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Several new thiazole derivatives linked pyrazole and/or pyridine rings were synthesized based on the versatile precursor 2-(5-acetyl-4-methyl-3-phenylthiazol-2(3H)-ylidene)acetonitrile (1). The synthesized derivatives were optimized using DFT approach in order to inspect the configurations and energies of the HOMO-LUMO orbitals. The data disclosed low energy gap (ΔEH-L), 0.99–2.54 eV, following the order 9

Two newly synthesized coumarin–palladium(II) complexes (C1 and C2) were characterized using elemental analysis, spectroscopy (IR and 1H-13C NMR), and DFT methods at the B3LYP-D3BJ/6-311+G(d,p) level of theory. The in vitro and in silico cytotoxicity of coumarin ligands and their corresponding Pd(II) complexes was examined. For in vitro testing, five cell lines were selected, namely human cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa), the melanoma cell line (FemX), epithelial lung carcinoma (A549), the somatic umbilical vein endothelial cell line (EA.hi926), and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (Panc-1). In order to examine the in silico inhibitory potential and estimate inhibitory constants and binding energies, molecular docking studies were performed. The inhibitory activity of C1 and C2 was investigated towards epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), and B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2). According to the results obtained from the molecular docking simulations, the inhibitory activity of the investigated complexes towards all the investigated proteins is equivalent or superior in comparison with current therapeutical options. Moreover, because of the low binding energies and the high correlation rate with experimentally obtained results, it was shown that, out of the three, the inhibition of RTK is the most probable mechanism of the cytotoxic activity of the investigated compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two newly synthesized coumarin–palladium(II) complexes (C1 and C2) were characterized using elemental analysis, spectroscopy (IR and 1H-13C NMR), and DFT methods at the B3LYP-D3BJ/6-311+G(d,p) level of theory. The in vitro and in silico cytotoxicity of coumarin ligands and their corresponding Pd(II) complexes was examined. For in vitro testing, five cell lines were selected, namely human cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa), the melanoma cell line (FemX), epithelial lung carcinoma (A549), the somatic umbilical vein endothelial cell line (EA.hi926), and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (Panc-1). In order to examine the in silico inhibitory potential and estimate inhibitory constants and binding energies, molecular docking studies were performed. The inhibitory activity of C1 and C2 was investigated towards epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), and B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2). According to the results obtained from the molecular docking simulations, the inhibitory activity of the investigated complexes towards all the investigated proteins is equivalent or superior in comparison with current therapeutical options. Moreover, because of the low binding energies and the high correlation rate with experimentally obtained results, it was shown that, out of the three, the inhibition of RTK is the most probable mechanism of the cytotoxic activity of the investigated compounds.

Several new thiazole derivatives linked pyrazole and/or pyridine rings were synthesized based on the versatile precursor 2-(5-acetyl-4-methyl-3-phenylthiazol-2(3 H)-ylidene)acetonitrile (1). The synthesized derivatives were optimized using DFT approach in order to inspect the configurations and energies of the HOMO-LUMO orbitals. The data disclosed low energy gap (ΔE H-L), 0.99–2.54 eV, following the order 9 < 3 = 4 ≈ 2 ≈ 8 < 5 < 1 < 7 ≈ 6. The in vitro anticancer activity of the new thiazole hybrids was tested against three cancer cell lines (HepG2, HCT-116, and MCF-7) as well as standard fibroblast cells (WI38) using Doxorubicin as a reference drug. The thiazole-pyridine hybrids 8 and 9 exhibited high cytotoxic efficacies against the MCF-7 cell line, IC 50 28.53 ± 0.39 and 25.47 ± 0.54 µM. Moreover, the synthesized hybrids were docked against the crystal structure of (PDB: 3rcd) as a representative protein for the human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2) to approve the relationship between the in vitro cytotoxicity results and inhibitor binding interactions. The docking study showed that thiazole-pyridine hybrids 8 and 9 displayed the highest score of bindings, which was compatible with the results of the cytotoxicity results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]