27,453 results on '"Optics"'
Search Results
2. The Field Guide to 3D Printing in Optical Microscopy for Life Sciences.
- Author
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Del Rosario M, Heil HS, Mendes A, Saggiomo V, and Henriques R
- Subjects
- Optics and Photonics, Printing, Three-Dimensional, Biological Science Disciplines, Microscopy
- Abstract
The maker movement has reached the optics labs, empowering researchers to create and modify microscope designs and imaging accessories. 3D printing has a disruptive impact on the field, improving accessibility to fabrication technologies in additive manufacturing. This approach is particularly useful for rapid, low-cost prototyping, allowing unprecedented levels of productivity and accessibility. From inexpensive microscopes for education such as the FlyPi to the highly complex robotic microscope OpenFlexure, 3D printing is paving the way for the democratization of technology, promoting collaborative environments between researchers, as 3D designs are easily shared. This holds the unique possibility of extending the open-access concept from knowledge to technology, allowing researchers everywhere to use and extend model structures. Here, it is presented a review of additive manufacturing applications in optical microscopy for life sciences, guiding the user through this new and exciting technology and providing a starting point to anyone willing to employ this versatile and powerful new tool., (© 2021 The Authors. Advanced Biology published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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3. The construction of high-magnification homemade lenses for a simple microscope: an easy "DIY" tool for biological and interdisciplinary education.
- Author
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Flores DP and Marzullo TC
- Subjects
- Humans, Physics, Schools, Universities, Microscopy, Smartphone
- Abstract
The rise of microscopy in the seventeenth century allowed scientists to discover a new world of microorganisms and achieve great physiological advances. One of the first microscopes of the epoch was Antonie van Leeuwenhoek's microscope, a deceptively simple device that contains a single ball lens housed in a metal plate allowing the observation of samples at up to ×250 magnification. Such magnification was much greater than that achieved by rudimentary compound microscopes of the era, allowing for the discovery of microscopic, single-celled life, an achievement that marked the study of biology up to the nineteenth century. Since Leeuwenhoek's design uses a single ball lens, it is possible to fabricate variations for educational activities in physics and biology university and high school classrooms. A fundamental problem, however, with home-built microscopes is that it is difficult to work with glass. We developed a simple protocol to make ball lenses of glass and gelatin with high magnification that can be done in a university/high school classroom, and we designed an optimized support for focusing and taking photographs with a smartphone. The protocol details a simple, easily accessible, low-cost, and effective tool for the observation of microscopic samples, possible to perform anywhere without the need for a laboratory or complex tools. Our protocol has been implemented in classrooms in Chile to a favorable reception.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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4. Random access parallel microscopy.
- Author
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Ashraf M, Mohanan S, Sim BR, Tam A, Rahemipour K, Brousseau D, Thibault S, Corbett AD, and Bub G
- Subjects
- Animals, Heart anatomy & histology, Microscopy classification, Microscopy instrumentation, Myocardium cytology, Caenorhabditis elegans anatomy & histology, Microscopy methods
- Abstract
We introduce a random-access parallel (RAP) imaging modality that uses a novel design inspired by a Newtonian telescope to image multiple spatially separated samples without moving parts or robotics. This scheme enables near-simultaneous image capture of multiple petri dishes and random-access imaging with sub-millisecond switching times at the full resolution of the camera. This enables the RAP system to capture long-duration records from different samples in parallel, which is not possible using conventional automated microscopes. The system is demonstrated by continuously imaging multiple cardiac monolayer and Caenorhabditis elegans preparations., Competing Interests: MA, SM, BS, AT, KR, DB, ST, AC, GB No competing interests declared, (© 2021, Ashraf et al.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Comprehensive review of surgical microscopes: technology development and medical applications.
- Author
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Ma L and Fei B
- Subjects
- Industrial Development, Neurosurgical Procedures, Tomography, Optical Coherence, Microscopy, Surgery, Computer-Assisted
- Abstract
Significance: Surgical microscopes provide adjustable magnification, bright illumination, and clear visualization of the surgical field and have been increasingly used in operating rooms. State-of-the-art surgical microscopes are integrated with various imaging modalities, such as optical coherence tomography (OCT), fluorescence imaging, and augmented reality (AR) for image-guided surgery., Aim: This comprehensive review is based on the literature of over 500 papers that cover the technology development and applications of surgical microscopy over the past century. The aim of this review is threefold: (i) providing a comprehensive technical overview of surgical microscopes, (ii) providing critical references for microscope selection and system development, and (iii) providing an overview of various medical applications., Approach: More than 500 references were collected and reviewed. A timeline of important milestones during the evolution of surgical microscope is provided in this study. An in-depth technical overview of the optical system, mechanical system, illumination, visualization, and integration with advanced imaging modalities is provided. Various medical applications of surgical microscopes in neurosurgery and spine surgery, ophthalmic surgery, ear-nose-throat (ENT) surgery, endodontics, and plastic and reconstructive surgery are described., Results: Surgical microscopy has been significantly advanced in the technical aspects of high-end optics, bright and shadow-free illumination, stable and flexible mechanical design, and versatile visualization. New imaging modalities, such as hyperspectral imaging, OCT, fluorescence imaging, photoacoustic microscopy, and laser speckle contrast imaging, are being integrated with surgical microscopes. Advanced visualization and AR are being added to surgical microscopes as new features that are changing clinical practices in the operating room., Conclusions: The combination of new imaging technologies and surgical microscopy will enable surgeons to perform challenging procedures and improve surgical outcomes. With advanced visualization and improved ergonomics, the surgical microscope has become a powerful tool in neurosurgery, spinal, ENT, ophthalmic, plastic and reconstructive surgeries.
- Published
- 2021
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6. Light-microscope specimen holder with 3-axis rotation and small-angle control.
