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North American bat populations have experienced precipitous declines since the introduction of white-nose syndrome (WNS). Evidence that bats have responded to WNS by altering their winter habitat selection has been used to manipulate underground environments and improve winter survival. However, such management practices must be based on local data, which do not exist for all regions. Our goal was to identify determinants of winter habitat use for 3 bat species with varying susceptibility to WNS. To do so, we conducted 188 surveys of 129 potential hibernacula over 3 winters. We found that the range of winter temperatures and presence of water were important for the Little Brown Myotis (Myotis lucifugus) and Tricolored Bat (Perimyotis subflavus), species that are highly susceptible to WNS. Counts of both species were greater in sites with a narrow (<5 °C) temperature range and where streams or water bodies >25 m2 were present. In addition, we found larger groups of Little Brown Myotis in abandoned railroad tunnels than in caves. Winter counts of these species increased over time at 3 railroad tunnels that were surveyed for 3 consecutive winters, whereas populations were extirpated from historically important caves and mines. Counts of Big Brown Bats (Eptesicus fuscus), which are less susceptible to WNS, were also greater in hibernacula with water bodies. However, average winter temperature also helped predict counts of Big Brown Bats. This species had a curvilinear response to temperature, with most bats found at hibernacula with average winter temperatures of 4 to 6 °C, and fewer bats observed at warmer and colder conditions. These data show that focusing solely on historically important hibernacula may fail to achieve conservation goals for the Little Brown Myotis and Tricolored Bat in our region, and suggest that anthropogenic structures can provide habitat for remnant populations of imperiled bat species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shelter is one critical aspect of an animal's habitat, providing refuge from predators and weather, protection for offspring, and aiding in physiological homeostasis. During the day, bats find shelter in roosts—spaces created under tree bark, in tree cavities, or between rocks—after spending the night searching for food. Finding a roost with a microclimate that enables bats to remain in their thermoneutral zone could reduce energetic demands or allow bats to allocate energy to other activities such as reproduction and fighting disease. We aimed to characterize the structural features and microclimate (i.e. temperature) of roosts used by male Little Brown Myotis (Myotis lucifugus) during the summer and determine whether bats select certain characteristics disproportionally to what is available at different spatial scales. During the summers of 2017 and 2018, we radio-tracked 34 male M. lucifugus in Lodgepole Pine-dominated forests. We located at least 1 roost for 20 individuals (average = 2.85 roosts/bat, range = 1 to 6). Although snags were available, most of the roosts were in rock features (86% in rocks, 14% in trees or snags). Male M. lucifugus were more likely to select rock roosts with less canopy closure that were closer to water compared to available roosts on the landscape. They also selected roosts in rock features occurring within larger areas of rock cover that had wider entrances and access to crevices that faced the sky; these roosts also had warmer microclimates relative to other locations available on the landscape. Crevices that allow the bat to bask in the sun and change locations within a roost, minimizing energy needed for active thermoregulation, could be very beneficial for individuals recovering from diseases such as white-nose syndrome. Our work indicates that rock features provide habitat for male M. lucifugus during summer; other studies have shown that bats roost in these features during autumn and winter, further supporting their importance. By protecting these important rock structures, managers can help bats meet their habitat needs throughout the year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Termites are key components of tropical ecosystems, particularly in the