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Buffalo milk due to its high fat content from the energy point of view is more valuable compared to cow's milk. The percentage of fat varies depending on the stage of lactation, season, individual, health, animal age and diet. The study of the chemical composition and the antioxidant capacity of buffalo milk is required for both scientific and technological considerations, given the importance of this type of milk in the consumer's diet. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant capacity and the physico-chemical composition of buffalo milk by lactation. Buffalo milk can have different qualities, so the quality of buffalo milk is also determined by its content in its components (protein, fat, lactose, vitamins, fatty acids, water content, antioxidant capacity). The physicochemical parameters and antioxidant capacity were influenced by lactation, presenting the highest values in lactations III and IV. During lactation I, parameters such as fat, protein and lactose showed a content of 7.88, 4.35 and 4.71%, respectively. Furthermore, in lactation IV, fat, protein and lactose had increased, showing the content of these parameters as follows 9.53, 4.68 and 4.77%. Antioxidant capacity of buffalo milk showed the highest numbers in lactation III (360.1) and IV, 358.9 µg/ml. From all of the analyzed parameters, only total dry substance content presented the most increased values 18.9% in lactation I. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Donkey milk is used as an alternative source in the diet of young children and newborns due to the similar composition to breast milk. The donkey milk is considered to be a functional food by the chemical composition it presents, thus being beneficial in the nutrition of people suffering from food allergies. The chemical composition and antioxidant capacity of the donkey milk are significantly influenced by lactation and also by the lactation period. Donkey milk has a low fat content compared to other species and high lactose content. These parameters are influenced by the variables such as: lactation, animal age, and feeding. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of lactation on the antioxidant capacity and physicochemical compounds in the donkey milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Donkey milk is considered a substitute for breast milk. Because of its nutritional and compositional properties it is very close to breast milk. Equine asinus can be considered suitable for feeding newborns, against cow's milk, which can cause intolerance. We determined the physico-chemical parameters of donkey milk with CombiFoss FT. The total germ count (TNG) was analyzed by BactoScan and the total number of somatic cells (TNS) by Fossomatic FC. Determination of heavy metals in milk was performed by mass spectrometry to identify Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn. Heavy metals are present in the environment but also in food and can cause serious health problems to the consumer. For the consumer, the main source of cadmium exposure is the food they consume, water and smoking. Cd contamination of dairy milk may also be due to the use of Cd-based chemicals, fertilizers, feed and waste water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The health status of cows is evaluated and depending on haematological and biochemical profile of blood. Nutrition is the main technological factor that can produce profound changes in the metabolic profile in animals (Dhiman et al., 1991; Khaled et al., 1999; Ingvartsen, 2006). Blood parameters analyze can lead to identify if there are errors in nutrition of lactating cows (Payne et al., 1970). The aim of this study was the evaluation of metabolic and biochemical changes that occur during colostrum period and in terms of number of lactations in cows. The biological material was represented by a total of 60 heads of dairy cows from a family farm from Sãlaj County, Romania. The cows are all from Holstein breed and presented no clinical signs of any specific pathology. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein of each cow and analyzed. 10 individuals from each of the six lactations have been randomly selected. Haematological and biochemical parameters showed variations depending on factors analyzed here. In lactation 1 Hb was 7.55±3.05 (g/dl), while in lactation 6 the value was 12.5±2.10 (g/dl). RBC ranged as follows: in lactation 1 - 28.50±2.05 and in lactation 6 - 30.02±2.05. Lymphocytes varied within very wide limits under the influence of lactation: in lactation 1 - 2.8±1.56 and in lactation 6 - 7.55±1.80. The number of lactations and lactation rank have influenced blood biochemical and hematological parameters in dairy cows. Biochemical parameters are influenced by post-partum day, showing the lowest values in the early days of colostral period and the highest in the last few days of the same period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Băl?ată Românească is a native cattle breed. The lactation determine a significant changes on physico-chemical parameters of milk. These parameters is influenced by haematological profile. It is important to evaluate the hematological profile, as is an assessment of the health of animals. HEM presents the lowest values in lactation 2, 8.32 ± 2.01 (g/dL) and higher lactation 5 10.35±0.96 (g/dl). HCT varies thus: lowest averages are 26.71±1.28 L1 and L5 highest in 29.87±1.07. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biological material of buffaloes in this area shows favorable characteristics in the direction of milk production with a total length of lactation almost close to the normal one, but the interval between births is quite high. Pure milk fat content on total lactation is 6.98% and 6.96% for normal lactation, with variations from the first lactation of 7.27% to 6.86% in the ninth lactation. The time of the dry period shows variation between 80.84 and 142.84 days and calving interval between 375.91 and 435.48 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Safety and hygienic quality of milk is conditioned by animal health and hygiene of operated shelters, milking hygiene, staff, storage and cooling of milk immediately after milking, transport to the collection centers, processing and recovery units, and compliance with cold chain distribution network and marketing of milk (Miresan Vioara et al., 2009). All these are important links in quality management and milk as raw material milk products from producer to consumer. The food markets of Campia Turzii and Turda are small producers who sell milk from villages surrounding these cities. Milk samples were taken from seven sources of supply to different markets traders, which were performed on the physical-chemical milk fat content, protein, but the somatic cell count and total bacterial count. The results obtained on these quality parameters show that milk from these producers is within quality standards, but with the necessity to improve hygiene conditions at harvest and storage of milk sold in food markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has targeted milk quality parameters collected morning and evening milking on three sequences. The following parameters were analyzed: fat, protein, lactose, somatic cell count and weight of fatty acids depending on carbon chain (Jensen, R.G., 2002; Kurtz, F.E., 1987). Taking into account the fat content in both the morning milking and at evening, it increases the dynamic sequences of milking, in the sense that the second sequence of milking the fat content is higher by 75% from the first sequence milking. Differences between milking are very small and insignificant. A different aspect is the evolution of the milk protein content, meaning that it has a constant character, maximum differences of 5% between the second and third sequence of milking sequence of events, look at developments are observed and lactose content in milk. With regard to content in somatic cells, their development is of a tortuous, but at the same time on three different sequences of milking. Of fatty acids sequences have a significant weight in the morning to evening milking are palmate and oleic acids and with low are mostly the other fatty acids (myristic, lauric and caprylic). