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The relationship between Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) and miR-155 is well established. EBV infection induces miR-155 expression, which is expressed at higher levels in EBV latency type III cells compared to EBV latency type I cells. However, the mechanism by which EBV latency genes activate miR-155 expression is still unclear. Here we present data showing that DNA methylation regulates miR-155 expression. We also provide evidence that the AP1 signaling pathway is involved in EBV-mediated miR-155 activation, and that Bay11 influences signaling of the miR-155 promoter AP1 element. Lastly, we show that LMP2A, LMP1 and EBNAs cannot activate miR-155 expression alone, indicating that the regulation of miR-155 by EBV is dependent on more than one EBV gene or cell signaling pathway. We conclude that the regulation of miR-155 in EBV-positive cells occurs through multiple cell signaling processes involving EBV-mediated chromatin remodeling, cell signaling regulation and transcription factor activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is regulated by 17α-estradiol (E2) signaling and mediates E2-induced proliferation and progesterone receptor (PgR) expression in breast cancer. Methods and results: Here we use deep sequencing analysis of previously published data from The Cancer Genome Atlas to demonstrate that expression of a key component of mTOR signaling, rapamycin-insensitive companion of mTOR (Rictor), positively correlated with an estrogen receptor-α positive (ERα+) breast tumor signature. Through increased microRNA-155 (miR-155) expression in the ERα+ breast cancer cells we demonstrate repression of Rictor enhanced activation of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling with both qPCR and western blot. miR-155-mediated mTOR signaling resulted in deregulated ERα signaling both in cultured cells in vitro and in xenografts in vivo in addition to repressed PgR expression and activity. Furthermore we observed that miR-155 enhanced mTORC1 signaling (observed through western blot for increased phosphorylation on mTOR S2448) and induced inhibition of mTORC2 signaling (evident through repressed Rictor and tuberous sclerosis 1 (TSC1) gene expression). mTORC1 induced deregulation of E2 signaling was confirmed using qPCR and the mTORC1-specific inhibitor RAD001. Co-treatment of MCF7 breast cancer cells stably overexpressing miR-155 with RAD001 and E2 restored E2-induced PgR gene expression. RAD001 treatment of SCID/CB17 mice inhibited E2-induced tumorigenesis of the MCF7 miR-155 overexpressing cell line. Finally we demonstrated a strong positive correlation between Rictor and PgR expression and a negative correlation with Raptor expression in Luminal B breast cancer samples, a breast cancer histological subtype known for having an altered ERα-signaling pathway. Conclusions: miRNA mediated alterations in mTOR and ERα signaling establishes a new mechanism for altered estrogen responses independent of growth factor stimulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]