic range of L. vanikorensis, and highlights the need for a greater revision of Laevistrombus, given the diversity in early teleoconch morphology present in southwest Pacific species.

Laevistrombus vanikorensis Quoy & Gaimard, 1834 Figure 8 Synonymy 1834, Strombus vanikorensis Quoy & Gaimard, p. 73, no. 8, pl. 51, figs. 7 to 9. = Strombus canarium var. vanikorensis Duclos, 1844, in Chenu, pl. 7, figs. 4 and 5. = Strombus vanikorensis Quoy���Reeve 1851, spc. 46. = Strombus (Strombus) canarium vanikorensis Horst & Schepman���Adam & Leloup 1938, p. 110. = Strombus vanicorensis Quoy���Tryon 1885, p. 146. = Strombus vanicorensis Tryon���Wagner & Abbott 1978, p. 09���658. Strombus canarium Linnaeus���Kiener 1843, p. 33, pl. 29, fig. 1a. Allan 1950, p. 99, pl. 17, fig. 2. Rippingale & McMichael 1961, p. 56, pl. 5, fig. 15. Wilson & Gillett 1971, p. 40, pl. 18, fig. 1. Deas 1971, unnumbered page/plate, fig. 5. Jansen 1996, p. 17, figs. 53b and c. = Strombus (Strombus) canarium Linnaeus ��� Tryon 1885, pp. 110 and 136, pl. 2, fig. 18. = Strombus (Gallinula) canarium Linnaeus ��� Chenu 1859, p. 256, figs. 1590 and 1591. Melvill & Standen 1899, p. 165. = Canarium (Labiostrombus) canarium Linnaeus���Solem 1958, p. 220. = Strombus (Laevistrombus) canarium Linnaeus ��� Abbott 1960, p. 36, pl. 17, fig. 15. Wilson & Gillett 1979, p. 73, pl. 14, fig. 1. = Laevistrombus canarium Linnaeus���Maxwell et al. 2017, p. 133. Laevistrombus canarium guidoi Man in ���T Veld & de Turck���Liverani 2013, p. 24, pl. 143, fig. 2. Type material. We hereby select the first syntype in the Mus��um National d���Histoire Naturelle, Paris: Collection: Molluscs: MNHN-IM-2000-32459 (two syntypes), size 55.3 mm as lectotype of L. vanikorensis Quoy & Gaimard, 1834. The other syntype, with the writing ���Vanikoro��� in the mouth, becomes the paralectotype. Type locality. The type locality for L. vanikorensis is Vanikoro Island, Solomon Islands. Original description. ���Strombus, testa obovata, laevi, alba, lineis castaneis confertissimis longitudinalibus maxime flexuosis picta; spira conic-elongata, mucronata; apertura alba; labro crasso dilatato��� (Quoy & Gaimard 1834, p. 73) Strombus, shell ovate with a narrow basal end, smooth, white, with many longitudinal winding chestnut lines, spire elongated and conical, mucronate, aperture white, lip thickened and calloused (Translation SM). ���On the first impression, one mistakes this species for Strombus canarium; but that species differs by its consistently larger measurements of all examples, by the longer spire that is more conical and pointed, and by the longer canal. Furthermore, its aperture is nicely white, in places yellow as with the Str. canarium, and the axial lines of which it is covered with are violet brown, which forms very sharp zigzags, and in some places are simply wavy. The part of the body whorl, close to the columella, is a little yellow. Its straight edge is dilated and thick to the perfect state, slim and membranous at a young stage, with brown crosslinks, sometimes colourless; the kind that makes the shell look dark. The periostracum is thin and yellow. The body of the animal is generally greygreenish, stitched with brown. The filaments of the eye stalks are very long. The operculum is long, reddish and regularly toothed on the sides. The eyes are pale yellow, with a black circle exteriorly, and a brown one near the pupil��� (Quoy & Gaimard 1834, p. 73, translated AMD). Distribution. Laevistrombus vanikorensis is commonly collected in Queensland from the Cape York Peninsula down to Dingo Beach (Figure 6). To the east, it ranges from Rabaul, Papua New Guinea along the island chains to the Wallis and Futuna Islands. In the northwest, it may range from Myanmar (Burma) to south Vietnam, Philippines and Indonesia, although these populations are not linked to the southwest Pacific populations. There are three historical institutional records for the Keppel Bay region. However, recent examples of white specimens sold by dealers purporting to come from Keppel Bay (VC, TM) are considered unverified. One further institutional record indicating a more southerly distribution is also considered dubious: New South Wales, Long Bay, Sydney, with the single specimen taxonomically problematic as it resembles specimens more typical of L. turturella from the northwestern Pacific. Records: Australia ���Bedford Beach, Cooktown (Abbott 1960); Hayman Island (Abbott 1960); Mossman (Rippingale & McMichael 1961; Cernohorsky 1972); Murray Island, Torres Straits (Melvill & Standen 1899); Port Douglas (Abbott 1960). Solomon Islands��� Florida Island (Solem 1958). New Caledonia ��� Touho Bay (Abbott 1960); Baie de l���Orphelinat (Abbott 1960). Material examined from private collections: Australia Alexandra Reef (SM x 134); Archer Point (SM x 1); Bowen Sand Flats (SM x 1); Cape York Peninsula (SM x 7); Cockle Bay, Magnetic Island (SM x 1); Cooya Beach (SM x 7); Dingo Beach (AMD x 1, SM x 16); Double Island Cairns (SM x 4); Four Mile Beach (AMD x1,SM x 114); Garners Beach (SM x 1); Gloucester Passage (AMD x 1); Kurrimine Beach (SM x 7); Machans Beach (SM x 2); Oak Beach (SM x 3); Pallarenda (AMD x1, SM x 6); Saunders Beach (SM x 1); Shelly Beach, Townsville (SM x 1); Wonga Beach (SM x 11); Yorkeys Knob (SM x 2); Yule Point (SM x 187). Papua New Guinea��� Bootless Bay (SM x 1); Porebalda (VC x1); Rabaul (SM x1); Rokui (SM x 2). Solomon Islands ���Boli Passage (SM x 1; TM x2; VC x 1); Kolambangara Island (TM x1); Marau Sound (AMD x 1). New Caledonia ���No data (AMD x1); Thio (AMD x 2); Ouv��a Island (AMD x 1). Wallis and Futuna ���No data (AMD x 1). Discussion. Laevistrombus vanikorensis is only associated with near-shore habitats, and is not known from the outer reef system. The benthic substrate that this species prefers is highly variable, and it has been observed living in muddy (Dingo Beach), rubbly (Wonga Beach), fine clean (Archer Point) and silty (Alexandra Reef) sand types. This species is highly gregarious, and adults appear to migrate only within a small home range. Within an adult colony, there are consistent, and significant, sexual dimorphism and sex imbalance, with females being both larger and more numerous than males (Maxwell et al. 2017). Laevistrombus vanikorensis possesses a high degree of consistency in the patterning of dark zigzag lines on a white to cream background. However, the frequency and distribution of these lines can be quite variable. In the eastern parts of the range, pale and white shells are known. Specimens from the western part of the range, particularly Queensland, have a distinctive bluish band below the suture, which is often missing in eastern specimens. A rare golden form is also known from Queensland. Limitations. The determination of the range of L. vanikorensis from literary sources without illustration is problematic; particularly with the locality records of the three sympatric species encapsulated within those of L. canarium (see Abbott 1960). Therefore, a greater emphasis on actual distribution has been given to collection material over literary records., Published as part of Maxwell, Stephen J., Dekkers, Aart M., Rymer, Tasmin L. & Congdon, Bradley C., 2019, Laevistrombus Abbott 1960 (Gastropoda: Strombidae): Indian and southwest Pacific species, pp. 491-506 in Zootaxa 4555 (4) on pages 501-503, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4555.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2585281, {"references":["Quoy J. R. C. & Gaimard, P. (1834) Animaux Mollusques. In: De Decouvertes de L'Astrolobe. Zoologie. 3 (2). J. Tastu, Paris, pp. 1 - 366.","Duclos, P. L. (1844) Strombus. In: Chenu, J. C. (Ed.), Illustrations Conchyliologiques ou Description et Figures de Toutes les Coquilles Connues Vivantes et Fossiles, Classees Suivant le Systeme de Lamarck Modifi d'Apres les Progres de la Science et Comprenant les Genres Nouveaux et les Especes Recemment Decouvertes. A. Frank, Libraire, Paris, pp. 1 - 8.","Adam, W. & Leloup, E. (1938) Resultats scientifiques du voyage aux Indes Orientales Neerlandaises: Prosobranchia et Opisthobracnchia. Memoires du Musee Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, 2, 9 - 121.","Wagner, R. J. & Abbott, R. T. (1978) Standard Catalog of Shells. Van Nostrad Publishing, Toronto, 400 pp.","Allan, J. (1950) Australian Shells: With Related Animals Living in the Sea, In Freshwater and on the Land. Georgian House, Melbourne, 487 pp.","Rippingale, O. H. & McMichael, D. F. (1961) Queensland and Great Barrier Reef Shells. The Jacaranda Press, Brisbane, 210 pp.","Wilson, B. R. & Gillett, K. (1971) Australian Shells. AH and AW Reed, Sydney, 168 pp.","Deas, W. (1971) Seashells of Australia. Rigby, Sydney, 33 pp.","Jansen, P. (1996) Common Seashells of Coastal Northern Queensland. P. Jansen, Belgian Gardens, Qld, 56 pp.","Tryon, G. W. (1885) Terebridae, Canellariidae, Strombidae, Cypraeidae, Ovulidae, Cassididae, Dolidae. Manual of Conchology Structural and Systematic With Illustrations of the Species. Vol. 7. Published by the Author, Philadelphia, 152 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6534","Chenu, D. J. C. (1859) Manuel de Conchyliologie et de Paleontologie Conchyliologique. Vol. 1. Victor Masson, Paris, 508 pp.","Melvill, J. C. & Standen, R. (1899) Report on the marine mollusca during the first expedition of Prof. A. C. Haddon to the Torres Straits in 1888 - 89. The Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology, 27, 150 - 206. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1899. tb 01423. x","Abbott, R. T. (1960) The genus Strombus in the Indo-Pacific. Indo-Pacific Mollusca, 1 (2), 33 - 146.","Wilson, B. R. & Gillett, K. (1979) A Field Guide to Australian Shells: Prosobranch Gastropods. AH and AW Reed, Sydney, 290 pp.","Cernohorsky W. O. (1972) Marine Shells of the Pacific. Vol. 2. Pacific Publications, Sydney, 411 pp.","Solem, A. (1958) Marine mollusks from Bougainville and Florida, Solomon Islands. Fieldiana Zoology, 39 (20), 213 - 226. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 3803","Maxwell, S. J., Rymer, T. L. & Congdon, B. C. (2017) Sex-ratio bias in Laevistrombus canarium Linn, 1758 (Gastropoda: Strombidae) from Far North Queensland, Australia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 60, 133 - 138. https: // doi. org / 10.17082 / j. 2204 - 1478.60.2017.2016 - 15"]}