Cerrado biome, where they dominate animal biomass and play crucial roles in nutrient cycling and soil formation. Their abundance and nutritional value make them primary food sources for various Cerrado animals, influencing predator diversity and several ecological interactions. Additionally, termite mounds serve as essential shelters for a wide range of fauna, aiding in thermoregulation and providing refuge from harsh environmental conditions, including wildfires. In this scenario, termitaria survival, diversity, and availability have several effects on the Cerrado fauna ecology. We present novel insights into the interaction between Actinobolus beetles and epigeous termite mounds in the Cerrado. Our field observations revealed Actinobolus beetles utilizing termite mounds for feeding and reproduction in several localities of Cerrado. These beetles access the inner portion of the termitaria, where the colony nest is located and protected by the termitaria's harder external layer and their larvae consume the termite nest structure. Actinobolus attack leads to partial or complete destruction of the colony and the creation of large hollows inside the mounds, causing deep changes in its structure. Despite the defensive mechanisms of termites, Actinobolus larvae thrive within the nest and likely ingest termites' eggs, nymphae and adults. Furthermore, we found that the Actinobolus capsule are made of faecal pellets, instead of termitaria debris. We suggest that the interaction between Actinobolus beetles and epigeous termitaria impacts the role of termitaria in providing microclimate regulation, food and shelter for Cerrado fauna, likely having poorly understood effects on the conservation and management of Cerrado ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objetivo: avaliar o microclima da pele em calcâneos de pacientes hospitalizados em unidade de tratamento intensivo, usando espuma multicamadas de poliuretano com silicone comparada ao filme transparente de poliuretano. Método: ensaio clínico paralelo randomizado autocontrolado de superioridade. Cada paciente recebeu a intervenção experimental (espuma multicamadas de poliuretano com silicone) e a intervenção controle (filme transparente de poliuretano), totalizando 184 sítios cutâneos (92 pacientes). O estudo foi desenvolvido em um hospital universitário do interior do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, no período de julho de 2017 a março de 2018. Resultados: não se identificou diferença estatisticamente significativa quanto à temperatura da pele dos calcâneos que desenvolveram lesão por pressão (LP), bem como dos calcâneos em uso do filme transparente de poliuretano entre a avaliação inicial e final. Conclusão: o microclima da pele sofre alterações em seus valores quando em uso de coberturas para prevenção de LP.

Antecedentes: El manejo agrícola modifica el microclima en el área de cultivo, afectando la fisiología y productividad de las plantas. Preguntas: ¿Cómo varía el microclima, fisiología y productividad del maíz en un monocultivo (M) y una milpa (policultivo, MFC) en suelos profundo y superficial de Yucatán? Especie de estudio: Zea mays L. Sitio de estudio: Yucatán, México; 2022 Métodos: Se midió temperatura del aire y suelo, déficit de presión de vapor, formación de rocío y contenido volumétrico de agua en suelo (CVA); asimilación de CO2 (A), transpiración (E), conductancia estomática (gs), eficiencia en el uso del agua, contenido de clorofila (CC), eficiencia cuántica, tasa de transporte de electrones y disipación no fotoquímica en plantas de maíz a 40 y 75 días después de la siembra, en milpas y monocultivos en Peto (suelo superficial, alta pedregosidad) y Mama (suelo más profundo, baja pedregosidad), Yucatán. Resultados: La temperatura del suelo fue hasta 5 °C mayor en Peto y 2 °C en Mama en M respecto a MFC, que registró hasta 22 % mayor CVA que M. El maíz en Mama presentó mayor A y E que en Peto; las plantas en MFC en Peto tuvieron mayor A, E y gs que las de M; en Mama fue lo contrario. El CRA y CC fue mayor en plantas de MFC en Peto. Conclusiones: La modificación microclimática y su efecto sobre el maíz dependió del suelo: MFC fue más productiva en suelos superficiales, mientras M en suelos profundos. El CVA fue mayor en MFC.