- Author
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Iwabuchi S, Koh JY, Wardenburg M, Johnson JD, and Harata NC
- Subjects
- Animals, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Mice, Hippocampus cytology, Microscopy instrumentation, Microscopy, Confocal instrumentation, Neurons cytology
- Abstract
Background: Although recent developments in methodologies for light microscopy have enabled imaging of fine biological structures, such imaging is often accompanied by two types of problems. One is a tilting of the specimen with respect to the x-y plane (i.e. rotation around the x- or y-axis) such that the sample is not perpendicular to the optical z-axis, and the other is rotation around the z-axis that precludes optimal orientations for imaging and experimentation. These rotation problems can cause optical aberrations and hamper imaging experiments, even when the angular difference from the ideal position is small., New Method: In order to correct for these practical issues, we have developed a specimen holder with 3-axis (x-y-z) rotation for an inverted light microscope. This allows for full-range rotations of 2-4° for x-, y-axes, ~24° for z-axis, and a small-angle control of <0.1° for either axis., Results: Using this device, we observed the cultured hippocampal neurons stained by immunofluorescence for a dendritic marker, or the sub-resolution fluorescent beads plated on a glass coverslip. The rotations and associated problems could be manipulated, while viewing the specimens by laser-scanning confocal microscopy., Comparison With Existing Methods: This tilting/rotation device is easily manufactured and installed on a conventional microscope stage without requiring changes to the existing optical components. Similar devices with full capability have not been available., Conclusions: It will be useful for imaging experiments with biomedical applications., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2014
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7. THE INFLUENCE OF LENS IMPERFECTIONS ON IMAGE FORMATION.
- Author
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LENZ F
- Subjects
- Electrons, Lenses, Microscopy, Microscopy, Electron, Optics and Photonics, Physical Phenomena, Physics
- Published
- 1965
8. CONTRAST AND MASS THICKNESS.
- Author
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ZEITLER E and BAHR GF
- Subjects
- Electrons, Microscopy, Microscopy, Electron, Optics and Photonics, Physical Phenomena, Physics
- Published
- 1965
9. [SIMPLE TEST OF THE OPTICS OF THE POLARIZATION MICROSCOPE FOR STRAIN BIREFRINGENCE].
- Author
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MISSMAHL HP
- Subjects
- Birefringence, Coloring Agents, Light, Microscopy, Microscopy, Polarization, Optics and Photonics, Staining and Labeling
- Published
- 1964
10. PRECISION REFRACTOMETRY OF SMALL LENS-SHAPED OBJECTS.
- Author
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MEYER ARENDT JR, SHETTLE EP, and PETERSON HK
- Subjects
- Microscopy, Models, Theoretical, Optics and Photonics, Refractometry, Research
- Published
- 1965
11. DETERMINATION OF THE THIRD DIMENSION OF OBJECTS BY STEREOSCOPY.
- Author
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HELMCKE JG
- Subjects
- Electrons, Equipment and Supplies, Microscopy, Microscopy, Electron, Optics and Photonics
- Published
- 1965
12. A NEW METHOD OF POLARIZATION MICROSCOPIC ANALYSIS. I. SCANNING WITH A BIREFRINGENCE DETECTION SYSTEM.
- Author
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ALLEN RD, BRAULT J, and MOORE RD
- Subjects
- Biophysical Phenomena, Biophysics, Birefringence, Cytoplasm, Electronics, Equipment and Supplies, Lenses, Light, Microscopy, Microscopy, Phase-Contrast, Microscopy, Polarization, Optics and Photonics
- Abstract
A new method of polarized light analysis is described in which a highly sensitive electronic detector specific for birefringence is used to identify the crystalline axes of an object and then measure its phase retardation due to birefringence. The microscopic system employed in the method consists of an electronic birefringence detection system (BDS), a microscope with strain-free lenses, and a driven stage for passing the specimen at appropriate velocities across the image of an aperture placed at the field stop and imaged in the specimen plane by the condenser. The detector registers retardations directly as voltage at a constant deflection sensitivity of ca. 1.1 v per angstrom unit over a range of 120 angstrom units. The basal rms noise level is 0.002 A for a spot 36 micro in diameter formed by a 95 x, N. A. 1.25 objective pair, and increases in proportion to the reciprocal of the diameter of the scanning spot. The increase in noise with high resolution scanning can be offset by increasing the instrumental time constant, which is adjustable in decades between 0.004 and 0.4 seconds. A number of difficult problems in high extinction polarization microscopy are avoided by the use of modulated light and a rapid electronic detector. For example: (a) The measured distribution of birefringence is unaffected by the usual diffraction anomaly; therefore polarization rectifiers are not required. (b) The detector is selective for birefringence, so that there is no problem in separating contrast due to different optical properties (e.g. dichroism, light scattering). (c) The speed and sensitivity are both increased by between one and two orders of magnitude over that attainable by visual or photographic methods, thereby rendering a vast number of weakly birefringent, light-scattering, and motile objects readily analyzable for the first time with polarized light.
- Published
- 1963
- Full Text
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13. THE USE OF ANAMORPHIC OPTICAL SYSTEMS IN CINEMICROGRAPHY.
- Author
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BURTON AL
- Subjects
- Blood Cells, Eukaryota, Microscopy, Motion Pictures, Optical Devices, Optics and Photonics, Photomicrography, Tissue Culture Techniques
- Published
- 1963
14. THE DETERMINATION OF MAGNIFICATION IN THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE. I. INSTRUMENTAL FACTORS INFLUENCING THE ESTIMATE OF MAGNIFICATION.
- Author
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REISNER JH
- Subjects
- Electrons, Lenses, Microscopy, Microscopy, Electron, Optics and Photonics
- Published
- 1965
15. AN OPTICAL METHOD FOR THE ANALYSIS OF PERIODICITIES IN ELECTRON MICROGRAPHS, AND SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE MECHANISM OF NEGATIVE STAINING.
- Author
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KLUG A and BERGER JE
- Subjects
- Catalase, Coloring Agents, Crystallography, Electrons, Microscopy, Microscopy, Electron, Muscle Proteins, Negative Staining, Optics and Photonics, Photomicrography, Research, Staining and Labeling, Tobacco Mosaic Virus
- Published
- 1964
- Full Text
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16. THE STRUCTURE OF THE "POLYHEADS" OF T4 BACTERIOPHAGE.
