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In the 21st century, the diversification of communication and transportation opportunities has not only facilitated regular migration movements but also led to changes in the volume and dimensions of irregular migration. Migrants not only significantly influence the demographic, sociological, and economic structures of the countries they move to but have also become subjects of security concerns. Member countries of the European Union (EU) are targeted by migration movements due to attractive factors such as high living and working conditions, economic prosperity, and governance styles that respect human rights. Claims that migrants threaten the societal security of the EU by affecting its language, religion, cultural values, traditions, and national identities have become frequent topics of discussion in political and academic circles. In this regard, the main aim of the study is to determine whether migration poses a threat to the societal security of the EU or if such a perception exists in EU society. The findings indicate a strong perception in EU society that migration constitutes a threat to societal security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "societal security" concept rooted in Copenhagen's School works currently bears different approaches and uses. Two paradigms of understanding are specific to its employment -- an "identity-based" one and a functional one. While the first see "identity" as a referent object - and societal threats are defined accordingly, the second refers to the ability of a society to function, being thus subject to various threats. The current paper examines how "societal security" is conceptualized in Romania's National Defence Strategy and Hungary's National Security Strategy (documents issued in 2020) aiming to identify as well potential sources of friction resulting from Hungary's extensive use of the concept "Hungarian political nation" -- which includes the Hungarian national minority in Romania. The research builds on the existing knowledge about the conceptualization of societal security in policy documents and academic literature of states in the Baltic Sea Region, where either one or the other meaning is predominant or substituted with associated concepts. The contents of the strategies were qualitatively analyzed through a hybrid coding approach (first deductive and then inductive), using a computer-assisted qualitative data analysis package (MAXQDA) to enhance the validity of the findings. The coding process was based on various definitions given to societal security and its associated concepts in Copenhagen's School understanding, the "Nordic" perspective, and the academic literature of states in the Baltic Sea Region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As Poland is becoming a more attractive destination for immigrants, Polish schools need to develop relevant solutions that can assist the integration of immi-grant students into Polish society. The objective of this study is threefold. Firstly, the paper aims to discuss the role of schools in counteracting threats to societal security resulting from increased migration. Secondly, the study investigates im-migration policy and educational solutions in Poland. Finally, we evaluate educa-tional solutions implemented in schools to facilitate the integration of immigrant children, their safety, as well as discuss the difficulties and advantages resulting from the presence of foreign students in Polish schools. The study shows that schools play a special role in educating young people about societal values, personal safety and societal security. Educational solutions aiming at immigrant integration need to be investigated in the context of multidimensional legislation on immigra-tion. The findings of the quantitative analysis relate to the solutions adopted by Polish schools that assist the integration of foreign students. They also shed light on the problems and benefits of having heterogeneous classes. Most schools in Po-land offer foreign students a number of educational opportunities related to Polish language acquisition, academic performance (e.g. remedial lessons) and social inte-gration. Inability to speak Polish is the greatest problem at schools, which is the root cause of other complex problems, such as foreign students’ falling behind with schoolwork, slower pace of the lesson, and discipline problems.

The complexity and globalisation of migration are normal processes of functioning and evolution of contemporary European society, currently facing the COVID-19 pandemic that will exacerbate existing security risks by imposing on member states and the North Atlantic Alliance important integral decisions related to both the humanitarian crisis of refugees correlated with the provision of public health measures and their economic and social impact on social security. There is a constant evolution of the issue of international migration within the EU, but also a concern for permanent improvement of its legal framework, migration bringing both benefits and costs for the area of freedom, security and justice of the EU. In fact, migration is a fundamental threat to the cohesion and identity of society, the fundamental components of societal security. A concept developed by the "Copenhagen School", migration can be considered the main source of societal insecurity as it can threaten society's identity and change its composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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IN THE CONTEXT OF CURRENT GLOBALIZATION, THE MIGRATION CRISIS RESHAPES THE FUTURE DEVELOPMENT PATH OF MANY LOCAL COMMUNITIES MAINLY BY INFLUENCING SYSTEMATICALLY THE CHARACTERISTICS OF LABOR FORCE, FROM THE PROJECTION OF NATIONAL GROWTH STRATEGIES TO THE INCREASING IMPORTANCE OF SOCIAL ECONOMY. IN THIS CONTEXT MIGRANT WORKERS CAN REPRESENT BOTH A FRESH BREATH OF AIR FOR SUCH ECONOMIES OR A SOURCE OF SOCIAL UNREST FOR THE WHOLE SYSTEM IN THE HOST COUNTRY. EU'S STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK, DERIVED FROM ITS EUROPE 2020 AGENDA, IS ADDRESSING THESE PRIORITIES IN VERY BROAD TERMS, WITHOUT STRUGGLING TO ASSESS THE EFFECTS OF EACH PROGRAM UPON THEIR LOCAL OR REGIONAL BENEFACTORS. OUR AIM IS TO EXPLOIT THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LABOR FORCE REGULATION, SOCIAL INCLUSION AND EDUCATION, IN AN ATTEMPT TO FIND THE BEST REFERENCES IN TERMS OF PREDICTABILITY AND SUSTAINABILITY FOR SUCH MIGRANT WORKERS. IT IS INTERESTING TO WATCH AND ANALYZE HOW EUROPEAN COUNTRIES WILL SUCCEED IN RECONCILING THE NEED FOR WORKFORCE WITH SECURITY POLICIES, REFERRING HERE IN PARTICULAR TO SOCIAL SECURITY POLICIES. IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE SUCCESSFUL INTEGRATION, IT IS IMPORTANT TO INVESTIGATE BOTH THE TOLERANCE OF THE STATE AND ITS CITIZENS REGARDING THIS