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In the present study, eleven novel complete mitogenomes of Boletus were assembled and compared. The eleven complete mitogenomes were all composed of circular DNA molecules, with sizes ranging from 32,883 bp to 48,298 bp. The mitochondrial gene arrangement of Boletus varied greatly from other Boletales mitogenomes, and gene position reversal were observed frequently in the evolution of Boletus. Across the 15 core protein-coding genes (PCGs) tested, atp9 had the least and rps3 had the largest genetic distances among the eleven Boletus species, indicating varied evolution rates of core PCGs. In addition, the Ka/Ks value for nad3 gene was >1, suggesting that this gene was subject to possible positive selection pressure. Comparative mitogenomic analysis indicated that the intronic region was significantly correlated with the size of mitogenomes in Boletales. Two large-scale intron loss events were detected in the evolution of Boletus. Phylogenetic analyses based on a combined mitochondrial gene dataset yielded a well-supported (BPP ≥ 0.99; BS =100) phylogenetic tree for 72 Agaricomycetes, and the Boletus species had a close relationship with Paxillus. This study served as the first report on complete mitogenomes in Boletus, which will further promote investigations of the genetics, evolution and phylogeny of the Boletus genus., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

In the present study, we assembled and analyzed the mitogenomes of two Ramaria species. The assembled mitogenomes of Ramaria cfr. rubripermanens and R. rubella were circularized, with sizes of 126,497 bp and 143,271 bp, respectively. Comparative mitogenome analysis showed that intron region contributed the most (contribution rate, 43.74%) to the size variations of Ramaria mitogenomes. The genetic contents, gene length, tRNAs, and codon usages of the two Ramaria mitogenomes varied greatly. In addition, the evolutionary rates of different core protein coding genes (PCGs) in Phallomycetidae mitogenomes varied. We detected large-scale gene rearrangements between Phallomycetidae mitogenomes, including gene displacement and tRNA doubling. A total of 4499 bp and 7746 bp aligned fragments were detected between the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes of R. cfr. rubripermanens and R. rubella, respectively, indicating possible gene transferring events. We further found frequent intron loss/gain and potential intron transfer events in Phallomycetidae mitogenomes during the evolution, and the mitogenomes of R. rubella contained a novel intron P44. Phylogenetic analyses using both Bayesian inference (BI) and Maximum Likelihood (ML) methods based on a combined mitochondrial gene dataset obtained an identical and well-supported phylogenetic tree for Basidiomycota, wherein R. cfr. rubripermanens and Turbinellus floccosus are sister species. This study served as the first report on mitogenomes from the genus Ramaria, which provides a basis for understanding the evolution, genetics, and taxonomy of this important fungal group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, two mitogenomes from the Filobasidium genus were assembled and compared with other Tremellomycetes mitogenomes. The mitogenomes of F. wieringae and F. globisporum both comprised circular DNA molecules, with sizes of 27,861 bp and 71,783 bp, respectively. Comparative mitogenomic analysis revealed that the genetic contents, tRNAs, and codon usages of the two Filobasidium species differed greatly. The sizes of the two Filobasidium mitogenomes varied greatly with the introns being the main factor contributing to mitogenome expansion in F. globisporum. Positive selection was observed in several protein-coding genes (PCGs) in the Agaricomycotina, Pucciniomycotina, and Ustilaginomycotina species, including cob, cox2, nad2, and rps3 genes. Frequent intron loss/gain events were detected to have occurred during the evolution of the Tremellomycetes mitogenomes, and the mitogenomes of 17 species from Agaricomycotina, Pucciniomycotina, and Ustilaginomycotina have undergone large-scale gene rearrangements. Phylogenetic analyses based on Bayesian inference and the maximum likelihood methods using a combined mitochondrial gene set generated identical and well-supported phylogenetic trees, wherein Filobasidium species had close relationships with Trichosporonales species. This study, which is the first report on mitogenomes from the order Filobasidiales, provides a basis for understanding the genomics, evolution, and taxonomy of this important fungal group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, the mitogenome