- Author
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FINCH JT, KLUG A, and STRETTON AO
- Subjects
- Bacteriophage T4, Biophysical Phenomena, Biophysics, Coliphages, Electrons, Microscopy, Microscopy, Electron, Optics and Photonics, Research
- Published
- 1964
- Full Text
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17. IMAGE FORMATION AS A PROBLEM OF WAVE THEORY.
- Author
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SCHERZER O
- Subjects
- Electrons, Microscopy, Microscopy, Electron, Optics and Photonics, Physical Phenomena, Physics
- Published
- 1965
18. INFORMATION THEORY IN ELECTRON MICROSCOPY.
- Author
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GABOR D
- Subjects
- Electrons, Information Theory, Microscopy, Microscopy, Electron, Optics and Photonics
- Published
- 1965
19. A POLARIZATION INTERFEROMETER FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF TRANSFER FUNCTIONS.
- Author
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STEEL WH
- Subjects
- Equipment and Supplies, Interferometry, Microscopy, Optics and Photonics
- Published
- 1964
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF ELECTRON MICROGRAPHS OF SOME THIN TISSUE SECTIONS AND PARTICULATE ASSEMBLIES.
- Author
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BURGE RE and DRAPER JC
- Subjects
- Electrons, Microscopy, Microscopy, Electron, Optics and Photonics, Photomicrography, Pseudomonas, Salmonella
- Published
- 1965
21. EFFECTS OF LASER RADIATION ON SUBCELLULAR COMPONENTS.
- Author
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MALT RA
- Subjects
- Humans, Lasers, Micromanipulation, Microscopy, Optics and Photonics, Radiation Effects
- Published
- 1965
22. THE MEASUREMENT OF DIMENSIONS IN THE IMAGE PLANE OF THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE.
- Author
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HIGHTON PJ
- Subjects
- Electrons, Microscopy, Microscopy, Electron, Optics and Photonics, Photomicrography
- Published
- 1965
23. THE ROLE OF ACCELERATION VOLTAGE IN IMAGE FORMATION.
- Author
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VANDORSTEN AC
- Subjects
- Electrons, Microscopy, Microscopy, Electron, Optics and Photonics, Physical Phenomena, Physics
- Published
- 1965
24. DETECTION OF EXTRATERRESTRIAL LIFE--A REVIEW OF THE STATE OF THE ART.
- Author
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SALL T
- Subjects
- Humans, Biochemical Phenomena, Biochemistry, Biology, Chromatography, Equipment and Supplies, Exobiology, Extraterrestrial Environment, Microscopy, Optics and Photonics, Photometry, Radioisotopes, Spectrophotometry
- Published
- 1964
- Full Text
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25. Centering of optical systems.
- Author
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INGALLS AL and PESTRECOV K
- Subjects
- Microscopy methods, Optical Devices, Optics and Photonics
- Published
- 1948
- Full Text
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26. [Optical diffractometers].
- Author
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CARLSTROM D
- Subjects
- Equipment and Supplies, Microscopy supply & distribution, Optics and Photonics
- Published
- 1960
27. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF IMAGE FORMATION.
- Author
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MARTON LL
- Subjects
- Electrons, History, Microscopy, Microscopy, Electron, Optics and Photonics
- Published
- 1965
28. THE HYPODERMIC MICROSCOPE: A NEW INSTRUMENT FOR THE OBSERVATION OF LIVING TISSUE AT DEPTH.
- Author
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LONG C, GREENFIELD S, and IMAMURA T
- Subjects
- Rats, Blood Circulation, Blood Vessels, Capillaries, Cardiovascular System, Equipment and Supplies, Microscopy, Optics and Photonics, Research
- Published
- 1965
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. A-scan fluorescence microscopy for rapid cross-sectional imaging.
- Author
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Kumar, Varun, Tian, Yao, Becker, David L., and Liu, Quan
- Subjects
- *
MICROSCOPY , *OPTICAL coherence tomography , *FLUORESCENCE microscopy , *ULTRASONIC imaging , *OPTICS - Abstract
This paper presents a microscopy technique that can perform snapshot depth resolved optical imaging in the same manner as A-scan in ultrasound imaging and optical coherence tomography. In this technique, a laser line along the axial dimension is used to illuminate a sample to create a fluorescent line object. By transforming the line object along the axial dimension (Z) to a ring image on the lateral dimensions (X-Y) using a full cone mirror, common optics can be used to relay and acquire the ring image precisely. Then, by converting half of the ring image back to a line image using a half cone mirror, the opening side of the half cone mirror allows the line image, which contains the full depth resolved information of the line object, to be taken in one snapshot. This eliminates the requirement of axial scanning in traditional depth resolved imaging techniques such as confocal microscopy to obtain the same information. The technique is demonstrated by imaging fluorescent microspheres of different diameters. This technique offers a simple alternative to traditional depth resolved imaging techniques such as confocal microscopy and light sheet microscopy. It is particularly useful in imaging samples with multiple layers in which multiple A-scans or a few B-scans are sufficient to represent the entire sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. A Simple Doublet Lens Design for Mid-Infrared Imaging.
- Author
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Nelmark, Claire E. and Serrano, Arnaldo L.
- Subjects
- *
IMAGING systems in chemistry , *ACHROMATISM , *LIGHT absorption , *CHEMICAL systems , *SPATIAL resolution , *MICROSCOPY - Abstract
Wide-field mid-infrared (MIR) hyperspectral imaging offers a promising approach for studying heterogeneous chemical systems due to its ability to independently characterize the molecular properties of different regions of a sample. However, applications of wide-field MIR microscopy are limited to spatial resolutions no better than ∼1 μm. While methods exist to overcome the classical diffraction limit of ∼λ/2, chromatic aberration from transmissive imaging reduces the achievable resolution. Here we describe the design and implementation of a simple MIR achromatic lens combination that we believe will aid in the development of resolution-enhanced wide-field MIR hyperspectral optical and chemical absorption imaging. We also examine the use of this doublet lens to image through polystyrene microspheres, an emerging and simple means for enhancing spatial resolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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31. Scanning quantum correlation microscopy with few emitters.