El mulch es una práctica muy antigua que se ha utilizado para mejorar la calidad del suelo y los cultivos. Los diferentes colores de mulch ofrecen ventajas en el desarrollo de cultivos y aumento del rendimiento de las plantas a diferencia que las cultivadas sin mulch. Por lo antes mencionado el objetivo de la presente investigación fue, evaluar el rendimiento del cultivo de pepino (Cucumis sativus L.) bajo condiciones de mulch plástico en Ecuador. Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar, con cinco tratamientos: testigo (T0), rojo (T1), azul (T2), negro (T3) y verde (T4) con tres repeticiones, se usó la prueba estadística Duncan con nivel de significancia (p

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The Urban Heat Island (UHI), caused by the increase in impermeable surfaces, high urban density, and lack of shade, is a common phenomenon that could end intensified by climate changes, especially in warmhumid climates. This research evaluated the use of urban arborization as a mitigation strategy for the heat island effect in the public spaces of Barranquilla, Colombia. The “Carrera 44” avenue was selected as the study area due to its high solar radiation exposure. Computational simulations were performed to assess the operative temperature with different options for tree shadow in 2020 and 2050. The results display the percentage of UHI mitigation for each proposed situation. It is estimated that the findings from this study can serve as guidelines for designing public spaces in the Colombian Caribbean region.” [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Hortícolas is the property of Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Horticolas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Debido a los retos que presenta la seguridad alimentaria, principalmente por los cambios en los patrones climáticos y degradación de los suelos, la agricultura ha adoptado nuevas técnicas como el uso de coberturas plásticas, que mejoran las propiedades físicas del suelo. Por eso en este estudio se evaluó morfológicamente el efecto que tienen las cubiertas plásticas de diferentes colores frente al suelo desnudo en el cultivo de pimiento. Se analizaron los parámetros de geotemperatura y flujo neto de calor en el suelo. Se realizaron cinco tratamientos: tratamiento control (T0, suelo sin cobertura), cubierta plástica de diferentes colores: negro (T1), rojo (T2), azul (T3) y verde (T4). Se utilizó diseño completamente al azar con tres repeticiones. El mulch plástico es capaz de modificar el microclima, e influye en la variabilidad de la geotemperatura en los primeros horizontes. Además, presentaron mayor energía acumulada con respecto al suelo desnudo. Las variables morfológicas del cultivo fueron influenciadas favorablemente por los tratamientos del mulch plástico, destacando el T3 y T2 en la altura de planta, en diámetro del tallo el T2 presenta mejores resultados, El número de hojas estuvieron influenciados por el T2 y T4.

El sector agrícola ha tenido que adaptarse a elevados estándares de productividad, eficiencia y rentabilidad cada vez más altos lo que conlleva aplicar técnicas de preservación de suelo, como lo es el mulch. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el efecto de las cubiertas vegetales muertas frente al suelo sin cobertura en el cultivo de pimiento (Capsicum annum L.), sobre aspectos morfológicos, parámetros de geotemperatura y flujo neto de calor en el suelo, para la comprensión de la modificación del microclima. Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar (DCA) con tres repeticiones, donde se evaluaron cinco tratamientos de estudio: Suelo desnudo (T0), cubierta de coronta (T1), tamo de arroz (T2), fibra de coco (T3) y aserrín (T4). Se observó que la aplicación de coberturas vegetales muertas es capaz de alterar el microclima. El mulch de tamo de arroz ha presentado una tendencia a reducir la geotemperatura en cada una de las profundidades evaluadas. La morfología se ha visto influenciada en cada una de las coberturas vegetales, denotando que el mejor resultado relacionado a altura de planta y numero de hojas y diámetro del tallo lo obtuvo el T2.