Laevistrombus canarium Linnaeus, 1758 Figures 4 & 5 A���D Synonymy 1758 Strombus (Ampliati) canariu Linnaeus, 10 th edn., p. 745, no. 438. = Strombus (Ampliati) canarium Linnaeus, 1767, p. 1211, no. 507, partly. Gmelin 1791, p. 3517, no. 24, partly. = Lambis canarium Gmelin���R��ding 1798, p. 65, nos. 828 and 829. = Strombus canarium Born, 1778, p. 279. Dillwyn 1817, p. 670. Gould 1833, p. 85. Quoy & Gaimard 1834, p. 73, no. 9, pl. 51, fig. 10. Anton 1839, p. 85, no. 2807. Kiener 1843, p. 33, pl. 29, fig. 1. Hanley 1856, p. 124, pl. 25, fig. 27. Martens 1889, p. 189, in part. Mohanraj et al. 2010, p. 205, pl. 1. = Gallinula canarium Linnaeus���M��rch 1852, p. 61. = Strombus (Gallinula) canarium Linnaeus ��� Adams & Adams 1858, p. 259. = Harpago canarium Linnaeus���Hanley 1860, p. 74. = Strombus (Strombus) canarium Linnaeus ��� Tryon 1885, pp. 110 and 136, pl. 2, fig. 19. = Strombus (Laevistrombus) canarium Linnaeus ��� Abbott 1960, p. 48. Wagner & Abbott 1978, p. 09���653. Walls 1980, pp. 75 and 76. 1777 Alata gallinula gibba Martini, p. 107, pl. 79, fig. 818. = Strombus (Gallinula) gibbus Martini���Adams & Adams 1858, p. 259. = Strombus gibbus Martini���Abbott 1960, p. 49. = Epidromis gibba Seba���Adam & Leloup 1938, p. 109. = Strombus gibbus Tapparone-Canefri���Dodge 1956, p. 275. = Strombus gibbus Issel & Tapparone-Canefri���Wagner and Abbott 1978, p. 09���654. Walls 1980, p. 189. Man in ���T Veld & de Turck 1998, p. 95. 1777 Alata tenuis Martini, p. 168, pl. 89, fig. 876. 1791 Strombus (Ampliati) latissimus Gmelin, 13 th edn., p. 3516, no. 21��, partly. Linnaeus (1758) provided six literary illustrations, some of which support the hypothesis that the species intended was the Indian and Sri Lankan L. canarium (Figure 4). The reference to ���Argenv. Conch t. 17, f. Q��� is interpreted as coming from d'Argenville (1742) L��� Histoire Naturelle Eclaircie dans deux de ses Parties Principales La Lithologie et la Conchyliologie dont l���une Traite des Pierres et l���autre des Conquillages shows an illustration of L. canarium (Figure 4A). The final reference provided by Linnaeus is to ���Klein. Ostr t. 4, f. 73��� refers to Klein (1753) Tentamen Methodi Ostracologicae. This illustration differs from L. vanikorensis in having a blunter spire and a greatly inflated body whorl, with rounded lip and no pattern, which is more indicative of L. turturella (Figure 4B). The Petiver (1709���1711) Catalogus Classicus and Topicus, t. 98, f. 11 reference by Linnaeus can be attributed to L. canarium, determined by the overall shape, the shift in pattern on the presutural ramp, and the shortened spire (Figure 4C). The reference to ���Gualt. Test. t. 32, f. N��� points to an image from Gualtieri (1742) Index Testarum Conchyliorum, which shows both dorsal and ventral sides of the shell (Figure 4D). The outer lip of this specimen is not fully calloused, but the short spire and broad and inflated body whorl indicates the Gualtieri (1742) images are illustrations of L. canarium. Two images from Rumphius (1705, 1741) D���Amboinsche Rariteitkamer cited as ���Rumph. Mus. t. 36, f. X��� and ��� t. 36, f. N��� deal with two different species. The plate 36 figure N is probably L. vanikorensis, given the locality of Amboina (Ambon) (Figure 4E). While plate 36 figure X illustrates Dolomena septimus Duclos, 1844 which is the only non - Laevistrombus cited by Linnaeus (1758) (Figure 4F). Type material. To stabilise the nomenclature we hereby select a syntype from the Linnaean Collection (London) {A ��� F 0 0 20064 specimen 1} lot LSL. 435, as lectotype of L. canarium Linnaeus, 1758. Type locality. Abbott (1960) designated for L. canarium Ambon as the type location based on ��� O. Asiae��� in the Linnaeus (1758) text. However, images from the Linnaean Society Collection clearly conform to the Indian examples of L. canarium (http://linnean-online.org/17229/ accessed 12/02/2017). Furthermore, the Ambon specimens at hand are Strombus taeniatus Quoy & Gaimard, 1834. Therefore, we redesignate the type locality of L. canarium to Keelamlarai, India, and base our comparisons on specimens from there. Description. ���488. S. testae labro rotundato brevi retuso, spiraque laevi ��� (Linnaeus 1758, p. 745). The Strombus shell lip is round, short and blunted; the spire is smooth (Translation SM). Distribution. Laevistrombus canarium is restricted to India and Sri Lanka. Records: India ���Keelarkarai (AMD x 4; SM x 2; TM x2); Kottaipattinam (AMD x 2); Rameswaren (AMD x 5; SM x 4). Sri Lanka ��� Trimcomalee (AMD x 1)., Published as part of Maxwell, Stephen J., Dekkers, Aart M., Rymer, Tasmin L. & Congdon, Bradley C., 2019, Laevistrombus Abbott 1960 (Gastropoda: Strombidae): Indian and southwest Pacific species, pp. 491-506 in Zootaxa 4555 (4) on pages 496-497, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4555.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2585281, {"references":["Born, I. (1778) Index Rerum Naturalium Musei Caesarei Vindobonensis. Pars I. ma. Testacea. ex officina Krausiana, Vindobon, 458 pp.","Dillwyn, L. W. (1817) A Descriptive Catalogue of Recent Shells, Arranged According to the Linnaean Method; With Particular Attention to the Synonymy. John and Arthur Arch, London, 1092 pp.","Gould, A. A. (1833) Lamarck's Genera of Shells, With a Catalogue of Species. Allen and Ticknor, Boston, 110 pp.","Quoy J. R. C. & Gaimard, P. (1834) Animaux Mollusques. In: De Decouvertes de L'Astrolobe. Zoologie. 3 (2). J. Tastu, Paris, pp. 1 - 366.","Anton, H. E. (1839) Verzeichniss der Conchylien Welche Sich in der Sammlung von Eduard Anton Befinden. Herausgegeben von dem Besitzer, Halle, 110 pp.","Kiener, L. - C. (1843) Famille des Ailees, volume III, Gene Strombe. In: Species General et Iconographie des Coquilles Vivantes, Comprenant la Collection du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, La Collection Lamarck, celle de Prince Massena, (Appartenart Maintenant M. le Baron Benjamin Delessert) et les Decouvertes Recentes des Voyageurs. Chez Rousseau and J. B. Bailli, Paris, pp. 1 - 68.","Hanley, S. (1856) Index Testaceologicus, an Illustrated Catalogue of British and Foreign Shells, by W. Wood, a New and Entirely Revised Edition with Ancient and Modern Appellations, Synonyms, Localities. Willis and Sotheran, London, 234 pp.","Mohanraj, J., Johnson, J. A., Ranjan, R., Johnson, L., Pandi, U. & Shunmugaraj, T. (2010) Coral reef associated gastropods in Tuticorin coast of Gulf of Mannar biosphere reserve, India. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 3, 204 - 206.","Adams, H. & Adams, A. (1858). The Genera of Recent Mollusca; Arranged According to their Organization. Vol. 2. John van Voorst, London, pp. 541 - 660.","Tryon, G. W. (1885) Terebridae, Canellariidae, Strombidae, Cypraeidae, Ovulidae, Cassididae, Dolidae. Manual of Conchology Structural and Systematic With Illustrations of the Species. Vol. 7. Published by the Author, Philadelphia, 152 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6534","Abbott, R. T. (1960) The genus Strombus in the Indo-Pacific. Indo-Pacific Mollusca, 1 (2), 33 - 146.","Wagner, R. J. & Abbott, R. T. (1978) Standard Catalog of Shells. Van Nostrad Publishing, Toronto, 400 pp.","Walls, J. G. (1980) Conches, Tibias, and Harps. T. F. H. Publications, Neptune, 191 pp.","Adam, W. & Leloup, E. (1938) Resultats scientifiques du voyage aux Indes Orientales Neerlandaises: Prosobranchia et Opisthobracnchia. Memoires du Musee Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, 2, 9 - 121.","Man in'T Veld, L. A. & De Turck, K. (1998) Contributions to the knowledge of Strombacea 6: A revision of the subgenus Laevistrombus Kira, 1955 including the description of a new species from the New Hebrides. Gloria Maris, 36, 73 - 107.","Dezallier d'Argenville, D. (1742) L' Histoire Naturelle Eclaircie dans deux de ses Parties Principales, la Lithologie et la Conchyliologie, dont l'une Traite des Pierres et l'Autre des Coquillages, Ouvrage dans Lequel on Trouve une Nouvelle Methode & une Notice Critique des Principaux Auteurs qui ont Ecrit sur ces Matieres. Enrichi de figures dessinees d'apres nature. De Brue, Paris, 491 pp.","Klein, J. T. (1753) Tentamen Methodi Ostracologicae: sive Dispositio Naturalis Cochlidum et Concharum in suas Classes, Genera et Species, Iconibus Singulorum Generum Aeri Incisis Illustrata; Accedit Lucubratiuncula de Formatione, Cremento et Coloribus Testarum quae sunt Cochlidum et Concharum. Lugduni Batavorum, Wishoff, 44 pp.","Gualtieri, N. (1742) Index Testarum Conchyliorum quae Adservantur in Museo Nicolai Gualtieri, Et Methodice Distributae Exhibentur Tabulis CX. Ex typographia Caietani Albizzini, Florentiae, 252 pp.","Rumphius, G. E. (1705) D'Amboinsche Rariteitkamer, Behelzende eene Beschryvinge van Allerhande Zoo Weeke als Harde Schaalvisschen, te Weeten Raare Krabben, Kreeften, en Diergelyke Zeedieren, als Mede Allerhande Hoorntjes en Schulpen, die men in d'Amboinsche Zee Vindt: Daar Beneven Zommige Mineraalen, Gesteenten, en Soorten van Aarde, die in d'Amboinsche, en Zommige Omleggende Eilanden Gevonden Worden. Verdeelt in Drie Boeken, en met Nodige Printverbeeldingen, Alle Naar t'Leven Getekend, Voorzien. Fran cois Halma, Amsterdam, 340 pp.","Rumphius, G. E. (1741) D'Amboinsche Rariteitkamer, Behelzende eene Beschryvinge van Allerhande Zoo Weeke als Harde Schaalvisschen, te Weeten Raare Krabben, Kreeften, en Diergelyke Zeedieren, als Mede Allerhande Hoorntjes en Schulpen, die men in d'Amboinsche Zee Vindt: Daar Beneven Zommige Mineraalen, Gesteenten, en Soorten van Aarde, die in d'Amboinsche, en Zommige Omleggende Eilanden Gevonden Worden. Verdeelt in Drie Boeken, en met Nodige Printverbeeldingen, Alle Naar t'Leven Getekend, Voorzien. Jan Roman de Jonge, Amsterdam, 340 pp.","Duclos, P. L. (1844) Strombus. In: Chenu, J. C. (Ed.), Illustrations Conchyliologiques ou Description et Figures de Toutes les Coquilles Connues Vivantes et Fossiles, Classees Suivant le Systeme de Lamarck Modifi d'Apres les Progres de la Science et Comprenant les Genres Nouveaux et les Especes Recemment Decouvertes. A. Frank, Libraire, Paris, pp. 1 - 8."]}

