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This paper introduces the concept, theory of operation and applications of soft open points for direct current networks (DCSOPs). The DCSOP is based on a bidirectional DC–DC converter actively controlled to behave like a normal conductor. Unlike the normal conductor, the DCSOP can transfer the electric power between nodes at different voltage levels. With this advantage, the DCSOP can effectively control the power flow direction. Thus, DCSOPs can play a vital role in the reconfiguration of DC distribution networks. The operation and control of the DCSOP device was investigated, both in transient and steady-state conditions. Then, a DCSOP was integrated into a DC microgrid model to validate its ability to change the power flow through the modelled feeders. In addition, a set of reliability indicators was calculated for the DC microgrid under different reconfiguration scenarios. It was shown that reliability is improved when the DCSOP device implements network reconfiguration. Finally, an agent-based framework for controlling the DCSOP in a DC microgrid is presented. A fundamental implementation was created for reconfiguring a DC microgrid with a DCSOP controlled by an agent, proving that the agent-based system can effectively control the DCSOP device for reconfiguration and voltage regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple energy carrier systems stem from the need to evolve traditional electricity, gas and other energy systems to more efficient, integrated energy systems. An approach is presented, for controlling multiple energy carriers, including electricity (AC or DC), heat, natural gas and hydrogen, with the objective to minimise the overall cost and/or emissions, while adhering to technical and commercial constraints, such as network limits and market contracts. The technique of multi-agent systems (MAS) was used. The benefits of this approach are discussed and include a reduction of more than 50% in the balancing costs of a potential deviation. An implementation of this methodology is also presented. In order to validate the operation of the developed system, a number of experiments were performed using both software and hardware. The results validated the efficient operation of the developed system, proving its ability to optimise the operation of multiple energy carrier inputs within the context of an energy hub, using a hierarchical multi-agent system control structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Planned Communities (PCs) present a unique opportunity for deployment of intelligent control of demand-side distributed energy resources (DER) and storage, which may be organized in Microgrids (MGs). MGs require balancing for maintaining safe and resilient operation. This paper discusses the implications of using MG concepts for planning and control of energy systems within PCs. A novel tool is presented, based on decision trees (DTs), with two potential applications: (i) planning of energy storage systems within such MGs and (ii) controlling energy resources for energy balancing within a PC MG. The energy storage planning and energy balancing methodology is validated through sensitivity case studies, demonstrating its effectiveness. A test implementation is presented, utilizing distributed controller hardware to execute the energy balancing algorithm in real-time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]