Copyright of Ciência Florestal (01039954) is the property of Ciencia Florestal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background and aims: Microclimatic changes resulting from the alterations in the forest structure affect the diversity of sensitive organisms such as bryophytes, the ecological processes in which they participate and their responses to new environments. In this work, the bryoflora and the functional groups associated with water regulation were characterized in different covers of a tropical dry forest: gallery forest-BG, silvopastoral system-SSP and high secondary vegetation-VSA. M&M: There were nine transects of 0.1 ha (three/coverage) and in each one taxonomic, ecological (substrate epiphytic, epilithic, terrestrial and decomposing organic matter) and functional data (width of the caulidio, length and width of the filidio) were recorded, broad leaf base, hyalodermis and imbrication of filidios) Results: 19 species are recorded, 15 in VSA, 14 in BG and 14 in SSP. The richest families are Fissidentaceae (8 spp) and Lejeuneaceae (3 spp). The substrate with the highest incidence is epiphyte-corticola. Six functional groups were identified, differentiated by the traits: filidio length and width, hyalodermis, and filidio imbrication. Conclusions: The richness and composition of bryophytes did not show significant differences in the evaluated coverages, possibly due to the homogenization of environmental conditions, product of the history of disturbance to which they have been subjected, therefore, it is important to evaluate other parameters (coverage) and compare with coverages vegetables in a better state of conservation. The functional groups are mainly determined by leaf size traits and are more frequent in the forest (BG and VSA). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim is to assess whether homeopathy or other unconventional methods could be used in the treatment or prevention of mastitis in cows and at the same time while measurement of basic microclimatic indicators to determine if a stable climate influences the incidence of mastitis. Experiment is performed in a herd of about 120 pcs of cows. Cows with proven mastitis are divided into two groups –the control and experimental group. In the experimental group selected auxiliary means according to specific methodological instruction were given to cows according to specific methodological instruction to strengthen the immunity of their organism. Other husbandry and veterinary care was maintained in the same usual extent as in the control group. In both groups the occurrence of health disorders is recorded after a specified period of time describing the method used and the required treatment time. During the experiment basic microclimatic parameters (temperature, humidity, airflow, cooling value) are monitored continuously.

Introducción y Objetivos: Los cambios microclimáticos producto de las alteraciones en la estructura forestal inciden sobre la diversidad de organismos sensibles como los briofitos, los procesos ecológicos en los que participan y sus respuestas frente a los nuevos entornos. En este trabajo se caracterizó la brioflora y los grupos funcionales asociados a la regulación hídrica en diferentes coberturas de un bosque seco tropical: bosque de galería-BG, sistema silvopastoril-SSP y vegetación secundaria alta-VSA. M&M: Se establecieron nueve transectos de 0.1 ha (tres/cobertura) y en cada uno se registraron datos taxonómicos, ecológicos (sustrato epifito-cortícola, epilítico, terrestre y materia orgánica en descomposición), y funcionales (ancho del tallo, largo y ancho del filidio, filidios con bases amplectantes, hialodermis e imbricación de los filidios). Resultados: Se registraron 19 especies, 15 en VSA, 14 en BG y 14 en SSP. Las familias más ricas son Fissidentaceae (8 spp) y Lejeuneaceae (3 spp). El sustrato con mayor incidencia es el epífito-cortícola. Se identificaron seis grupos funcionales, diferenciados por los rasgos: largo y ancho del filidio, hialodermis e imbricación de filidios. Conclusiones: La riqueza y composición de briófitos no mostro diferencias significativas en las coberturas evaluadas, posiblemente por la homogenización de las condiciones ambientales, producto del historial de disturbio al que han sido sometidas, por tanto, es importante evaluar otros parámetros (cobertura) y comparar con coberturas vegetales en mejor estado de conservación. Los grupos funcionales están determinados principalmente por los rasgos del tamaño de la hoja y presentan una mayor frecuencia en las coberturas boscosas (BG y VSA).