Laevistrombus Abbott, 1960 Synonymy 1753 Gallinula Klein, genus XIII, p. 56, partly. Adams & Adams 1858, p. 259, partly. Chenu 1859, p. 256, partly. M��rch 1852, p. 61. Zittel 1885, p. 258. Issel & Tapparone Canefri 1876, p. 343. Non-binominal pre Linnaeus 1758. 1955 Laevistrombus Kira, p. 31. Kira 1959, p. 36. Bandel 2007, p. 153. nomen nudum. 1960 Laevistrombus Kira ex Abbott, p. 47. Type species: Strombus canarium Linnaeus, 1758. Diagnosis. The shells of this genus are smooth, rotund and solid. The outer lip is thickened, smooth and anteriorly calloused. The columella is smooth, thickened in the middle., Published as part of Maxwell, Stephen J., Dekkers, Aart M., Rymer, Tasmin L. & Congdon, Bradley C., 2019, Laevistrombus Abbott 1960 (Gastropoda: Strombidae): Indian and southwest Pacific species, pp. 491-506 in Zootaxa 4555 (4) on page 494, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4555.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2585281, {"references":["Abbott, R. T. (1960) The genus Strombus in the Indo-Pacific. Indo-Pacific Mollusca, 1 (2), 33 - 146.","Adams, H. & Adams, A. (1858). The Genera of Recent Mollusca; Arranged According to their Organization. Vol. 2. John van Voorst, London, pp. 541 - 660.","Chenu, D. J. C. (1859) Manuel de Conchyliologie et de Paleontologie Conchyliologique. Vol. 1. Victor Masson, Paris, 508 pp.","Morch, O. A. L. (1852) Catalogus Conchyliorum quae Reliquit D. Alphonso d'Aguirra & Gadea comes de Yoldi: Regisdanlae Cubiculariorum Princeps, Ordinis Dannebrogici in Prima Classe & Ordinis Caroli Terth Eques. Ludvici Kleini, Hafniae, 170 pp.","Zittel, K. A. (1885) Mollusca und Arthropoda. Handbuch der Palaeontologie, Palaeozoologie, II, 1 - 893.","Issel, A. and Tapparone Canefri, E. C. (1876) Studio monographico sopra gli strombidi del Mar Rosso. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 8, 337 - 365.","Kira, T. (1959) Coloured Illustrations of the Shells of Japan. Hoikusha Publishing Co., Osaka, 240 pp."]}