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Milk quality is influenced by many factors including rank lactation This study aims to present the evolution of the main quality parameters of milk as the fat, protein, lactose, dry matter and the number of somatic cells for the first five lactations in Bălţată Românească breed during twelve official controls, starting in June 2015 until the month of April 2016. The biological material studied was represented by three herds of dairy cows in three farms from Sălaj County (Crasna, Marin and Bodia villages). Analyzing qualitative parameters of milk obtained from the herds in lactation 1 during the 12 controls, there was a percent of 3.58% fat, 3.05% protein, 4.49% lactose and 8.48% dry substance and less than 100,000 cells/mL for SCC. in Crasna farm. These parameters varied over the five lactations, the highest values being ranked in lactation five. Herd from Marin farm presented a fat content of 4.44% in lactation 2, while the lowest percentage of fat was recorded in lactation 3 (3.66%). Regarding the protein, the highest percentage was obtained in lactation 2 (3.70%) and the lowest in lactation 1 (3.39%). In the farm from Bodia the values were intermediate between the two other farms. Lactation rank affects milk quality, so in lactation 1 there were recorded the lowest values of quality parameters of milk. Somatic cell count was under 100,000 for all three farms, suggesting a good health status of the herds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researches were conducted on a biologic material, a cow livestock, in different lactating stages and their physico-chemical parameters were determined: fat; protein, lactose, unfat dry substance, milk freight. Microbiologic determinations mainly envisioned: the number of somatic cells (NSC), number of total germs (NTG). The detection of this microbiologic parameter in the composition of cow milk provides information regarding the hygienic conditions of their production and handling. Correlations between the number of somatic cells, milk production and composition are employed in dairy cow farms, in order to assess losses caused by mastitis and the implementing of certain measures for the control of these diseases. On the other hand, correlations between the number of somatic cells and milk composition proveuseful in establishing milk processing behaviour, as the practice of setting milk raw matter prices according to the number of somatic cells in the milk is becoming increasingly more frequent in developed countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past decades buffalo milk has attracted growing interest in most countries, especially due to its nutrition characteristics. In Romania, buffalo milk and milk products are mainly considered local and traditional resources, and play an important role in enhancing livestock biodiversity. Currently, the overall availability of milk from all dairy animal species, as well as the possibility of obtaining new products must be analysed. Buffalo milk composition is influenced by season. Milk fat level in autumn is 7.95%, and in the summer it is 7.29%. The highest mean values for the cheese were recorded in the spring season, with a fat and protein content of 41.02% and 21.34%, respectively. In autumn, the fat content is at 36.92%, and protein is at 19.81% . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutritional value of milk is closely related to its chemical composition and it is estimated that milk contains high vegetable protein, the same amount of meat protein. In biochemical terms, cow's milk contains four major elements: protein, carbohydrates, lipids and minerals. The working method used consisted of physical-chemical and microbiological analysis of raw milk, analyzes were conducted in the laboratory of the fabrics. The periods of analysis were November-December 2011 and January-April 2012, and were taken a total of five samples monthly. The results of the study on the quality of raw milk processed in SC Romfulda SRL Beclean-Bistriţa suggests that this unit is getting shifted to correspond to consumer products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a study of the physico-chemical parameters from buffalo raw milk during different lactations. The study started from the fact that the quality assurance of starting material is one of the principal parameters which is conditioning the quality of end product. It provided the results of the physico-chemical investigation of the buffalo milk fated in the industrial processing.

Given to the peculiarities of the lactating buffaloes behavior and for influencing the chemical composition and technological quality of the final products made from buffalo milk, we thought it advisable to study the main physico-chemical parameters (fat, protein, lactose and solids) from the herd of buffaloes GDG Cluj county formed from 72 buffaloes in I-VIII lactations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipids are major components of buffalo milk with great implications in nutrition and economical aspects. The nutritional value of buffalo milk is derived from its complex chemical composition and its high rate of assimilation. Major fatty acids found in both milk and cheese were: palmitic acid (16:0), oleic (18:1) and stearic (18:0). The ratio between UFA/SFA was 0.3, lower than the threshold of 1.5 which is considered to not raise negative health effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze the main milk components function of lactation. The following components were analyzed: fat, protein, lactose, non-lipid dry matter, density, and pH. In our study these components are influenced by the specific reference seasonal conditions. The average fat percent in milk frames within: 7.23-8.89%; protein 5.17-5.42% and lactose 4.19-4.94%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the milk production performances of the Romanian dairy breed of buffaloes from three important areas of Sălaj county from north-western Romania. This county has oneof the valuable buffalo herds from Romania. Comparative analysis in the direction of the maincharacteristics of buffalo milk production were conducted on a herd of 65 buffaloes exploited in extensivetraditional conditions. In terms of milk production total lactation it ranks highest value in lactation VIIIi.e. 1679.92 kg in area I, 1675.79 kg in lactation VI in area II, respectivelly 1442.53 kg in lactation VI inarea III. Differences are less than 1% from normal lactation, with small variations from one lactation toanother. These small differences between buffaloes and lactations emphasizes the use of buffaloes forother destinations (traction). The calving interval in buffaloes in this study presents the highest valuesi.e. 485.26 days in lactation VI, area I. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]