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The quaternary glass system 60TeO2-(25−x)Bi2O3-15B2O3-xKCl has been prepared by the melt-quenching process with x ranging from 0 to 20 mol%. X-ray diffraction patterns confirmed the amorphous nature of the synthesized glasses, showing no sharp crystalline peaks. The techniques field emission scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy provide information about the surface morphology and elemental composition of the synthesized glass system, respectively. Physical parameters such as density, molar volume, ion concentration, interionic distance, polaron radius, and cation field strength were calculated to determine structural stability. Density and molar volume both decrease with an increase in KCl content. Oxygen packing density decreases with increasing KCl concentration, indicating a rise in non-bridging oxygen atoms. Using differential scanning calorimetry, the glass transition temperature (Tg) was calculated. Its value is found to decrease as the KCl content increases. FTIR and Raman spectra indicate the transformation of TeO4 units into TeO3 units and BO4 units into BO3 units with an increase in KCl content. The diffuse reflectance spectra method is used to study optical parameters such as optical band gap, cut-off wavelength, Urbach energy, refractive index, and metallization criteria. The optical indirect band gap energies (Eopt) range from 2.78 to 3.31 eV and are calculated by applying Tauc's relation. On the other hand, the values of the urbach energy (EU) vary from 0.289 to 0.183 eV, indicating disorderliness or defects in the glass samples decrease with increasing KCl content. The synthesized glasses can be considered for non-linear optical applications since their metallization criterion (M) values ranged from 0.373 to 0.407. The dielectric parameters of the glasses were calculated on a frequency scale of 10–1 to 106 Hz by varying the temperature from 453 to 553 K. Dielectric analysis of the as-prepared glasses shows the non-Debye type behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive research into quaternary glass systems' structural, physical, and optical characteristics was conducted, specifically for glass series 60V 2 O 5 -20B 2 O 3 -(20-x)Bi 2 O 3 -xCaO, where x = 0-20 mol%. Using X-ray diffraction (XRD), their non-crystalline character was confirmed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used for morphological study to confirm glass formation. Several techniques were employed to investigate the effects of incorporating CaO on the physical, optical, and structural characteristics of glasses composed of bismuth boro-vanadate. As-prepared glass samples have been analysed to determine how density (ρ g), crystalline volume (V c r y s t ), molar volume (V m), and oxygen packing density (OPD) changes with composition. Additional determined physical parameters include interionic distance (R i), Calcium yields field (F), ion concentration of Ca2+ (N), and polaron radius (R p). DSC thermograms reveal that glass transition temperature (T g) rises in tandem with the concentration of calcium oxide, demonstrating an improvement in the glass system's thermal stability. FTIR and Raman spectroscopy examination of all glass samples confirmed that V 2 O 5 forms a network with VO 5 units. After x = 10 mol%, the proportion of non-bridging oxygens in the glass matrix rises as VO 5 units are converted into VO 4 units along with the transformation of BO 3 units into BO 4 units. Bi 2 O 3 is found in glass matrix in BiO 6 and BiO 3 units. As concentrations of calcium oxide were increased, UV–Visible spectroscopy revealed nonlinear trends in various optical parameters such as optical energy (E o p t) , Urbach energy (E U), cut-off wavelength (λ C), molar refractivity (R M), metallization criterion, and refractive index (n). The glasses prepared in this study exhibit high-level optical basicity (ranging from 1.164 to 1.238), electronic oxide ion polarizability (3.304–3.869), and metallization criterion (0.249–0.304). These findings point to the possibility that the glasses can be suitable for non-linear optical applications. • SEM and TEM analysis were employed for morphological study of the prepared glasses. • FTIR and Raman spectroscopy confirmed that V 2 O 5 forms a network with VO 5 units. • Indirect allowed transitions were found most suitable in the present studied glass system. • Studied glasses can be suitable for non-linear optical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tellurium dioxide-based quaternary glass system 60TeO 2 –15B 2 O 3 -(25-x) Bi 2 O 3 -xZnCl 2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 20, in the step of 5 mol%) was synthesized by melt quenching technique. The XRD analysis was utilized to confirm that the glass samples were amorphous. The resultant values of molar volume, density, oxygen packing density, and glass transition temperature were shown to decrease with rise in ZnCl 2 content. By employing vibrational spectroscopy, TeO 2 endures as structural units trigonal pyramidal TeO 3 , TeO 3+1 , trigonal bipyramidal TeO 4 , together with TeO 6 polyhedral. The optical characterization of the current glass system shows the presence of indirect transitions with optical band gap range from 2.16 eV to 3.02 eV. Along with the rise in ZnCl 2 content, the Urbach energy value shows a tendency towards lowering values (0.436 eV–0.203 eV), which denotes a reduction in defect concentration. Metallization criterion values fall between 0.329 and 0.389 indicates that the current glass system can be utilizes for non-linear applications. FTIR Spectra and Optical absorbance spectra of 60TeO 2 – 15B 2 O 3 - (25-x) Bi 2 O3- xZnCl 2 of glass system. [Display omitted] • Glass transition temperature decreases with an increase in ZnCl 2 content. • FTIR and Raman result shows that TeO 4 units transform into TeO 3 units and NBO increases with decrease in Bi 2 O 3 content. • Optical band gap increases with the rise in ZnCl 2 content. • Prepared glass system can be utilized for non-linear optical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]