Laevistrombus guidoi Man in���T Veld & de Turck, 1998 Figures 5 E���F Synonymy 1998 Strombus (Laevistrombus) guidoi Man in ���T Veld & de Turck, p. 95. Kreipl et al. 1999, pp. 11 and 26, pl. 41, figs. 1 and 2. = Laevistrombus canarium guidoi Man in ���T Veld & de Turck���Liverani 2014, p. 24, pl. 143, figs. 1 and 3. Strombus (Laevistrombus) canarium Linnaeus���Cernohorsky 1972, p. 72, pl. 18, fig. 8a. Type material. The Holotype is held in the Natuurhistorisch Museum Rotterdam, lot 15975. Type locality. The type locality for L. guidoi is Port Vila, Vanuatu (Man in���T Veld & de Turck 1998). Original description. ���Shell shape: A smooth, solid shell, heavy in comparison to its size, with up to nine whorls. A slender, relatively low to high spire. The first whorls with a radial structure. Aperture wide posteriorly, narrower anteriorly. Outer lip pointed posteriorly and much thickened. Columella much thickened from its centre to its anterior; with a thin glaze on its posterior, which covers the ventral part of the body whorl. A coloured line marks the outline of this glazed area. The columella is thickened at its extreme posterior end, forming a lip that protrudes above the suture. From this lip, the margin curves concavely upward and bends back in some specimens, into the direction of the spire. Also due to the thickened outer lip, a narrow and deep posterior canal arises. The siphonal canal is fairly long, the stromboid notch weak. Sculpture: The first seven whorls with a radial structure, subsequently becoming smoother. In a few specimens with some narrow varices on the whorl. With up to 18 radial lines on the anterior portion of the body whorl. Columella and aperture smooth. Colour: Solid white, in some specimens with a pattern of obscure yellow lines. All adult specimens, without exception with a golden-yellow, metal like gloss on the columella as well as the outer lip. The inside of columella and aperture is white. Periostracum: Unknown but probably light brown judging from faint traces��� (Man in���T Veld & de Turck 1998, p. 103). Distribution. Laevistrombus guidoi is restricted to Vanuatu (Figure 6). Records: Vanuatu��� Vila Bay (Cernohorsky 1972); Port Vila (Man in ���T Veld & de Turck 1998). Material examined from private collections: Vanuatu ��� No data (AMD x 6); Esprito Santo (SM x1); Efate (VC x 3); Malekula (TM x1). Discussion. Laevistrombus guidoi is consistently white in colour, with only rare examples showing a pattern similar to the typical L. vanikorensis. The extension of the outer lip callosity and level of ���metal like gloss��� is highly variable and dependent on the age of the animal���s shell: older animals have greater callosity and more gloss., Published as part of Maxwell, Stephen J., Dekkers, Aart M., Rymer, Tasmin L. & Congdon, Bradley C., 2019, Laevistrombus Abbott 1960 (Gastropoda: Strombidae): Indian and southwest Pacific species, pp. 491-506 in Zootaxa 4555 (4) on pages 497-499, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4555.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2585281, {"references":["Man in'T Veld, L. A. & De Turck, K. (1998) Contributions to the knowledge of Strombacea 6: A revision of the subgenus Laevistrombus Kira, 1955 including the description of a new species from the New Hebrides. Gloria Maris, 36, 73 - 107.","Kreipl, K., Poppe, G. T., Man in'T Veld, L. & De Turck, K. (1999) The Family Strombidae. In: Poppe, G. T. & Groh, K. (Eds.), A Conchological Iconography. Conch Books, Grundwerk, pp. 1 - 188.","Cernohorsky W. O. (1972) Marine Shells of the Pacific. Vol. 2. Pacific Publications, Sydney, 411 pp."]}

Juvenile queen conch are primarily associated with native seagrass such as Thalassia testudinum in large parts of their range in the Caribbean and the southern Gulf of Mexico. Here, a number of non-native seagrass species have been introduced including Halophila stipulacea, which is natural to the Red Sea and the Indo-Pacific. In the Caribbean, H. stipulacea often creates dense continuous mats with little or no sediment exposed, compared to native seagrass, which grows much less dense. We examined the diet and growth of juvenile conch in both native, mixed, and invasive seagrass beds using stable isotope analysis and an in situ growth enclosure experiment. Organic material in the sediment (i.e. benthic diatoms and particulate organic matter) was found to be the most important source of carbon and nitrogen for juvenile queen conch in all 3 habitats investigated, and there was a significantly higher probability of positive growth in the native seagrass compared to the invasive seagrass. Due to the importance of the organic material in the sediment as a source of nutrition for juvenile conch, limited access to the sediment in the invasive seagrass can potentially cause inadequate nutritional conditions to sustain high growth rates. Thus, it is likely that there is a negative effect on juvenile queen conch growth currently inhabiting invasive seagrass beds, compared to native seagrass beds, when other potential sources of nutrition are not available.

Persististrombus deperditus (Sowerby) from the Lower Miocene of Kutch, Gujarat, western India is represented by two size classes in our collection. Statistical analyses discriminate the size morphs. Large size variations generally result from either (1) sexual differences or (2) ecophenotypic causes. All the living species of the family Strombidae, wherever examined, are characterized by sexual size dimorphism (SSD). Persististrombus deperditus shares all the characters of SSD in these recent species. Size variations due to difference in ecological factors generally occur in allopatric populations. Similar variations are known to characterize sympatric sub-populations of molluscs living only in the intertidal zone, where upper and lower shorefaces differ significantly in physico-chemical and biological properties. Persististrombus deperditus comes from a stable shelf setting that received less siliciclastic input in response to transgression. Hence, its size dimorphism is considered to have sexual origin. This is the first report of SSD in a fossil strombid gastropod. It is argued that fecundity selection was the primary driving force behind the evolution of SSD in this gonochoristic gastropod species. Hence, the larger morph is the female.

The family Strombidae is one of the twenty-three families and subfamilies of gastropods associated with tropical environmental conditions, and therefore useful as a biogeographical and paleoclimatic proxy. Today, the strombid genus Persististrombus is represented in the NE Atlantic by a single species restricted to the tropical Mauritanian–Senegalese Province. This work reports the occurrence of Persististrombus coronatus from the lower Pliocene of Santa Maria Island in the Azores Archipelago. Based on this occurrence, and on the Mio-Pliocene fossil record of the NE Atlantic oceanic islands, paleoclimatological considerations are discussed, which allow, for the first time, to include the Azores and the other Macaronesian islands in a wider context of the NE Atlantic paleobiogeographical molluscan provinces. Late Miocene to present day molluscan biogeographic units, ranging in latitude from 60°N down to 17°S, are here defined and the boundaries of the proposed climatic zones are outlined. We suggest that during the upper Miocene–lower Pliocene, the paleoclimate at Santa Maria Island was drastically different from that seen at those latitudes today, with mean annual sea surface temperatures (SSTs) about 3.7 °C to 6.3 °C higher than the present-day 20.6 °C, and with mean monthly SSTs ranging from 20 °C to 28 °C, with six months with mean SSTs over 24 °C, conditions typical of a tropical setting.