- Author
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Vasquez-Lozano, Jaret J, Li, Shuo, and Greentree, Andrew D
- Subjects
- *
QUANTUM correlations , *OPTICAL information processing , *AKAIKE information criterion , *MICROSCOPY , *OPTICAL diffraction , *NEAR-field microscopy - Abstract
Optical superresolution microscopy is an important field, where nonlinear optical processes or prior information is used to defeat the classical diffraction limit of light. Quantum correlation microscopy uses photon arrival statistics from single photon emitters to aid in the determination of properties including the number of emitters and their relative brightness. Here we model quantum correlation microscopy in the few emitter regime, i.e. around four single photon emitters below the diffraction limit. We use the Akaike Information Criterion to determine the number of emitters and we vary the relative contributions of intensity to quantum correlation information to determine contribution that provides optimal imaging. Our results show diffraction unlimited performance and a change in localisation scaling behaviour dependent on emitter closeness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. A customizable digital holographic microscope
- Author
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Claudia Ravasio, Luca Teruzzi, Mirko Siano, Llorenç Cremonesi, Bruno Paroli, and Marco A.C. Potenza
- Subjects
Digital holography ,Optics ,Microscopy ,Mineral dust ,Ice cores ,Science (General) ,Q1-390 - Abstract
We propose a compact, portable, and low-cost holographic microscope designed for the characterization of micrometric particles suspended in a liquid. This system is built around a commercial optical microscope by substituting its illumination source (a light-emitting diode) with a collimated laser beam. Similarly, a quartz flow cell replaces the microscope glass slide using a 3D-printed custom mount. With the hardware presented in this paper, the holographic imaging of the electromagnetic fields emitted by the particles that intercept the laser beam achieves a resolution close to that of optical microscopes but with a greater depth of field. Several morphological and optical features can be extracted from the holograms, including particle projected section, aspect ratio, and extinction cross-section. Additionally, we introduce a remote system control that enables users to process the acquired holograms on a remote computational device. This work provides a comprehensive description of the methodology of image processing in holographic microscopy and a series of validation measurements conducted using calibrated particles. This technique is suitable for the characterization of airborne particles found in snow, firn, and ice; here we report experimental results obtained from Alpine ice cores.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Tissue harvest with a laser microbiopsy
- Author
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King, Jason B, Katta, Nitesh, Parekh, Sapun H, Milner, Thomas E, and Tunnell, James W
- Subjects
Engineering ,Biomedical Engineering ,Bioengineering ,Animals ,Biopsy ,Lasers ,Solid-State ,Microscopy ,Confocal ,Swine ,laser ablation ,microbiopsy ,minimally invasive ,virtual hematoxylin and eosin ,Optical Physics ,Opthalmology and Optometry ,Optics ,Ophthalmology and optometry ,Biomedical engineering ,Atomic ,molecular and optical physics - Abstract
SignificanceTraditional pathology workflow suffers from limitations including biopsy invasiveness, small fraction of large tissue samples being analyzed, and complex and time-consuming processing.AimWe address limitations of conventional pathology workflow through development of a laser microbiopsy device for minimally invasive harvest of sub-microliter tissue volumes. Laser microbiopsy combined with rapid diagnostic methods, such as virtual hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) imaging has potential to provide rapid minimally invasive tissue diagnosis.ApproachLaser microbiopsies were harvested using an annular shaped Ho:YAG laser beam focused onto the tissue surface. As the annulus was ablated, the tissue section in the center of the annulus was ejected and collected directly onto a glass slide for analysis. Cryogen spray cooling was used before and after laser harvest to limit thermal damage. Microbiopsies were collected from porcine skin and kidney. Harvested microbiopsies were imaged with confocal microscopy and digitally false colored to provide virtual H&E images.ResultsMicrobiopsies were successfully harvested from porcine skin and kidney. Computational and experimental results show the benefit of cryogen pre- and post-cooling to limit thermal damage. Virtual H&E images of microbiopsies retained observable cellular features including cell nuclei.ConclusionsLaser microbiopsy with virtual H&E imaging shows promise as a potential rapid and minimally invasive tool for biopsy and diagnosis.
- Published
- 2022
34. Recent developments in biomedical applications of metasurface optics.
- Author
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Chu, Cheng Hung, Vyas, Sunil, Luo, Yuan, Yang, Pan-Chyr, and Tsai, Din Ping
- Subjects
OPTICS ,OPTICAL control ,LASER beams ,FLUORESCENCE microscopy ,MICROSCOPY - Abstract
Metasurfaces have attracted considerable attention because of their unique optical capabilities to control the fundamental properties of light, such as amplitude, phase, and polarization. The flat nature of metasurfaces can help reduce the complexities and bulk of conventional optical systems. After a decade of rapid progress, metasurfaces are close to maturity and have found their role in various optical applications. This review emphasizes the significant advancements and emerging applications of metasurfaces in biomedical optics, particularly focusing on beam shaping for laser treatments, light-sheet fluorescence microscopy, HiLo microscopy, and optical trapping. Looking forward, we discuss foreseeable challenges for integrating metasurfaces into biomedical, preclinical, and clinical systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Simulated fine-needle aspiration diagnosis of follicular thyroid nodules by hyperspectral Raman microscopy and chemometric analysis
- Author
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de Oliveira, Marcos A Soares, Campbell, Michael, Afify, Alaa M, Huang, Eric C, and Chan, James W
- Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Clinical Sciences ,Prevention ,Cancer ,Biopsy ,Fine-Needle ,Chemometrics ,Humans ,Microscopy ,Thyroid Neoplasms ,Thyroid Nodule ,hyperspectral Raman imaging ,Raman spectroscopy ,chemometric analysis ,follicular thyroid neoplasm ,thyroid cancer ,Optical Physics ,Biomedical Engineering ,Opthalmology and Optometry ,Optics ,Ophthalmology and optometry ,Biomedical engineering ,Atomic ,molecular and optical physics - Abstract
SignificanceFollicular thyroid carcinoma carries a substantially poor prognosis due to its unique biological behavior and less favorable outcomes. In particular, fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsies, which play a key role in screening thyroid nodules, cannot differentiate benign from malignant follicular neoplasm.AimWe report on the use of hyperspectral Raman microscopy in combination with chemometric analysis for identifying and classifying single cells obtained from clinical samples of human follicular thyroid neoplasms.ApproachWe used a method intended to simulate the FNA procedure to obtain single cells from thyroid nodules. A total of 392 hyperspectral Raman images of single cells from follicular thyroid neoplasms were collected.ResultsMalignant cells were identified based on their intrinsic Raman spectral signatures with an overall diagnostic accuracy of up to 83.7%.ConclusionsOur findings indicate that hyperspectral Raman microscopy can potentially be developed into an ancillary test for analyzing single cells from thyroid FNA biopsies to better stratify "indeterminate" nodules and other cytologically challenging cases.