Los árboles urbanos generan múltiples beneficios a la sociedad; uno de ellos es mitigar la isla de calor. El objetivo del presente trabajo es obtener el confort térmico producido por la vegetación arbórea en el macrocentro de la localidad de Bahía Blanca. Para ello, en principio, se determinó la zona climática local del área de estudio según sus características, y se obtuvo el porcentaje de cobertura vegetal mediante el software en línea i-Tree Canopy. También se realizó un relevamiento del arbolado de alineación para determinar las especies más representativas. Durante el verano de 2020 se hicieron mediciones de temperatura del aire y humedad relativa bajo la copa de quince individuos arbóreos, a las 15:00 h, en 15 días típicos de verano. Luego, al aplicar el índice de confort de la vegetación se pudo comprobar que todos los árboles seleccionados contribuyen a mejorar el confort térmico de la población. Sin embargo, existieron diferencias entre éstos, destacándose Platanus acerifolia y Parasenegalia visco por su mayor magnitud y por su incidencia en la disminución de la temperatura del aire bajo sus copas. Además, se identificaron y describieron los problemas vinculados al arbolado viario y se establecieron propuestas para mejorarlo. Los resultados permiten considerar que, dada la importancia de los árboles en el microclima urbano, se debe incrementar su cobertura en el macrocentro de esta ciudad para contribuir a regular la temperatura durante el verano. Se comprobó la necesidad de realizar tareas de mantenimiento de forma periódica para evitar los problemas detectados en el arbolado viario y potenciar los servicios ecosistémicos que brinda.

Urban trees are essential since they generate multiple benefits to society, one of them is the mitigation of the urban heat island. The present work aims to obtain the thermal comfort produced by the arboreal vegetation in the downtown area of Bahía Blanca city. For this, Local Climate Zone of the study area was determined according to its characteristics and the percentage of vegetation cover was obtained using the online software I-tree Canopy. A survey of the street trees was also conducted to determine the most representative species. During the summer of 2020, measurements of air temperature and relative humidity were made under the canopy of fifteen trees, at 3:00 p.m., in 15 days typical of this thermal season. Then, by applying the vegetation comfort index, it was found that all the selected trees contribute to improve the thermal comfort of the population. However, there were differences among them, with Platanus acerifolia and Parasenegalia visco standing out for their higher magnitude and their impact on the decrease in air temperature under their canopies. In addition, problems related to street trees were identified and described, and finally proposals were established. These results allow to consider that, given the importance of trees in the urban microclimate, their coverage should be increased in the downtown area in order to contribute to thermal regulation during the summer. The need for regular maintenance work to avoid the problems detected in the roadside trees and to enhance the ecosystem services they provide was confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land-cover and climate change are both expected to alter species distributions and contribute to future biodiversity loss. However, the combined effects of land-cover and climate change on assemblages, especially at the landscape scale, remain understudied. Lowland tropical amphibians may be particularly susceptible to changes in land cover and climate warming because many species have narrow thermal safety margins resulting from air and body temperatures that are close to their critical thermal maxima (CTmax ). We examined how changing thermal landscapes may alter the area of thermally suitable habitat (TSH) for tropical amphibians. We measured microclimates in 6 land-cover types and CTmax of 16 frog species in lowland northeastern Costa Rica. We used a biophysical model to estimate core body temperatures of frogs exposed to habitat-specific microclimates while accounting for evaporative cooling and behavior. Thermally suitable habitat area was estimated as the portion of the landscape where species CTmax exceeded their habitat-specific maximum body temperatures. We projected changes in TSH area 80 years into the future as a function of land-cover change only, climate change only, and combinations of land-cover and climate-change scenarios representing low and moderate rates of change. Projected decreases in TSH area ranged from 16% under low emissions and reduced forest loss to 30% under moderate emissions and business-as-usual land-cover change. Under a moderate emissions scenario (A1B), climate change alone contributed to 1.7- to 4.5-fold greater losses in TSH area than land-cover change only, suggesting that future decreases in TSH from climate change may outpace structural habitat loss. Forest-restricted species had lower mean CTmax than species that occurred in altered habitats, indicating that thermal tolerances will likely shape assemblages in changing thermal landscapes. In the face of ongoing land-cover and climate change, it will be critical to consider changing thermal landscapes in strategies to conserve ectotherm species.