boholensis, Strombus kleckhamae M��hlh��usser, 1981 Strombus (Dolomena) kleckhamae boholensis M��hlh��usser, 1981: 319 (figs 1���4). Gastropoda, Strombidae Paratype: MZSP 95952. Locality: Bohol Island, Philippines. Preservation: Dry. Remarks: Former Jens Hemmen Collection. The specimen listed above was referred to as ��� Paratypus 2��� in the original description, and figured on page 321 (fig. 3). This species was recombined as Barneystrombus boholensis by Blackwood (2009)., Published as part of Cavallari, Daniel C., Dornellas, Ana Paula S. & Simone, Luiz Ricardo L., 2016, Second annotated list of type specimens of molluscs deposited in the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de S��o Paulo, Brazil, pp. 1-59 in European Journal of Taxonomy 213 on page 12, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.213, http://zenodo.org/record/3840125, {"references":["Muhlhausser H. 1981. Strombus kleckhamae n. subsp. Spixiana 4 (3): 319 - 324.","Blackwood T. J. 2009. Barneystrombus, a new genus of Strombidae (Gastropoda) from the Indo-West Pacific, with discussions of included taxa and the general morphology of their shells. Visaya 2 (5): 11 - 17."]}

An alphabetical list of 352 type lots of molluscs housed in the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo is presented following the standards of the previous list by Dornellas & Simone (2011), with a few adjustments. Important items listed herein include types of species described after the previous compilation, as well as recently acquired paratypes of Asian Pomatiopsidae and Diplommatinidae (Gastropoda) taxa described by Rolf A.M. Brandt (1960s), P. Temcharoen (1970s) and W.J.M. Maassen (2000s), all of which belonged to the private collection of Jens Hemmen, Wiesbaden, Germany. Relevant items also include types of recently described species coming from the French-Brazilian Marion Dufresne MD55 expedition, and other types deposited by researchers from Brazil and the world. A list of authors and photographs of specimens are also provided.

In contrast to the immense effort that has been put into the geological survey and stratigraphic study of the Neogene of Bocas del Toro region (Panama), little research has been done on the systematics of this region's rich gastropod assemblages. This is the first paper dealing primarily with the Bocas Neogene gastropod assemblages (Strombidae) since the pioneer work of Olsson (1922). Neogene strombid assemblages of the Dominican Republic have recently been reviewed and updated, and, therefore, the Strombidae are a suitable starting point for the revision of the gastropod assemblages from the Neogene of Bocas del Toro. Six species of Strombus are described, three of them new: S. acanthospira n. sp., S. pugiloides, S. gatunensis, S. elegantissimus n. sp., S. vermeiji n. sp. and S. cf. floridanus.

Strombus tautiranus Curtiss, 1938, a synonym of Lambis robusta (Swainson, 1821) Original description (pp. 191, 192). ���The Tahiti strombus, which is called by the Indians pupu (like many other sea-snails) is three and a half inches long from the tip of its first finger to the end of its canal; it has a spiral shell, with the outer lip spread out and running out into six fingers, rather straight, and blunt at the end (as if cut off) with a canal on the under side of each. The first finger, one inch long, goes to the tip of the spire; the second finger is one inch long; the four side fingers are shorter (half an inch long.) The opening of the shell runs back at the left into a canal, which forms a tail, shorter than any of the side-fingers. The entrance of the opening has elevated white streaks, with rusty brown spaces between them. The outside of the shell is pale rusty brown and white, with many white knobs on it. (Strombus tautiranus. [Near Tautira, in the sea.])��� Identity. Curtiss���s detailed description of the ���Tahiti strombus ���, notably the outer lip and details about the ���fingers���, and the aperture (elevated white streaks, with rusty brown spaces between), leaves little doubt that it is synonymous with Lambis robusta (Swainson, 1821), a widely-distributed species (Poutiers 1998). Evidently, his remarks ���... outer lip spread out and running out into six fingers, rather straight, and blunt at the end with a canal on the underside...��� indicate that he had seen only subadult specimens., Published as part of Low, Martyn E. Y. & Tan, Siong Kiat, 2014, On the identities of the molluscan names described in A Short Zoology of Ta h i t i in the Society Islands by Anthony Curtiss in 1938 (Mollusca: Cephalopoda, Gastropoda), pp. 394-400 in Zootaxa 3764 (3) on page 398, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3764.3.9, http://zenodo.org/record/226594, {"references":["Curtiss, A. (1938) A Short Zoology of Tahiti in the Society Islands. [Published by the Author]. Printed by Guide Printing, Brooklyn, New York, xvi + 193 pp.","Poutiers, J. M. (1998) Gastropods. In: Carpenter, K. E. & Niem, V. H. (Eds.), FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific. Vol. 1. Seaweeds, Corals, Bivalves and Gastropods. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, pp. 364 - 686."]}

Low, Martyn E. Y., Tan, Siong Kiat (2014): On the identities of the molluscan names described in A Short Zoology of Ta h i t i in the Society Islands by Anthony Curtiss in 1938 (Mollusca: Cephalopoda, Gastropoda). Zootaxa 3764 (3): 394-400, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3764.3.9

Digestive tubules of Strombidae are composed by three cell types: digestive cells, vacuolated cells, and crypt cells. The last one is characterized by the presence of intracellular gran- ules identified as spherocrystals. Such structures are known to occur in basophilic cells of gastro- pod digestive gland, where they are supposed to be involved in the regulation of some minerals and in detoxification. In this study, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and energy filtered trans- mission electron microscopy (EFTEM) were used to determine the elemental content of spherocrys- tals in two Strombidae, Strombus gigas and Strombus pugilis. In freshly collected individuals of both species, the following elements were detected: Ca, Fe, Mg, P, and Zn. Aluminum and Mn were also detected in S. gigas. Their presence in spherocrystals indicates that, in Strombidae, sphero- crystals are involved in the regulation of minerals and essential trace metals. In order to answer the question ''are spherocrystals involved in nonessential trace metals scavenging?,'' artificial cad- mium and lead exposure by both waterborne and dietary pathways was applied to S. pugilis .N o evidence of cadmium (Cd(NO3)2) or lead (Pb(NO3)2) provided by food was found in spherocrystals. Cadmium provided in water (Cd(NO3)2 and CdCl2) causes structural modifications of the digestive gland; however, this element was not trapped in spherocrystals. These results suggest that spher- ocrystals are not involved in detoxification of such nonessential trace metals. Microsc. Res. Tech.

The extreme diversity in shell shape of strombid gastropods is interpreted as the result of three independent factors: (1) The terminal growth pattern of the Strombidae allows the circumvention of geometric constraints on shell morphology found in gastropods with continuous or periodic growth patterns. (2) Shell morphology in the Strombidac is adaptive in epifaunal locomotion, burrowing. infaunal or semi-infaunal habits, and passive protection from predators. Specialization for one of these functions often conflicted with the others. thus bringing about a forced ‘choice’ among mutually exclusive morphological characters. (3) Conservatism in life habits and anatomy of the soft parts has allowed the multiple evolution of extreme shell morphologies, as well as the secondary return to relativcly unspecialized morphologies. □Constructional morphology, functional morphology. growth. behaviour. evolution, locomotion, burrowing, predation, exoskeleton. shell. Mollusca. Gastropoda. Strombacea. Strombidae.

Pacaud, Jean-Michel (2007): Nouveautés nomenclaturales et taxinomiques introduites par Alcide d'Orbigny dans le Prodrome (1850, 1852) pour les espèces du Paléocène et de l'Éocène. Geodiversitas 29 (1): 17-85, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5374882, {"references": ["ALLOITEAU J. 1957. - Contribution a la systematique des madreporaires fossiles. CNRS, Paris, 462 p.", "ANTON H. E. 1838. - Verseichniss der Conchylien welche sich in der Sammlung von Hermann Eduard Anton befinden. Herausgegeben von dem Besitzer. Eduard Anton, Halle, 110 p.", "ARCHIAC A. D' 1846. - Description des fossiles recueillis par M. Thorent dans les couches a nummulines des environs de Bayonne. Memoire de la Societe geologique de France 2 (2): 189-217.", "ARCHIAC A. D' 1850a. - Description des fossiles du groupe nummulitique recueillis par M. S. P. Pratt et M. J. Delbos aux environs de Bayonne et de Dax. Memoire de la Societe geologique de France 2 (3): 397-456.", "ARCHIAC A. 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Strombus vomer vomer (Roding 1798) is recorded from north‐eastern Northland, New Zealand, the first record of the family Strombidae from New Zealand Recent fauna. Some other New Zealand records of tropical and subtropical Mollusca are commented upon.