- Published
- 2022
36. Integration of high-resolution imaging through scattering medium into a disposable micro-endoscope via projection of 2D spots-array.
- Author
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Elkabetz, Shimon, Herman, Oran, Meiri, Amihai, Shahmoon, Asaf, and Zalevsky, Zeev
- Subjects
- *
PULSED lasers , *BACKSCATTERING , *OPTICS , *MICROSCOPY - Abstract
The objective of this research includes integration of high-resolution imaging through scattering medium, such as blood, into a disposable micro-endoscope. A fiber laser integrated into the micro-endoscope as part of its illumination channel, allows to project a tunable array of spots of light onto an object, that is located behind the scattering medium. We have a laser fiber as part of the illumination channel of a disposable micro-endoscope. By using proper optics, we convert the temporal modulation of the laser into spatial distribution. Thus, the result is generation of spatial spots when using a pulsed laser. The detection channel is a holographic recording of the collected back scattered light, that allows extraction of the electrical field. By time integrating the field we obtain the realization of the spatial array of illumination spots formed on top of the inspected object and behind the scattering medium. By changing the temporal modulation of the illumination laser (changing its temporal photonic signals), we can tune the positions of the spots in the illumination array. If the distance between the projected spots is larger than the imaging resolution, then by applying localization microscopy algorithms together with scanning of the position of the spots in the array, will yield a high-resolution reconstruction of the inspected object. We theoretically and experimentally demonstrate the discussed operation principle and show the potential of the proposed concept as a modality in medical endoscopic procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Optical Revolution with Sustainable Energy Framework
- Author
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Nigam, Ravi, Kar, Kamal K., Hull, Robert, Series Editor, Jagadish, Chennupati, Series Editor, Kawazoe, Yoshiyuki, Series Editor, Kruzic, Jamie, Series Editor, Osgood jr., Richard, Series Editor, Parisi, Jürgen, Series Editor, Pohl, Udo W., Series Editor, Seong, Tae-Yeon, Series Editor, Uchida, Shin-ichi, Series Editor, Wang, Zhiming M., Series Editor, and Kar, Kamal K., editor
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Learning flat optics for extended depth of field microscopy imaging.
- Author
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Atalay Appak, Ipek Anil, Sahin, Erdem, Guillemot, Christine, and Caglayan, Humeyra
- Subjects
MICROSCOPY ,OPTICS ,FOURIER transform optics ,LIGHT scattering ,ADAPTIVE optics - Abstract
Conventional microscopy systems have limited depth of field, which often necessitates depth scanning techniques hindered by light scattering. Various techniques have been developed to address this challenge, but they have limited extended depth of field (EDOF) capabilities. To overcome this challenge, this study proposes an end-to-end optimization framework for building a computational EDOF microscope that combines a 4f microscopy optical setup incorporating learned optics at the Fourier plane and a post-processing deblurring neural network. Utilizing the end-to-end differentiable model, we present a systematic design methodology for computational EDOF microscopy based on the specific visualization requirements of the sample under examination. In particular, we demonstrate that the metasurface optics provides key advantages for extreme EDOF imaging conditions, where the extended DOF range is well beyond what is demonstrated in state of the art, achieving superior EDOF performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Coherent Raman scattering microscopy: capable solution in search of a larger audience
- Author
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Prince, Richard C and Potma, Eric O
- Subjects
Atomic ,Molecular and Optical Physics ,Physical Sciences ,Bioengineering ,Microscopy ,Optical Imaging ,Spectrum Analysis ,Raman ,coherent Raman scattering microscopy ,lipid metabolism ,optical imaging ,Optical Physics ,Biomedical Engineering ,Opthalmology and Optometry ,Optics ,Ophthalmology and optometry ,Biomedical engineering ,Atomic ,molecular and optical physics - Abstract
Coherent Raman scattering (CRS) microscopy is an optical imaging technique with capabilities that could benefit a broad range of biomedical research studies. We reflect on the birth, rapid rise, and inescapable growing pains of the technique and look back on nearly four decades of developments to examine where the CRS imaging approach might be headed in the next decade to come. We provide a brief historical account of CRS microscopy, followed by a discussion of the challenges to disseminate the technique to a larger audience. We then highlight recent progress in expanding the capabilities of the CRS microscope and assess its current appeal as a practical imaging tool. New developments in Raman tagging have improved the specificity and sensitivity of the CRS technique. In addition, technical advances have led to CRS microscopes that can capture hyperspectral data cubes at practical acquisition times. These improvements have broadened the application space of the technique. The technical performance of the CRS microscope has improved dramatically since its inception, but these advances have not yet translated into a substantial user base beyond a strong core of enthusiasts. Nonetheless, new developments are poised to move the unique capabilities of the technique into the hands of more users.
- Published
- 2021
40. Optical activity and linear electrooptic response in the paraelectric subphase of an achiral ferroelectric nematic compound.