PHENOMENON, AS WELL AS THE LEVEL OF ACCEPTANCE FROM THE IMMIGRANTS' PERSPECTIVE. THIS PAPER EXAMINES, IN THE FIRST PHASE, THE RELATIONS BETWEEN MIGRANTS AND SECURITY BY TRYING TO PUT IN BALANCE THE BENEFITS OF MIGRANTS FOR THE LABOR MARKET AND THE RISKS, IN PARTICULAR, THE RISKS TO SOCIAL SECURITY. SECONDLY, WE WILL DISCUSS ABOUT SECURING THE PROBLEM OF MIGRANTS BY TRYING TO SEE HOW MEDIA INFLUENCES PUBLIC OPINION AND HOW IT CAN REDUCE TENSIONS AMONG LOCAL COMMUNITIES, THUS ADDRESSING SOCIETAL SECURITY ISSUES. THE ANALYSIS WILL FOCUS MAINLY ON ROMANIAN WORKERS AND THEIR ADAPTING MECHANISMS, AS MEANS OF INTEGRATION WITHIN THE SPANISH AND BRITISH LABOR MARKETS. WHAT ARE THE CRITERIA WHICH DETERMINE A GOOD FUNCTIONING FOR THIS RELATIONSHIP? HOW IS THE PUBLIC OPPINION ACTUALLY FORMED, GIVEN THE INFLUENCE THAT MEDIA CAN HAVE ON THE DECISION-MAKERS, AND WHO HAS MORE LEVERAGE TO BOOST A FUNCTIONAL INTEGRATION SCENARIO FOR SUCH GROUPS? THE PURPOSE IS TO BUILD A COHESIVE SOCIETY IN WHICH PEOPLE ARE EMPOWERED TO ANTICIPATE AND MANAGE CHANGE, AND CAN ACTIVELY PARTICIPATE IN SOCIETY AND ECONOMY. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of migration towards Europe, in idealistic terms shows the soft approach of European mentality, but in practical rapports it demonstrates that mixing and/or dissolving identities can generate an unprecedented phenomenon and societal insecurity. The investigated solution would beneficially reside in shaping the pattern to build a resilient societal ecosystem. Therefore, societal resilience would have to become synonym with the ability to instantly regenerate a system of values. A skeptical approach becomes also useful to acknowledge that under the shadow of unsatisfactory searches, social tensions become more frequent. New policies are forced to call for identity preservation, consisting in multifaceted debates about norms and symbol's roles in our societies. Continuing this pattern, it is noticeable to consider that the most important aspect to follow is to transform the threshold of threat into an area of opportunity at the societal level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The migration is one of the oldest social phenomena, an important security issue. On long term, it can affect important decision regarding racial and ethnic composition of individuals in the society, societal security, employment, culture policy and public policy. Nowadays, the migration dynamics can have a real impact on the important process of decision, but also regarding the geopolitical equation of power. These elements are more relevant and important today, due to the present intense of migration flows. This study aims to emphasize the main concepts of societal security and migration, along with the main risks involved and main possible security and geopolitical consequences of the migration tendencies and evolutions, terrorism, irrendentism or conflicts of immigrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Societal security" is the umbrella term for efforts to cope with modern security threats to society and the concept as such has been formulated to account for the phenomenon of societal identity and cohesion as sources of instability. The analysis of the issue of societal security in the case of the Republic of Moldova reveals the fact that the society has not yet overcome the stage of transition from a crumb of the "Soviet people" with a local specific character to the so-called "society of the Republic of Moldova". In other words, the approach to the issue of societal security in this country is impossible if the essence of the specific character of the transition period in the Republic is not taken into account. The present article is an attempt to outline the factors that obstruct the process of consolidating the Moldovan society taking in consideration the particularity of the process of post-Soviet transition in the Republic of Moldova. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The general concept of the article is based on the theoretical and methological distinction between different types of social problems. From a plurality of disfunctional aspects that are affecting Romanian society, we focused in our analysis on societal insecurities, i.e. those class of social problems that, through the amplitude of the repercussions, endanger the stability of the entire social body. The article is an illustration of three most significant forms of societal insecurity, with consequences preponderantly in the rural side of the country. The main social problems affecting Romanian rural area are not only the problems of Romanian rurality, but a social indicator for the insecurity condition of the entire Romanian society, whose persons, families, professional groups and organisations are constained to build on their own micro strategies for survival in a socio-political environment voided of integrated and coherent development directions. The main conclusion of the article is that Romanian rural communities are the social place with the highest social costs discharging and a significant indicator for the actual state of societal vulnerability of Romania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The societal security theory posits that extreme anti-migrant hostility – such as demands to deport all migrants unconditionally – emerges when host communities see migration as a threat to the survival of their group identity. An alternative interpretation – the immigration security dilemma – attributes extreme hostility to the human tendency to prepare for the worst under uncertainty when central authority weakens. Does extreme intergroup hostility relate more to threats framed in terms of group survival or to those framed in terms of uncertainty about government capacity and migration effects? I investigate this question empirically with the Russian national survey data (2005, N = 680) asking who in Russia supports the deportation of all internal and external migrants, legal and illegal, and their children to their places of origin – an extreme and widespread view that would require forced population movements not seen in the region since Stalin’s Great Terror. In multivariate tests, agreement with the societal security (survival) rhetoric explained about five percent of variation in support for unconditional, wholesale deportation of migrants; agreement with the security dilemma (uncertainty) rhetoric – about 20%. A comparison of attitudes in the same survey to Armenian, Uzbek, Chechen, and Chinese migrants and the association of each ethnic group with different types of security threat further support this finding. Hostility toward ethnic groups viewed as a weak security threat was more diagnostic of public support for wholesale deportation of migrants than hostility toward groups viewed as a strong security threat. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]