The artificialization in urban areas has contributed to the concentration of several environmental problems, among which is the change in urban microclimate, including surface temperature. Thus, this research aims to analyze the impacts of the construction of a Bus Rapid Transit System (BRT), which is located in the city of Goiânia, on surface temperature, before and after its implementation. The methodology involved the analysis of orbital remote sensing images from the Landsat 8 satellite, OLI, and TIRS sensors, manipulated in a Geographic Information System (GIS). For that purpose, it was necessary to calculate the brightness temperature; emissivity correction, and; surface temperature calculation. The results have revealed the alteration of the urban landscape influenced by the transportation corridor, the main ones being in the land surface temperature (SST), with the intensification of high temperatures in areas where there was an increase of paved and commercial surfaces and reduction of the temperature where arborization managements were employed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Nitrogen (N) deposition from agriculture and combustion of fossil fuels is a major threat to plant diversity, but its effects on organisms at higher trophic levels are unclear. We investigated how N deposition may affect species richness and abundance (number of individuals per species) in butterflies. We reviewed the peer‐reviewed literature on variables used to explain spatial variation in butterfly species richness and found that vegetation variables appeared to be as important as climate and habitat variables in explaining butterfly species richness. It thus seemed likely that increased N deposition could indirectly affect butterfly communities via its influence on plant communities. To test this prediction, we analyzed data from the Swiss biodiversity monitoring program for vascular plants and butterflies in 383 study sites of 1 km2 that are evenly distributed throughout Switzerland. The area has a modeled N deposition gradient of 2–44 kg N ha−1 year−1. We used traditional linear models and structural equation models to infer the drivers of the spatial variation in butterfly species richness across Switzerland. High N deposition was consistently linked to low butterfly diversity, suggesting a net loss of butterfly diversity through increased N deposition. We hypothesize that at low elevations, N deposition may contribute to a reduction in butterfly species richness via microclimatic cooling due to increased plant biomass. At higher elevations, negative effects of N deposition on butterfly species richness may also be mediated by reduced plant species richness. In most butterfly species, abundance was negatively related to N deposition, but the strongest negative effects were found for species of conservation concern. We conclude that in addition to factors such as intensified agriculture, habitat fragmentation, and climate change, N deposition is likely to play a key role in negatively affecting butterfly diversity and abundance. Article impact statement: Nitrogen deposition negatively affects butterfly species richness and butterfly abundance, particularly in species of conservation concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Microclimate information is often crucial for understanding ecological patterns and processes, including under climate change, but is typically absent from ecological and biogeographic studies owing to difficulties in obtaining microclimate data. Recent advances in microclimate modelling, however, suggest that microclimate conditions can now be predicted anywhere at any time using hybrid physically and empirically based models. Here, we test these methods across a sparsely vegetated and topographically diverse sub‐Antarctic island ecosystem (Macquarie Island). Innovation: Microclimate predictions were generated at a height of 4 cm above the surface on a 100 × 100 m elevation grid across the island for the snow‐free season (Oct–Mar), with models driven by either climate reanalysis data (CRA) or CRA data augmented with meteorological observations from the island's automatic weather station (AWS+CRA). These models were compared with predictions from a simple lapse rate model (LR), where an elevational adjustment was applied to hourly temperature measurements from the AWS. Prediction errors tended to be lower for AWS+CRA‐driven models, particularly when compared to the CRA‐driven models. The AWS+CRA and LR models had similar prediction errors averaged across the season for Tmin and Tmean, but prediction errors for Tmax were much smaller for the former. The within‐site correlation between observed and predicted daily Tmean was on average >0.8 in all months for AWS+CRA predictions and >0.7 