- Author
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Yadav, Neelam, Panarin, Yuri P., Vij, Jagdish K., Jiang, Wanhe, and Mehl, Georg H.
- Subjects
- *
FERROELECTRIC polymers , *MICROSCOPY , *CELL anatomy , *SURFACE interactions , *ELECTRIC fields , *POLYMER liquid crystals , *OPTICAL rotation , *OPTICS , *PHASE transitions - Abstract
Polarizing optical microscopy and electro optics are used to study a compound with constituent non-chiral molecules, DIO, known to exhibit three nematic phases, namely N, Nx and ferronematic NF. N is found to be a conventional nematic but shows two additional unusual features: the presence of optically active domains and a linear electro optic response to the applied signal. The optical activity is explained by a segregation of the stable helical conformers of the opposite sense; these preferring to form domains with an optical rotation of ±4°/μm. This is the first example of helical segregation observed in non-chiral molecules in the high temperature nematic phase. Unlike the ordinary nematic liquid crystalline material, this compound shows a linear electro optical response to the applied electric field, thereby confirming the polar nature of this phase. NF is the ferroelectric nematic as reported previously. The strong polar azimuthal surface interaction energy in the NF phase stabilises a homogeneous structure in planar-aligned cells that are rubbed parallel and gives a twisted structure in cells rubbed antiparallel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Step-Index (Semi-Immersed) Model for Photonic Nanojet and Experimental Characterization via Near-Field Optical Microscopy with Microcylinder.
- Author
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Elbaz, Tal, Chauhan, Ankit, Halstuch, Aviran, Shalev, Gil, and Karabchevsky, Alina
- Subjects
- *
MICROSCOPY , *HIGH resolution imaging , *REFRACTIVE index , *SILICA fibers , *OPTICS , *NEAR-field microscopy - Abstract
Experimental limitations such as design complexity and low optical throughput have prevented photonic nanojet (PNJ) and photonic hook (PH) measurements from demonstrating and characterizing the implementation of narrow intense electromagnetic beams generated from dielectric microelements with circular symmetry. Near-fields optical microscopy can mitigate these limitations and still present a capability of detecting a highly localized electromagnetic beam for applications in step-index media. Here we model a localized PNJ and PH formation in step-index media. We show that despite negligible refractive index contrast between the water ( n w a t e r = 1.33 ) and silica microcylinder (∼1.1), a formation of PNJ and PH is observed with equivalent performance compared to that of silica microcylinder embedded in air ( n a i r = 1 ). This model features a practical fiber source and silica microcylinder as an auxiliary structure. Simultaneously, we performed experimental characterization of a photonic nanojet generated from an optical fiber and studied the resulting near-fields. Our electromagnetic simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental ones, demonstrating a full width at half maximum (FHWM) with a relative error of 0.64%. This system will make fiber-based nanojet realization and characterization accessible and practical for optics and laser engineering applications, super-resolution imaging, and nanolithography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Functionalized erythrocyte-derived optical nanoparticles to target ephrin-B2 ligands
- Author
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Hanley, Taylor, Yin, Rong, Mac, Jenny T, Tan, Wenbin, and Anvari, Bahman
- Subjects
Medical Biotechnology ,Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Bioengineering ,Nanotechnology ,Animals ,Biomarkers ,Cattle ,Dose-Response Relationship ,Drug ,Endothelial Cells ,Ephrin-B2 ,Erythrocytes ,Humans ,Ligands ,Light ,Microcirculation ,Microscopy ,Fluorescence ,Nanoparticles ,Optics and Photonics ,Phototherapy ,Port-Wine Stain ,Protein Binding ,Protein Domains ,Scattering ,Radiation ,Skin ,Spectroscopy ,Near-Infrared ,Transducers ,Transfection ,Eph receptors ,nanomaterials ,near infrared fluorescence imaging ,port wine stains ,red blood cells ,Optical Physics ,Biomedical Engineering ,Opthalmology and Optometry ,Optics ,Ophthalmology and optometry ,Biomedical engineering ,Atomic ,molecular and optical physics - Abstract
Over- or under-expression of erythropoietin-production human hepatocellular receptors (Eph) and their ligands are associated with various diseases. Therefore, these molecular biomarkers can potentially be used as binding targets for the delivery of therapeutic and/or imaging agents to cells characterized by such irregular expressions. We have engineered nanoparticles derived from erythrocytes and doped with the near-infrared (NIR) FDA-approved dye, indocyanine green. We refer to these nanoparticles as NIR erythrocyte-derived transducers (NETs). We functionalized the NETs with the ligand-binding domain of a particular Eph receptor, EphB1, to target the genetically modified human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (hDMVECs) with coexpression of EphB1 receptor and its ligand ephrin-B2. This cell model mimics the pathological phenotypes of lesional endothelial cells (ECs) in port wine stains (PWSs). Our quantitative fluorescence imaging results demonstrate that such functionalized NETs bind to the ephrin-B2 ligands on these hDMVECs in a dose-dependent manner that varies sigmoidally with the number density of the particles. These nanoparticles may potentially serve as agents to target PWS lesional ECs and other diseases characterized with over-expression of Eph receptors or their associated ligands to mediate phototherapy.
- Published
- 2019
43. Macroscopic and histological examination of human bridging veins.
- Author
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Cheshire, Emma C., Harris, Neil C., Malcomson, Roger D.G., Amoroso, Jasmin M., Moreton, Janine E., and Biggs, Mike J.P.