8 pages, 5 figures, 1 table, The present study describes some aspects of the distribution and biology of Tibia delicatula (Nevill), a gastropod belonging to the family Strombidae. This species has been found in large numbers in the upper oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) of the Oman margin, and has also been collected from the OMZ of the Pakistan margin. The highest abundance of adult specimens in the Oman OMZ was found between 300 and 450 m. Numbers dropped rapidly below 450 m, to zero below 500 m depth. Similarly dense populations were not observed in the Pakistan OMZ. Multiple regression with oxygen concentration and depth indicates that depth (and its related variables) is the main factor explaining the variation in abundance of T. delicatula. The populations from the Oman and Pakistan OMZs were dominated by juveniles. This suggests a unimodal size structure with evidence of a marked recruitment event. Basic reproductive aspects were analysed. All specimens had a penis and sperm groove. The gonad wall consisted of reticular tissue that might be used for nutrient storage or as an irrigation system. Only vitellogenic oocytes were present. The large oocyte sizes observed (200-300 μm) suggest a lecithotrophic larval development. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved, This research has been partially supported by a Postdoctoral Marie Curie Fellowship of the European Community programme >Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development> under contract EVK2-CT-2001-50010 to Celia Olabarria

Dentition characters of Conomurex persicus found along the Mediterranean coasts of Turkey were analyzed. For the analyses of radula, 289 individuals (34 adult males, 140 adult females and the remainder juve- niles) were examined. Male and female individuals of the species had different numbers of radular cusps. The radula of the taenioglossate type was made up of two marginal teeth, one lateral and one central (rhachidian) tooth, each being delicate and with different numbers of cusps. The central and lateral teeth had seven cusps and five cusps, respectively, in both males and females. Outer and inner marginal teeth of males had two and one cusps, while those of females had five and six cusps, respectively. The female's radula is yellow-whitish. The male's radula is reddish dark brown.

Midgut morphology of gastropod molluscs has been underutilized as a resource of characters for phylogenetic analysis. The exclusion of these features reflects the inference that they will be uninformative in determining phylogenetic relationships because they are functionally correlated. In general, it has been hypothesized that the style sac form of midgut is an adaptation to microphagy and becomes secondarily simplified in taxa that have adopted a macrophagous/carnivorous habit with a corresponding increase in extracellular digestion (i.e. radular trituration, gizzards and/or foregut glands). This assumption has resulted in the formulation of adaptive scenarios concerning gastropod alimentary systems, which are mapped onto phylogenetic hypotheses derived from other characters. However, any conclusions regarding phylogenetic utility, and therefore homology, must be realized within a cladistic context. For this analysis, a multi-organ system anatomical data set was assembled for 16 caenogastropods and two outgroups. The data matrix comprises 64 characters and includes many systems poorly represented in previous broad-based comparative surveys, such as the alimentary and reno-pericardial systems. In addition, several taxa were included for which no comprehensive anatomical studies have been available (Cyclophoroidea, Ptenoglossa). Phylogenetic analysis with NONA 1.6 resulted in two most-parsimonious trees with length 188, CI = 0.53 and RI = 0.63, differing only in the placement of Prunum apicinum and Conus jaspideus. The topology of the strict consensus (Macleaniella Theodoxus((Neocyclotus Marisa)((Lampanella((Petaloconchus Strombus)(Crepidula Bithyia)))(Littorina(Neverita(Cypraea(Nitidiscala(Panarona(Prunum Conus(Ilyanassa Urosalpinx)))))))))), is largely congruent with several independent estimates based on both morphological and molecular data, supporting caenogastropod monophyly and monphyly of the Architaenioglossa, Sorbeoconcha and Neogastropoda. To evaluate phylogenetic utility of the midgut, a broad sampling of taxa was included representing a diversity of feeding modes, food preferences and alimentary morphologies. Character optimization revealed that the evolution of midgut structure is highly mosaic, cutting broadly across patterns of feeding, diet and foregut complexity, to a degree previously unappreciated. In addition, features from the foregut (subradular organ, oesophageal folding) and midgut (position of gastric shield) are broadly distributed among large clades of caenogastropods, providing critical basal synapomorphies within the group. This demonstrates that the gut is an unexploited resource for important and informative characters in higher order systematics of caenogastropods. © 2003 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2003, 137, 447–554.

