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The Lower Miocene Santa Cruz Formation in southern Patagonia (Austral Basin, Argentina) contains several horizons of pedogenic calcretes, which record −17.5 myr old vegetation adapted to a shallow and fluctuating water table at paleolatitude of 56°S. To reconstruct the paleoenvironment, paleoclimate and paleoecosystem, we performed a multiproxy study of the calcretes examining abiotic and biotic components. The calcretes exhibit a variety of morphologies (horizontal and vertical rhizoliths, laminar structure, nodules, massive crusts), microfabrics (Beta- predominant over Alpha-microfabrics), and δ 18 O and δ 13 C values that fluctuate within each morphotype and throughout the analysed interval. Microfossils and phytoliths in the host material of the calcretes indicate fluctuating terrestrial, freshwater, and marine conditions, and record an ecosystem dominated by herbaceous plants and arboreal elements in association with a typical coastal “Santacrucian” vertebrate fauna. We propose that the calcretes developed in soils in a coastal/fluvial setting during pauses in floodplain aggradation that typically lasted between 8–25 ka and 400 ka years. Variable sedimentation rates in different parts of the coastal/fluvial floodplain, the fine texture of the host sediment, and the influence of a fluctuating water table also influenced the formation of the calcrete. A high water table in low relief areas of the floodplain created the conditions necessary to form a horizontally extended rhizolithic system that, jointly with the biotic proxy, can be correlated with a radicular pattern similar to the arboreal elements from coastal settings. Abiotic and biotic proxies of the studied interval attest to environmental fluctuations recorded at different scales that took place under temperate warm and subhumid climates with a marked rainfall seasonality, with a slight increase in the aridity towards the top of the studied interval. Under these conditions a subtropical fauna and a C 3 -dominated ecosystem developed coincident with the onset of the Mid-Miocene Climatic Optimum in Patagonia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sedimentological, ichnological and paleontological analyses of the Early Miocene uppermost Monte León Formation and the lower part of the Santa Cruz Formation were carried out in Rincón del Buque (RDB), a fossiliferous locality north of Río Coyle in Santa Cruz Province, Patagonia, Argentina. This locality is of special importance because it contains the basal contact between the Monte Léon (MLF) and the Santa Cruz (SCF) formations and because it preserves a rich fossil assemblage of marine invertebrates and marine trace fossils, and terrestrial vertebrates and plants, which has not been extensively studied. A ∼90 m-thick section of the MLF and the SCF that crops out at RDB was selected for this study. Eleven facies associations (FA) are described, which are, from base to top: subtidal–intertidal deposits with Crassotrea orbignyi and bioturbation of the Skolithos-Cruziana ichnofacies (FA1); tidal creek deposits with terrestrial fossil mammals and Ophiomorpha isp. burrows (FA2); tidal flat deposits with Glossifungites ichnofacies (FA3); deposits of tidal channels (FA4) and tidal sand flats (FA5) both with and impoverish Skolithos ichnofacies associated; marsh deposits (FA6); tidal point bar deposits recording a depauperate mixture of both the Skolithos and Cruziana ichnofacies (FA7); fluvial channel deposits (FA8); fluvial point bar deposits (FA9); floodplain deposits (FA10); and pyroclastic and volcaniclastic deposits of the floodplain where terrestrial fossil mammal remains occur (FA11). The transition of the MLF–SCF at RDB reflects a changing depositional environment from the outer part of an estuary (FA1) through the central (FA2–6) to inner part of a tide-dominated estuary (FA7). Finally a fluvial system occurs with single channels of relatively low energy and low sinuosity enclosed by a broad, low-energy floodplain dominated by partially edaphized ash-fall, sheet-flood, and overbank deposits (FA8–11). Pyroclastic and volcaniclastic materials throughout the succession must have been deposited as ash-fall distal facies in a fluvial setting and also were carried by fluvial streams and redeposited in both estuarine and fluvial settings. These materials preserve most of the analyzed terrestrial fossil mammals that characterize the Santacrucian age of the RDB's succession. Episodic sedimentation under volcanic influence, high sedimentation rates and a relatively warm and seasonal climate are inferred for the MLF and SCF section. Lateral continuity of the marker horizons at RDB serve for correlation with other coastal localities such as the lower part of the coastal SCF south of Río Coyle (∼17.6–17.4 Ma) belonging to the Estancia La Costa Member of the SCF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]