- Subjects
- *
MACROSCOPIC films , *HISTOLOGY , *HEAD injuries , *MICROSCOPY , *OPTICS - Abstract
In infantile abusive head injury (AHT), subdural haemorrhage (SDH) is commonly held to result from traumatic damage to bridging veins traversing from the surface of the brain to the dura and dural venous sinuses. However, there are limited published radiological or autopsy demonstrations of ruptured bridging veins and several authors also assert that bridging veins are too large to rupture due to the forces associated with AHT. There have been several studies on the size, locations and numbers of adult bridging veins and there is one small study of infant bridging veins. However, there are no microscopic studies of infant bridging veins and only a select few ultrastructural investigations of adult bridging veins. Hitherto, it has been assumed that bridging veins from infants and younger children will display the same anatomical characteristics as those in adulthood. At 19 neonatal, infant and young child post-mortem examinations, we macroscopically examined and sampled bridging veins for microscopy. We compared the histology of those samples with bridging veins from an older child and two adults. We demonstrate that adult bridging veins are usually surrounded by supportive meningeal tissue that appears to be lacking or minimally present around the bridging veins of younger children. Neonatal, infant and young children's veins had a free 'bridging' section. Neonatal and infant bridging veins had smaller diameter ranges and thinner walls (some only 5–7 µm) than those seen in older children and adults. Bridging vein walls contained both fine strands of elastic fibers and a more pronounced elastic lamina. The presence of an elastic lamina occurred more frequently in the older age groups These anatomical differences between the veins of adults and young children may help to explain apparent increased vulnerability of neonatal/infant bridging veins to the forces associated with a shaking-type traumatic event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Phase retrieval from integrated intensity of auto-convolution.
- Author
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Rosen, Dan, Scarbrough, Daniel, Squier, Jeff, and Wakin, Michael B.
- Subjects
- *
LASER pulses , *THRESHOLDING algorithms , *MATHEMATICAL optimization , *OPTICS , *MICROSCOPY , *SIGNALS & signaling - Abstract
Ultra-fast optical pulses are the most ephemeral sensing paradigm ever devised, examining events over incredibly brief timescales with broadband illumination. A consequence of sensing at timescales lower than a picosecond is that pulse characterization cannot be done with traditional analog-to-digital samplers and must be ascertained from integrating intensity sensors. Techniques for pulse characterization have been constructed using combinations of time-invariant and time-variant filter responses to create non-linear but invertible intensity datasets (Walmsley & Dorrer, 2009). In this paper, we develop a novel high-order phase retrieval technique to perform pulse characterization from a single-pixel integrating sensor measuring integrated intensity of auto-convolution (IIAC). We examine gradient descent's ability to recover signals as a function of signal dimension and measurement count, and we demonstrate the effective use of iterative hard tensor thresholding as an initializer. Finally, we demonstrate IIAC recovery in a laboratory setting to recover the time profile of a complex laser pulse. We assert that the IIAC recovery solution demonstrated here simultaneously provides the optics community with a pulse characterization technique that scales to low-power microscopy systems and provides the optimization community with a physically motivated high-order phase retrieval problem enhanced by low-rank tensor processing. • Ultrafast pulse characterization is built largely on auto-correlation datasets. • Tensor iterative hard thresholding and gradient techniques demonstrate algorithmic superiority. • These methods are applied to a condensed measurement not previously studied in optics or optimization. • New measurement type relieves requirement in optical systems for spectral or 2D sensor. • Wirtinger gradient descent and tensor IHT are used to effectively invert new data type in simulation and lab data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Methods for optical microscopy beyond conventional limits
- Author
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Manton, James and Rees, Eric
- Subjects
660.6 ,microscopy ,optics ,fluorescence ,imaging ,light sheet microscopy ,structured illumination microscopy ,localisation microscopy - Abstract
Optical microscopy seeks to produce accurate and precise enlarged images of an object. It is highly desirable, particularly in live-cell biological microscopy, that the observation process does not perturb the structure, nor interfere with the dynamics, of the sample. These requirements are at odds with the fact that increased resolution necessarily entails a larger light dose. This thesis proposes methods for increasing the resolution of fluorescence microscopy beyond that of the widely employed confocal microscopy while reducing photodamage and phototoxicity. Measurements of the structures of fluorescent shells with 10 nm precision, derived from conventional wide-field micrographs and a quantitative image analysis routine, are presented and used to study bacterial spore coats. A design for a light sheet microscope capable of isotropic super-resolution is proposed and shown to be capable, in simulations, of 120 nm lateral and 190 nm axial resolution while maintaining the benefits of low intensity illumination and conventional sample mounting. An investigation into the possibility of further doubling the axial resolution of three-dimensional structured illumination microscopy (SIM) via a simple modification to the illumination system, and no need for interferometric detection, is described. Work on modifying a total internal reflection SIM instrument into one capable of optical sectioning SIM is presented, with the suitability of the converted system for investigations into HSV-1 viral particle assembly detailed. Finally, a modified instrumental design to further improve optical sectioning and axial resolution is proposed.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Digital Information Methods of Polarization, Mueller-Matrix and Fluorescent Microscopy : Differential Diagnosis of Aseptic and Septic Loosening of Artificial Hip Endoprosthesis Cups
- Author
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V. L. Vasyuk, Andriy V. Kalashnikov, Victor V. Protsyuk, Yu. A. Ushenko, Alexander V. Dubolazov, A. G. Ushenko, Jun Zheng, V. L. Vasyuk, Andriy V. Kalashnikov, Victor V. Protsyuk, Yu. A. Ushenko, Alexander V. Dubolazov, A. G. Ushenko, and Jun Zheng
- Subjects
- Optics, Microscopy, Signal processing, Numerical analysis, Biomedical engineering, Medical physics
- Abstract
This book highlights the effectiveness of differential diagnosis in the degree of severity of joint pathology from a clinical, biophysical, and informational point of view. It includes the following information blocks: • Two-dimensional digital polarization microscopy of polycrystalline films of synovial fluid and determination of the coordinate distributions of the orientation and phase parameters of the microscopic image from a set of parameters of the Stokes vector. • Mueller-matrix mapping of polycrystalline films of synovial fluid and determination of a set of coordinate distributions (Mueller-matrix images (MMI)) of azimuthal-invariant elements that characterize manifestations of optical activity and linear birefringence. • Development of algorithms for polarization reproduction of distributions of linear and circular birefringence of polycrystalline films of synovial fluid. • Identification of digital statistical, correlation and wavelet criteria of polarization and Mueller-matrix differential diagnosis of the degree of severity of joint pathology. • Determination of maps of laser-induced fluorescence of synovial fluid polycrystalline films. • Identification of statistical and correlational criteria for fluorescent differential diagnosis of the degree of severity of joint pathology. • Operational characteristics of the power of the methods of azimuth-invariant polarization, Mueller-matrix and laser autofluorescence microscopy of polycrystalline films of synovial fluid.
