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Lysosomes are terminal degradative organelles that are found in all higher eukaryotic cells. The biogenesis of lysosomes involves the transport of various acid hydrolases and transmembrane glycoproteins from their site of synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum through the biosynthetic and endocytic pathways. Protein transport to lysosomes can be studied by a combination of techniques based on the separation of intracellular organelles. Percoll density gradient centrifugation has long been the method of choice for separating lysosomes from other organelles in cell homogenates, and accordingly, this unit describes protocols for obtaining reasonably pure lysosomal fractions from mammalian cells using Percoll density gradient separation.

An interview with molecular biologist Leroy Hood, president of the Institute for Systems Biology in Seattle, Washington, is presented. He says that family genome sequencing has helped him study systems biology, a study of whole organisms as combinations of networks through the P4 medicine. As a champion in nanotechnologies such as the measurement of blood-borne biomarkers of diseases, he uses enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests. For him, genetic information is always a good thing.

An interview with developmental biologists Sean B. Carroll, a professor of molecular biology and genetics of Howard Hughes Medical Institute is presented. When asked what is evo-devo, he replies evolutionary development biology as a product of development. Carroll explains the evolution of traits involves the genetic action in netwroks. He then elaborates the two big ideas of Charles Darwin Theory in the species with modificatyiond from ancestors.