in all months for LR predictions, but consistently lower for CRA predictions. Main conclusions: Prediction of microclimate conditions at ecologically relevant spatial and temporal scales is now possible using hybrid models, and these often provide added value over lapse rate models, particularly for daily extremes and when driven by in situ meteorological observations. These advances will help add the microclimate dimension to ecological and biogeographic studies and aid delivery of climate change‐resilient conservation planning in climate change‐exposed ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumo O Cerrado apresenta uma variedade de fitofisionomias, com características distintas em estrutura e distribuição, o que contribui para uma heterogeneidade na interação da radiação solar com a superfície. Dessa forma, o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a variabilidade espacial e temporal de parâmetros biofísicos em diferentes tipos de cobertura do solo de uma área de Cerrado no sul do estado de Mato Grosso por sensoriamento remoto. Os parâmetros biofísicos índice de vegetação da diferença normalizada (NDVI), o albedo, temperatura da superfície e o saldo de radiação foram obtidos nas fitofisionomias do Cerrado: Campo Limpo, Campo Sujo, Cerradão e Cerrado stricto sensu; e numa área de pastagem. As estimativas foram realizadas com imagens do sensor TM Landsat 5, em 2009, 2010 e 2011. No período chuvoso, o NDVI e o saldo de radiação foram 44% e 15% maiores e o albedo e a temperatura da superfície foram 18% e 12% menores que no seco, respectivamente. Nos locais com maior NDVI e maior saldo de radiação foram encontrados os menores albedo e temperatura da superfície. As diferentes fitofisionomias do Cerrado tiveram interação distinta com a radiação solar em escalas sazonal e espacial devido à variação da cobertura da vegetação e disponibilidade hídrica.

Los sistemas silvopastoriles constituyen sistemas de producción sostenible y también una alternativa que no solo sirve para mitigar el efecto del cambio climático, sino tambien para adaptarse a este. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de arreglos silvopastoriles con Alnus acuminata (árboles en callejones, árboles dispersos en potreros, cercas vivas) sobre los factores ambientales como la temperatura y humedad relativa. Las evaluaciones se realizaron en cuatro localidades del distrito de Molinopampa (Molinopampa, Santa Cruz del Tingo, Pumahermana y Ocol), región Amazonas (Perú), durante el periodo de noviembre del 2016 a octubre del 2017. Se consideraron 16 potreros con homogeniedad en edad y densidad de árboles, y componente forrajero, establecidos bajo un diseño de bloques completos al azar. Los datos se registraron con una frecuencia de cuatro horas y se procesaron mediante las pruebas de Kruskal-Wallis y U de Mann-Whitney por pares (p

Objetivo: Determinar y correlacionar la cantidad de flujo lagrimal de una población de 20 a 30 años en las ciudades con humedad relativa de Arequipa y Lima (2019). Materiales y métodos: Estudio cuantitativo observacional descriptivo transversal, realizado en los meses de julio y agosto de 2019, que incluyó a pacientes entre 20 y 30 años de clínicas oftalmológicas en Lima (79 personas) y Arequipa (44 personas). Se consideró como criterios de exclusión a pacientes posquirúrgicos de cirugía ocular, usuarios de lentes de contacto o que utilizaban computadora más de 6 horas seguidas al día o que hayan estado menos de dos horas despiertos el día de la prueba. Se analizó la edad, el sexo, el lugar de residencia, la ocupación, el tiempo de uso de la computadora, el estado civil, la humedad relativa y el flujo lagrimal. Se creó una base de datos en Excel y se analizó en SPSS mediante pruebas paramétricas (correlación de Pearson) con el fin de evaluar la correlación entre las variables cuantitativas. Para las variables cualitativas se usó frecuencias; para las cuantitativas, media y moda. Resultados: En Arequipa se encontró humedad relativa media de 31,89 %, flujo lagrimal bajo en 21 pacientes (47,7 %) y normal en 23 (52,3 %); en Lima la humedad relativa media fue de 71,05 %, se encontró bajo flujo lagrimal en 23 personas (29,1 %) y normal en 56 (70,9 %). La correlación flujo lagrimal y humedad relativa fue 0,841 en Arequipa y 0,876 en Lima. A su vez, la relación flujo lagrimal y edad mostró que, a mayor edad, menor flujo en ambas ciudades: Arequipa (-0,866), Lima (-0,892); y se observó que, a mayor cantidad de horas frente a la computadora, menor flujo lagrimal: Arequipa (-0,757), Lima (-0,806); sin embargo, ninguna correlación fue significativa. Conclusiones: A menor humedad relativa, el flujo lagrimal fue más bajo. La edad y el número de horas en el computador fueron inversamente proporcionales al flujo lagrimal.