- Published
- 2023
47. Noninvasive assessment of skin structure by combined photothermal radiometry and optical spectroscopy: coregistration with multiphoton microscopy.
- Author
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Verdel, Nina, Lentsch, Griffin, Balu, Mihaela, Tromberg, Bruce J, and Majaron, Boris
- Subjects
Atomic ,Molecular and Optical Physics ,Physical Sciences ,Bioengineering ,Skin ,Humans ,Light ,Male ,Microscopy ,Fluorescence ,Multiphoton ,Middle Aged ,Radiometry ,Signal Processing ,Computer-Assisted ,Spectrum Analysis ,Temperature ,Optical Physics ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Mechanical Engineering ,Optics ,Electrical engineering ,Atomic ,molecular and optical physics - Abstract
We are combining two optical techniques, pulsed photothermal radiometry (PPTR) and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), for noninvasive assessment of the structure and composition of human skin in vivo. The analysis involves simultaneous multidimensional fitting of the measured PPTR signals and DRS spectra with predictions of a numerical model of light transport (Monte Carlo) in a four-layer model optical model of human skin, accounting for the epidermis, papillary and reticular dermis, and subcutis. The assessed epidermal thickness values were tested by coregistration with a multiphoton microscope, which provides vertical sectioning capability based on two-photon excited fluorescence and second-harmonic generation in selected skin components. The comparison shows that these values correspond well to the maximal epidermal thicknesses measured in the multiphoton microscopy images, the rete ridges.
- Published
- 2018
48. Three-photon fluorescence microscopy with an axially elongated Bessel focus.
- Author
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Rodríguez, Cristina, Liang, Yajie, Lu, Rongwen, and Ji, Na
- Subjects
Atomic ,Molecular and Optical Physics ,Physical Sciences ,Neurosciences ,Biomedical Imaging ,Bioengineering ,Neurological ,Animals ,Brain ,Computer Simulation ,Electromagnetic Radiation ,Equipment Design ,Fourier Analysis ,Image Processing ,Computer-Assisted ,Imaging ,Three-Dimensional ,Light ,Mice ,Micromanipulation ,Microscopy ,Microscopy ,Fluorescence ,Multiphoton ,Optical Physics ,Quantum Physics ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Optics ,Communications engineering ,Electronics ,sensors and digital hardware ,Atomic ,molecular and optical physics - Abstract
Volumetric imaging tools that are simple to adopt, flexible, and robust are in high demand in the field of neuroscience, where the ability to image neurons and their networks with high spatiotemporal resolution is essential. Using an axially elongated focus approximating a Bessel beam, in combination with two-photon fluorescence microscopy, has proven successful at such an endeavor. Here, we demonstrate three-photon fluorescence imaging with an axially extended Bessel focus. We use an axicon-based module that allowed for the generation of Bessel foci of varying numerical apertures and axial lengths, and apply this volumetric imaging tool to image mouse brain slices and for in vivo imaging of the mouse brain.
- Published
- 2018
49. Visible light optical coherence microscopy of the brain with isotropic femtoliter resolution in vivo.
- Author
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Merkle, Conrad William, Chong, Shau Poh, Kho, Aaron Michael, Zhu, Jun, Dubra, Alfredo, and Srinivasan, Vivek Jay
- Subjects
Engineering ,Physical Sciences ,Biomedical Engineering ,Animals ,Brain ,Equipment Design ,Image Enhancement ,Light ,Mice ,Microscopy ,Optical Fibers ,Tomography ,Optical Coherence ,Optical Physics ,Quantum Physics ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Optics ,Communications engineering ,Electronics ,sensors and digital hardware ,Atomic ,molecular and optical physics - Abstract
Most flying-spot optical coherence tomography and optical coherence microscopy (OCM) systems use a symmetric confocal geometry, where the detection path retraces the illumination path starting from and ending with the spatial mode of a single-mode optical fiber. Here we describe a visible light OCM instrument that breaks this symmetry to improve transverse resolution without sacrificing collection efficiency in scattering tissue. This was achieved by overfilling a water immersion objective on the illumination path while maintaining a conventional Gaussian mode detection path (1/e2 intensity diameter ∼0.82 Airy disks), enabling ∼1.1 μm full width at half-maximum (FWHM) transverse resolution. At the same time, a ∼0.9 μm FWHM axial resolution in tissue, achieved by a broadband visible light source, enabled femtoliter volume resolution. We characterized this instrument according to paraxial coherent microscopy theory and, finally, used it to image the meningeal layers, intravascular red blood cell-free layer, and myelinated axons in the mouse neocortex in vivo through the thinned skull.
- Published
- 2018
50. Fast Inline Microscopic Computational Imaging.
- Author
-
Ginner, Laurin, Breuss, Simon, and Traxler, Lukas
- Subjects
- *
THREE-dimensional imaging , *PARALLAX , *IMAGE processing , *SPATIAL resolution , *OPTICS , *PHOTOMETRY - Abstract
Inline inspection is becoming an essential tool for industrial high-quality production. Unfortunately, the desired acquisition speeds and needs for high-precision imaging are often at the limit of what is physically possible, such as a large field of view at a high spatial resolution. In this paper, a novel light-field and photometry system is presented that addresses this trade off by combining microscopic imaging with special projection optics to generate a parallax effect. This inline microscopic system, together with an image processing pipeline, delivers high-resolution 3D images at high speeds, by using a lateral transport stage changing the optical perspective. Scanning speeds of up to 12 mm/s can be achieved at a depth resolution of 2.8 μm and a lateral sampling of 700 nm/pixel, suitable for inspection in high-quality manufacturing industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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