STROMBUS MUTABILIS SWAINSON 1821 Material examined Okinawa, Japan (USNM 890936). Only preserved material was available for study, thus SEM micrographs of complete midgut morphology were difficult to obtain and were supplemented with camera lucida drawings of dissected material. External anatomy and mantle cavity Anterior pedal gland opening to shallow groove along narrow tip of well-demarcated propodium. Operculum spatulate with free, pointed tip, bearing numerous small cusps along one edge. Head directed toward left, bringing left eye into inhalant margin. Mantle margin smooth with single, small pallial tentacle within exhalent margin. Hypobranchial gland large and well-developed. Reproductive system Gonad dorsally overlying digestive gland to base of kidney. Gonopericardial canal absent. Oviduct opening to glandular pallial oviduct at base of mantle cavity (Fig. 2D). Albumen gland (ag) comprising a highly complex and convoluted system of enclosed glandular folds. Capsule gland (cg) short and simple, open along entire length. Renal oviduct opening to rounded base of albumen gland (= uterine ball) with complex, internally folded structure. Single-groove portion of albumen gland (no dotted line) proceeding anteriorly from uterine ball to base of oviductal groove. Albumen gland turning back upon itself at U-shaped junction with double groove portion (with dotted line) of albumen gland. Doublegroove portion of gland, accommodating bi-directional flow of eggs, extending posteriorly, past uterine ball, to uterine apex. Apex simple with no uterine arms. Albumen gland extending anteriorly from apex, terminating blindly past anterior tip of capsule gland. Capsule gland small, composed of two glandular laminae bordering deep oviductal groove. Narrow, ciliated egg groove traversing side of foot from tip of capsule gland to anterior pedal gland. Bursa copulatrix (bc) and seminal receptacle (rcs) present. Bursa lying between capsule gland and blind tip of albumen gland, containing mass of unorientated sperm. Receptacle lying posterior to U-junction of single- and double-groove portions of albumen gland. Receptacle muscular and lobulate with many rounded chambers containing orientated sperm. Narrow ducts of receptacle and bursa opening to common muscular aperture inside oviductal groove near connection between albumen and capsule glands. Common aperture also opening to albumen gland at U-junction. Vas deferens emerging from testis, rapidly expanding into large, convoluted seminal vesicle. Seminal vesicle narrowing slightly before discharging to base of pallial gonoduct. Proximal portion of gonoduct forming crescentic prostate (Fig. 3D, pr), composed of two short laminae with open, shallow intervening groove. Seminal groove extending forward from prostate to penis (pe) lying behind right cephalic tentacle on side of neck. Penis long, muscular, with narrow base. Seminal groove continuing along ventral aspect of penis, terminating at bifid tip. Alimentary system Foregut. Mouth at tip of long, extensible snout. Paired jaws present at anterior ends of dorsal folds; jaw composed of rods with laterally overlapping homogeneous layer. Sub-radular membrane incompletely covering odontophore. Sub-radular organ present (Fig. 5D, sro) forming small, rounded protuberance within shallow sublingual cavity. Radular sac straight, extending short distance back from buccal cavity. Salivary gland ducts passing through nerve ring. Glandular mid-ventral fold present (Fig. 8E, vf), beginning within buccal cavity, extending into anterior oesophagus. Short ventro-lateral folds present within anterior oesophagus (Fig. 9E, vlf). Glandular outpocketings of anterior oesophagus absent. Dorsal folds long and slender in cross-section, curving medially. Mid-oesophagus expanding into large, sac-like crop, lined with thin, pendulous longitudinal folds; septate oesophageal gland absent. Midgut. Oesophagus entering midgut ventrally, on left (Figs 12B, e). Lumen of midgut elongate and roughly conical, curving and narrowing to shallow pouch (ce) on left side. Well-developed sorting area (sa) lining left wall, extending posteriorly from oesophageal aperture. Large, free-standing vertical flap (if) separating intestinal and oesophageal apertures. Several low folds (cf) on right side of sorting area, extending posteriorly and terminating near posterior tip of gastric chamber. Digestive gland ducts paired (dgd); anterior duct opening under lip of style sac (ss), posterior duct opening mid-ventrally to left of glandular pad (gp). Prominent gastric (gs) shield present ventrolaterally on right. Glandular pad barely projecting posteriorly past gastric shield. Proximal, free tip of major typhlosole extending into gastric chamber. Style sac (ss) and intestine (int) separate. Suture visible within style sac where typhlosoles have fused; ciliary tract of tall cilia on major typhlosole visible projecting from suture into style sac (Fig. 21C). Style sac epithelium bearing differentiated cilia. Crystalline style present. Ciliary currents unknown. Hindgut. Intestine exiting directly from gastric chamber, looping under proximal style sac, extending to right through anterior lobe of digestive gland to kidney. Intestine curving dorsally over posterior end of kidney, then turning anteriorly. Reno-pericardial system Kidney large, elongate (Fig. 22D). Excretory lamellae extending within kidney roof and along right wall. Nephridial gland (ng) present forming broad, flat, narrowly triangular organ within roof. Afferent renal vessel entering kidney posteriorly, extending forward within kidney floor, supplying approximately four to six clusters of excretory tissue along right wall. Afferent renal vessel emerging from floor near renopericardial canal, curving dorsally past nephropore (np), supplying nephridial gland, traversing midline of gland. Nervous system and sensory structures Nervous system epiathroid, right and left dialyneurous. Nerve ring lying immediately behind buccal mass at base of snout. Buccal ganglia present at back of buccal mass just anterior to nerve ring. Supraoesophageal and sub-oesophageal connectives long. Accessory pedal ganglia present. Tentacular nerve bifid, bearing prominent tentacular ganglion at base of tentacle. Paired visceral ganglia present straddling oesophagus near base of cephalic haemocoel. Two statocysts with large, ovoid statoliths lying dorsolaterally on pedal ganglia behind pedal connectives. Large eyes well above tentacle bases. Osphradium long and bipectinate, extending from inhalant margin to base of mantle cavity. Discussion In general, existing descriptions of strombid female reproductive anatomy do not allow comparisons to homologous organs found in other caenogastropods. For example, Reed (1995b) described only a single type of glandular cell comprising the ‘uterus’ in six species of Strombus. However, there are two types of gland present in S. mutabilis, homologues of the albumen and capsule glands of other caenogastropods. The open ‘uterine terminus’ described by Reed (1995b) undoubtedly corresponds to the capsule gland, although this portion of the oviduct is much shorter in S. mutabilis. Similarly, sperm storage organs of Strombus species have been rarely described (e.g. Haller, 1893; Woodward, 1894; Bergh, 1895a). While clarifying the presence of both a receptacle and a bursa, Reed (1995b) identified the anterior-most storage structure as a receptacle, the more posterior structure a bursa copulatrix, based on inferred functional criteria. However, the alternative interpretation offered here, based on the presence of orientated vs. unorientated sperm, is consistent with the position of putative homologues in other caenogastropods. Strombus mutabilis is noteworthy among strombids in possessing two openings to the albumen gland; one communicating with the joint receptacle/bursa aperture and a second opening broadly to the capsule gland. Male reproductive anatomy of Strombus mutabilis is congruent with previous descriptions (Bergh, 1895a; Risbec, 1927; Reed, 1995a). The penes in Strombus species vary in the presence or absence of ‘auxiliary prongs’ and the size and shape of finger-like projections at the tip of the verge (Bergh, 1895a; Risbec, 1927; Reed, 1995a); alternatively, the penis may be long and narrow with a blunt, deeply incised tip (Woodward, 1894). The strombid mid-oesophagus is often described as a simple, conducting tube. However, the presence of a voluminous crop (Woodward, 1894; Amaudrut, 1898; Risbec, 1927), as well as the presence of prominent, longitudinal folds (Haller, 1893; Amaudrut, 1898; Graham, 1939) has been reported in several species. Although existing descriptions are rarely sufficiently detailed to place all aspects of midgut morphology into a comparative context, it is clear that the strombid midgut is characterized by the presence of a separate style sac, a prominent curving gastric shield and two digestive gland apertures (Haller, 1893; Woodward, 1894; Bergh, 1895a; Risbec, 1927). Little’s (1965) more detailed description identified several features congruent with the present description, including a sorting area to the left of the oesophagus, folds bounding the sorting area that extend into the gastric chamber, a glandular pad that extends a short distance posteriorly from the gastric shield, and a free major typhlosole tip projecting from the style sac lip. With rare exceptions (Risbec, 1927), position of the digestive gland ducts is rather conservative: one adjacent to the style sac and a second near the gastric shield (Haller, 1893; Woodward, 1894; Bergh, 1895a; Little, 1965). Anatomical studies including the reno-pericardial system identify the presence of a nephridial gland in Strombus (Haller, 1893; Bergh, 1895a; Risbec, 1927). Little’s (1965) more detailed investigation of Strombus gigas clearly described the dorsal branch of the afferent renal vessel supplying the nephridial gland and is depicted along the midline of the gland. Strombid nervous systems have been described consistently as dialyneurous, zygoneurous, with two visceral ganglia (Bouvier, 1887; Haller, 1893; Bergh, 1895a; Amaudrut, 1898; Risbec, 1927; Little, 1965). Minor differences include the condition of the tentacular nerve, which may be single (Little, 1965), single with a tentacular ganglion (Risbec, 1927) or bifid and lacking a tentacular ganglion (Bouvier, 1887). Position of the statocysts appears to be variable within strombids, and has been described as anterior (Bouvier, 1887; Haller, 1893; Bergh, 1895a; Little, 1965) or posterior (Woodward, 1894) to the pedal ganglia., Published as part of Strong, Ellen E., 2003, Refining molluscan characters: morphology, character coding and a phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda, pp. 447-554 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 137 (4) on pages 462-464, DOI: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2003.00058.x, http://zenodo.org/record/5437607, {"references":["Reed SE. 1995 b. Reproductive anatomy and biology of the genus Strombus in the Caribbean. II. Females. Journal of Shellfish Research 14: 331 - 336.","Haller B. 1893. Die Morphologie der Prosobranchier, gesammelt auf einer Erdumsegelung durch die Konigl. italienische Korvette ' Vettor Pisani'. IV. Die longicommissuraten Neotaenioglossen. Morphologisches Jahrbuch 19: 553 - 591.","Woodward MF. 1894. On the anatomy of Pterocera with some notes on the crystalline style. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 1: 143 - 150.","Bergh R. 1895 a. Beitrage zur Kentniss der Strombiden, besonders der Gattung Terebellum Klein. Zoologische Jahrbucher (Anatomie) 8: 342 - 378.","Risbec J. 1927. De l'anatomie de trois Strombides et du Modulus candidus Petit. Annales du Musee d'Histoire Naturelle de Marseille, Zoologie 21: 3 - 19.","Reed SE. 1995 a. Reproductive anatomy and biology of the genus Strombus in the Caribbean. I. Males. Journal of Shellfish Research 14: 325 - 330.","Amaudrut A. 1898. La partie anterieure du tube digestif et la torsion chez les Mollusques Gasteropodes. Annales des Sciences naturelles, Zoologie 8: 1 - 291.","Graham A. 1939. On the structure of the alimentary canal of style-bearing prosobranchs. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 109: 75 - 112.","Little C. 1965. Notes on the anatomy of the Queen Conch, Strombus gigas. Bulletin of Marine Science 15: 338 - 358.","Bouvier E-L. 1887. Systeme nerveux, morphologie generale et classification des gasteropodes prosobranches. Academie de Paris."]}

A detailed comparative morphology of the following 21 species is made: 1) Strombidae: Strombus pugilis (Brazil), S. alatus (Florida, USA), S. gracilior (form Panama, Pacific coast), Eustrombus goliath (Brazil), E. gigas (Caribbean), Aliger costatus, A. gallus (northeastern Brazil), Tricornis raninus (Caribbean); Conomurex luhuanus, Canarium urceus, Lambis lambis, Terebellum terebellum (all Australia), Tibia insulaechorab (Pakistan); 2) Struthiolariidae: Struthiolaria papulosa (New Zealand), Tylospira scutulata (Australia); 3) Aporrhaidae: Cuphosolenus serresianus new comb., Aporrhais occidentalis and A. pespelicani (North Atlantic and Europe); 4) Xenophoridae: Onustus caribaeus and Xenophora conchyliophora (West Atlantic) and O. indicus (Australia). The three former families are usually considered members of the superfamily Stromboidea, while the Xenophoridae are included in their own superfamily Xenophoroidea. A phylogenetic (cladistic) analysis is undertaken, based on 102 characters (255 states); with some basal Caenogastropoda as the main outgroup. A single most parsimonious tree was obtained (length: 209, CI: 74; RI: 86) as follows: ((T. scutulata - S. papulosa) (C. serresianus ((A. occidentalis - A. pespelicani)((O. caribaeus - O. indicus) - X. conchyliophora)(T. terebellum (C. urceus (C. luhuanus (T. raninus (L. lambis (S. pugilis - S. alatus - S. gracilior)((E. goliath - E. gigas) (A. costatus - A. gallus))))))))))). According to this analysis, Stromboidea (including Xenophoridae) is a monophyletic superfamily supported by 42 synapomorphies, Xenophoridae and Strombidae are monophyletic, as well as Strombus, Aliger and Eustrombus are monophyletic genera; whereas Aporrhaidae and Aporrhais are paraphyletic taxa; the Xenophoridae are the sister taxon of the Strombidae. Lambis lambis is represented in a branch within species currently included in Strombus, thus some genera were revalidated (Eustrombus and Aliger) and subgenera require elevation to genera (Strombus s.s., Tricornis, Conomurex, Canarium).