of Tuber calosporum was assembled and analyzed. The mitogenome of T. calosporum comprises 15 conserved protein-coding genes, two rRNA genes, and 14 tRNAs, with a total size of 287,403 bp. Fifty-eight introns with 170 intronic open reading frames were detected in the T. calosporum mitogenome. The intronic region occupied 69.41% of the T. calosporum mitogenome, which contributed to the T. calosporum mitogenome significantly expand relative to most fungal species. Comparative mitogenomic analysis revealed large-scale gene rearrangements occurred in the mitogenome of T. calosporum , involving gene relocations and position exchanges. The mitogenome of T. calosporum was found to have lost several tRNA genes encoding for cysteine, aspartate, histidine, etc. In addition, a pair of fragments with a total length of 32.91 kb in both the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes of T. calosporum was detected, indicating possible gene transfer events. A total of 12.83% intragenomic duplications were detected in the T. calosporum mitogenome. Phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrial gene datasets obtained well-supported tree topologies, indicating that mitochondrial genes could be reliable molecular markers for phylogenetic analyses of Ascomycota. This study served as the first report on mitogenome in the family Tuberaceae, thereby laying the groundwork for our understanding of the evolution, phylogeny, and population genetics of these important ectomycorrhizal fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leucoagaricus naucinus (Fr.) Singer is a mycorrhizal fungus widely distributed in the northern Hemisphere. In the present study, the complete mitochondrial genome of Leucoagaricus naucinus was sequenced, assembled, and annotated. The L. naucinus mitochondrial genome was composed of circular DNA molecules, with the total size of 61,434 bp. The GC content of the L. naucinus mitochondrial genome was 26.07%. A total of 30 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, and 26 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes were detected in the L. naucinus mitochondrial genome. Phylogenetic analysis based on combined mitochondrial gene dataset indicated that the L. naucinus exhibited a close relationship with Agaricus bisporus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, we assembled and annotated the complete mitochondrial genome of Chroogomphus rutilus. The complete mitochondrial genome of C. rutilus was composed of circular DNA molecules, with a size of 37,508 bp. The GC content of the C. rutilus mitogenome was 22.82%. A total of 18 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, and 24 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes were detected in the C. rutilus mitogenome. Phylogenetic analysis based on combined mitochondrial gene dataset indicated that the C. rutilus exhibited a close relationship with species from the genus Rhizopogon. This study served as the first report on the complete mitochondrial genome from the family Gomphidiaceae, which will promote the understanding of phylogeny, evolution, and taxonomy of this important fungal species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim To investigate whether mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) background (haplogroup) is associated with cervical cancer in patients in southern China. Methods A case-control study of 150 patients with cervical cancer and 217 geographically matched controls was conducted in Wenzhou, a southern Chinese city in the Zhejiang province. DNA from peripheral blood was extracted and sequenced. Sequences were aligned to the mtDNA revised Cambridge Reference Sequence ( GenBank number NC_012920) to determine mtDNA single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and haplogroups. Results We found that both M and N haplogroups and their diagnostic SNPs (A10398G and C10400T) are not associated with the risk of cervical cancer. However, individuals with haplogroup D4b1/D4b1*, an M subhaplogroup, exhibited an increased risk of cervical cancer (odds ratio [OR] = 1.034; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.004, 1.066; P = 0.011/OR =1.027; 95% CI 1.001, 1.055; P = 0.027). Individuals with SNPs C10181T/A10136G (OR =1.034; 95% CI 1.004, 1.066; P = 0.011/OR =1.027; 95% CI 1.001, 1.055; P = 0.027) were more susceptible to cervical cancer than individuals without. Furthermore, we determined that mtDNA background is not associated with the progression of cervical cancer. Conclusions Our results indicate that mtDNA haplogroups play a role in cervical cancer initiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]