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The article performs an analysis of a hot die forging process of producing an elongated forging ended with a joggle in a double system realized on a crank press Masey 1300 t, in open dies, in 3 operations. The thermomechanical model of the forging process considering the changes in the grain size and the forging material recrystallization was elaborated with the use of the calculation packet Qform 7. In the first place, an in-depth analysis of the currently realized forging technology was made, with a special consideration of the temperature changes in the tools as well as in the formed forging. Next, numerical modelling of the process was carried out, as a result of which the following were obtained: correct filling of the tool impressions by the deformed material, the temperature distributions for the forging and the tools, the plastic deformation distributions (considering the thermally activated phenomena), the changes in the grain size and the forging force courses. The results obtained from FEM enable a thorough analysis of the forging process, including: the effect of the deformation time and temperature on the grain size in the forging material, which was confirmed by the microstructure examination results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the results of a comparative analysis performed with respect to the wear of tools used for the extrusion of a clay strand (for ceramic roof tile) made from two materials: steel NC11LV and steel Hardox 600. The aim of the studies was to determine the causes and mechanisms of wear as well as to evaluate the possibility of choosing the optimal material, mostly in respect to its resistance to intensive wear as well as an increase in the operation time. The results of the conducted investigations included: an analysis of the technology, thermovision measurements of the forming process, a macroscopic analysis combined with 3D scanning of the worn tools, ball-on-disc tests of the sliding wear resistance and hardness measurements. The obtained results demonstrated that the tools made of steel NC11LV were much less worn than those made of steel Hardox 600, as the operation time for the NC11LV steel tools was almost three times longer. The results of the ball-on-disc tests showed a similar manner of wear for both materials (with the working temperature of about 50 °C). The higher durability of the tools made from steel NC11LV can be an effect of a slightly lower coefficient of friction in the initial period of operation as well as the presence of hard carbides, which means increased hardness and thus also higher wear resistance at working temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tool life in plastic forming processes is a problem of the utmost importance as it significantly affects the cost of production. Hot forging with hammers and mechanical presses is an example of the technological process in which the load on tools is extremely high and, consequently, the lifetime of tools is short. Considering, additionally, that this applies to large-scale production, from an economic point of view, the key issue will be to extend the tool life, make an accurate prediction of the number of parts that can be forged before the replacement of dies is necessary, and develop a system for quick tool changeover. Initially, however, it is necessary to understand the causes of excessive tool wear, which may lie in phenomena occurring at the level of microstructure. The aim of this article was to outline an example of the coexistence of multiple wear mechanisms in hot forging dies. For the modified chemical composition, the microstructure examinations were performed in selected areas of the tool. The research has revealed the causes of cracks in tools and some irregularities in the preparation of tools for production process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the impact of the drawing method on the microstructure and corrosion resistance of galvanized steel wires. The microstructural tests confirmed that, in the drawing speed range v = 5–20 m/s, the use of hydrodynamic dies creates more favorable conditions for the deformation of the soft zinc coating on the hard steel core. The increase in friction at the wire/die interface in the conventional method, as compared to the hydrodynamic method, contributed to the decrease in coating thickness and the increase in the diffusion layer, and the higher the drawing speed, the greater the differences between the analyzed drawing methods. In the conventional method, while drawing at high speeds v = 20 m/s, there was a two-way diffusion and complete remodeling of the ζ phase in δ1. In the hydrodynamic method, at the speed of 20 m/s, in the analyzed micro-areas, places showing the presence of the ζ phase, partially dispersed in the layer with pure zinc, were observed. A corrosion tests comparison between conventionally and hydrodynamically drawn wires showed an improved behavior of the latter. The greater mass in the surface layer of pure zinc, a substrate for the corrosion product in hydrodynamically drawn wires, reacted, creating insulation from the white corrosion produced. The compressive stresses in the hydrodynamic dies caused by the high pressure of the lubricant on the circumference of the wire closed the microcracks on its surface, which additionally sealed the zinc coating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results of numerical modeling of the forging hot forging process of the yoke type forging used in the steering system realized on the crank press. The main purpose of the analysis was to use computer simulation to analyze and improve the industrial forging process. The thermomechanical model of forging process with deformable tools was developed using the Forge NX 2.0 software. Catia program was used to build models of forging tools. As a result of the modeling obtained, inter alia: temperature distributions and plastic deformations for the forging (taking into account thermally activated phenomena), as well as grain size changes and forging forces. The obtained results allow for a full analysis of the forging process, including: identification of potential forging defects (overlaps) and the influence of time and temperature of deformation on the grain size in the forging material, which in the future may allow using the forging heat for the planned heat treatment and obtaining a specific microstructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results of low cycle fatigue studies of WCLV tool steel aimed at determining the diagrams of low cycle fatigue and verifying them based on the analysis of durability of the selected forging tool. Based on the macro- and microstructural tests as well as numerical modelling of industrial forging processes, the conditions for the implementation of laboratory fatigue tests were determined. The samples underwent periodical uniaxial loading (tension–compression conditions) at four levels of amplitude of total strain (0.5; 0.8; 1.0; 2.0%), at three temperatures (20, 300 and 600 °C), based on the macro- and microstructural tests as well as numerical modelling of industrial forging processes. For the determination of the hysteresis loop based on the obtained fatigue results, the Ramberg–Osgood equation was applied. The fatigue diagrams in the bilogarithmic system were approximated by the Manson–Coffin–Basquin equation, and the diagrams of low cycle fatigue in the ɛ a – N f and σ a – N f system were obtained. The results of the laboratory tests concerning the fatigue strength of WCLV tool steel were preliminarily verified based on the analysis of the punch used to forge a lid forging, exhibiting a good agreement. The performed comparative analysis of the results of the fatigue tests and the numerical analysis combined with the studies of the microstructure revealed the possibility of their application in the aspect of forging tools’ durability as well thermo-mechanical fatigue strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is focused on tools used in the industrial hot forging process of a front wheel forging (eventually-gear wheel) manufactured for the automotive industry. Four different variants were applied for the tools: 2 die inserts were coated with two different hybrid layers (GN + PVD type), i.e. AlCrTiN and AlCrTiSiN, one insert was only nitrided, and one was pad welded, to improve tool durability. The tool wear was analysed and represented by the material degradation on the working surface, based on the 3D scanning and the material growth of the periodically collected forgings. Additionally, the scanned tools were divided into two areas, in which it was found, based on the reliminary analysis, that various degradation mechanisms are predominant. Microstructural and hardness measurements of the analyzed tools were also performed. Based on the results, it was found that, in the central part of the die insert (area A), thermo-mechanical fatigue and wear occurred, while in the area of the bridge insert (area B), only abrasive wear could be observed. For these areas (A and B), the loss of material was determined separately. In area A for the inserts with hybrid layer GN+AlCrTiSiN and gas nitrided, an intensive increase of wear took place, which was not observed for the pad welded and GN+AlCrTiN layer insert, for which, together with the increase of the forging number, a proportional growth of the loss of material occurred. In area B the weakest results were obtained for the insert with GN+AlCrTiSiN layer, while wear of other die inserts grew similar and proportional. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of this paper is to identify defects in forgings in selected die forging processes. The major problem is the formation of underfills due to air pockets between the forging and the tool. In the literature there is no information about modeling of such defects using FEM software, therefore, attempts were made to build numerical simulations of analyzed processes. The high agreement of the numerical modeling results with the results of the macroscopic, microstructural and defectoscopic examinations confirmed the validity of the FEM modeling assumptions and justified the use of such IT tools for the analysis of industrial plastic working processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]