Atlantic permits were observed to break up and eat juvenile queen conches in an aquarium. It is suggested that this may occur in the wild more commonly than reported and may pose a threat to some conch seeding programmes.

Strombus dentatus [spec. nov.] S. testa labro attenuato brevi dentato, ventre spiraque plicatis. Habitat.. Strombi Juniores testae carent omni labro & turbinatae existunt, quas ad distincta genera perperam retulere Authores. * * * * Turriti spira longissima., Published as part of Linnaeus, Carolus, 1758, Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Stockholm :Laurentius Salvius on pages 745-746, DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542, http://zenodo.org/record/3922206

Strombus auris dianae [spec. nov.] S. testae labro antice mucronato, dorso muricato, cauda erecta acuta. Rumph. mus. t. 37. f. R. Gvalt. test. t. 32. f. H. Argenv. conch. t. 17. f. O. Klein. ostr. t. 6. f. 106. Habitat in O. Asiae., Published as part of Linnaeus, Carolus, 1758, Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Stockholm :Laurentius Salvius on pages 743-744, DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542, http://zenodo.org/record/3922206

Strombus gallus [spec. nov.] S. testae labro dilatato: antice mucronato longissimo, dorso coronato, cauda recta. Bonan. recr. 3. t. 309, 310. Rumph. mus. t. 37. f. 5. Gvalt. test. t. 32. f. M. Habitat.., Published as part of Linnaeus, Carolus, 1758, Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Stockholm :Laurentius Salvius on page 743, DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542, http://zenodo.org/record/3922206

Strombus chiragra [spec. nov.] S. testae labro pentadactylo, digitis curvis, cauda recurvata. Bellon. aqu. 422. Barrel. rar. 327. f. I. Bonan. recreat. 3. t. 312. Rumph. mus. t. 35. f. A. B. C. Gualt. test. t. 35. f. B. A. & t. 26. f. B. Habitat ad Bandam Asiae., Published as part of Linnaeus, Carolus, 1758, Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Stockholm :Laurentius Salvius on page 742, DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542, http://zenodo.org/record/3922206

Strombus lucifer [spec. nov.] S. testae labro antice rotundato integro, ventre dupliciter striato, spira carinata: tuberculis superioribus minutis. Bonan. recr. 3. t. 303, 304. Barrel. rar. t. 1327. f. 7. Argenv. conch. t. 17. f. E. Klein. ostr. t. 4. f. 85. Habitat ad Americam australem. Differt a sequenti testa minus crassa, & imprimis spinis spirae minimis, nec magnis crassis pollicaribus ut in illa. Listeri conchiliorum historiam cum tabularum numeris adpositis non obtinui, citationes ojusdem nonnullas aliorum oculis tantum vidi., Published as part of Linnaeus, Carolus, 1758, Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Stockholm :Laurentius Salvius on page 744, DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542, http://zenodo.org/record/3922206

Strombus ater [spec. nov.] S. testa turrita laevi, labro antice posticeque soluto. Rumph. mus. t. 30. f. R. Habitat in Asiae paludibus., Published as part of Linnaeus, Carolus, 1758, Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Stockholm :Laurentius Salvius on page 746, DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542, http://zenodo.org/record/3922206

Strombus urceus [spec. nov.] S. testae labro attenuato retuso brevi striato, ventre spiraque plicato-nodosis, apertura bilabiata inermi. Rumph. mus. t. 37. f. T. Petiv. gaz. t. 98. f. 19. Gualt. test. t. 32. f. G. Habitat in O. Asiae., Published as part of Linnaeus, Carolus, 1758, Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Stockholm :Laurentius Salvius on page 745, DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542, http://zenodo.org/record/3922206

Strombus scorpius [spec. nov.] S. testae labro heptadactylo, digitis nodosis: postico longissimo. Rumph. mus. t. 36. f. K. Gvalt. test. t. 36. f. C. Argenv. conch. t. 17. f. B. Habitat in O. Asiatico., Published as part of Linnaeus, Carolus, 1758, Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Stockholm :Laurentius Salvius on page 743, DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542, http://zenodo.org/record/3922206

Strombus vittatus [spec. nov.] S. testae labro rotundato brevi, ventre laevi, spirae elongatae anfractibus sutura distinctis. Rumph. mus. t. 36. f. O. Argenv. conch. t. 12. f. F. Habitat in O. Asiae. Confer. Rumph. mus. t. 37. f. X. Gualt. test. t. 33. f. B. Argenv. conch. t. 13. f. C. An sola varietas ?, Published as part of Linnaeus, Carolus, 1758, Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Stockholm :Laurentius Salvius on page 745, DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542, http://zenodo.org/record/3922206

Strombus pes pelecani [spec. nov.] S. testae la{?X}bro tetradactylo palmato digitis angulato, fauce laevi. Bonan. recr. 3. t. 85, 87. List. conch. t. 866. f. min. Gvalt. test t. 53. f. B. C. Argenv. conch. t. 17. f. M. Habitat in O. Europaeo, Norvegico, Mediterraneo, Americano., Published as part of Linnaeus, Carolus, 1758, Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Stockholm :Laurentius Salvius on page 742, DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542, http://zenodo.org/record/3922206

Strombus [gen. nov.] Animal Limax. Testa univalvis, spiralis, latere ampliata. Apertura, Labro saepius dilatato, desinens in canalem sinistrum. * Digitati: labio in lacinias lineares exeunte., Published as part of Linnaeus, Carolus, 1758, Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Stockholm :Laurentius Salvius on page 742, DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542, http://zenodo.org/record/3922206

Strombus epidromis [spec. nov.] S. testae labro rotundato brevi, ventre laevi, spira subnodosa. Barr. rar. 1727. f. 2. Rumph. mus. t. 36. f. M. Gvalt. test. t. 32. f L. Habitat in O. Asiae., Published as part of Linnaeus, Carolus, 1758, Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Stockholm :Laurentius Salvius on page 745, DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542, http://zenodo.org/record/3922206

Strombus lividus [spec. nov.] S. testa turrita nodoso-spinosa, labro antice soluto. Habitat.., Published as part of Linnaeus, Carolus, 1758, Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Stockholm :Laurentius Salvius on page 746, DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542, http://zenodo.org/record/3922206

Strombus millepeda [spec. nov.] S. testae labro decadactylo, digitis inflexis, fauce substriata, dorso gibbere compresso. Bonan. recr. 3. t. 311. List. conch. t. 868. f. 23. & 869. f. 24. Rumph. mus. t. 36. f. I. Argenv. conch. t. 18. f. B. Habitat in O. Asiae. * * Lobati., Published as part of Linnaeus, Carolus, 1758, Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Stockholm :Laurentius Salvius on page 743, DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542, http://zenodo.org/record/3922206

Strombus pugilis [spec. nov.] S. testae labro antico prominente rotundato, laevi, spira spinosa, cauda triloba. List. conch. t. 906. f. 26. Bonan. recr. 3. t. 299. Gvalt. test. t. 32. f. B. Argenv. conch. t. 18. f. A. Habitat ad Jamaicam. Faux rubra est, testa crocea., Published as part of Linnaeus, Carolus, 1758, Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Stockholm :Laurentius Salvius on page 744, DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542, http://zenodo.org/record/3922206