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In tropical environments, landscape heterogeneity is a key factor determining species richness gradients, while climatic conditions are commonly related to the occurrence and activity patterns of most animal species. We used acoustic monitoring data to test the influence of microclimate variables and habitat on the activity pattern of aerial insectivorous bats in three distinct environments in northern Pantanal, Brazil - Cambarazal, Murundu field and Riparian area. We hypothesized that foraging and feeding activities should be positively related to humidity and temperature; and species composition should differ between habitats. In 30 sampling nights, we obtained 6049 records and identified 16 species and three species complexes distributed in five families. There were no significant differences in species richness between the three habitats, but the riparian area, the most heterogeneous environment sampled, presented the highest levels of foraging and feeding activities. Species composition varied with the sampled habitat, demonstrating that different species use and perceive distinct landscapes in different ways. Only the foraging activity of open-space bats responded to the interaction between relative humidity and different habitat types during the Pantanal's dry season. Our results, obtained exclusively by acoustic sampling, show that many aerial insectivore species and activity patterns are subsampled in studies done exclusively with mist-nets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As plantas são diretamente afetadas por fatores ambientais tais como, estresse hídrico, temperatura, radiação, dentre outros. Estes fatores afetam não só os órgãos vegetativos, mas também estruturas reprodutivas, podendo acarretar danos à plantas agronomicamente exploradas. Physalis peruviana L. é uma espécie de interesse comercial pertencente à família Solanaceae, cultivado preferencialmente em ambiente sombreado, que ainda apresenta cultivo restrito a pequenas áreas no Brasil. Diante da necessidade de sombreamento apresentado pela cultura o presente trabalho objetivou caracterizar o grão de pólen da espécie para futuras aplicações em programas de melhoramento genético e verificar a influência de malhas fotoconversoras utilizadas no sombreamento sobre a morfologia externa dos grãos de pólen desta espécie. O trabalho foi desenvolvido na Universidade Federal de Lavras, onde três repetições de duas plantas foram cultivadas a pleno sol e sob malhas fotoconversoras nas colorações branca, azul, vermelha e preta. O pólen de flores em antese foi coletado, processado e fotografado em microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). O diâmetro polar, diâmetro equatorial e área do pólen foram medidos em dez grãos de pólen. Os resultados demonstraram que grãos de pólen de P. peruviana são isopoloares, radiais, de formato prolato-esferoidal e tamanho mediano. Também verificou-se aumento da área do grão de pólen quando cultivado em sombreamento com malha fotoconversora branca e a pleno sol.

Thermal discomfort is one of the main causes of production losses in animals fully exposed to solar radiation under extensive livestock farming. The inclusion of trees in this farming system is the most efficient strategy to decrease the temperature and increase animal productivity without the need to explore new areas. In this context, the objective of this study was to characterize the microclimate in a silvopastoral system (SPS), a refuge area, and an open pasture, and evaluate thermal comfort and the ingestive behavior of animals under shade. The study was conducted at the Agronomic Institute of Paraná (IAPAR), located in Ibiporã, Paraná state, Brazil, in three areas with distinct management systems: a SPS of Eucalyptus grandis with Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.), a woodland of Leucena leucocephala that provided shade to cattle, and a pasture in full sun (PFS). Automatic meteorological stations were installed in the SPS (one station beside the tree lines and the other in an average distance perpendicular to the rows), one in the refuge area, and one in the PFS. The measured variables were air temperature and relative humidity. The mean temperatures of the shaded treatments were compared to those of the PFS using a t-test. The mean values of the temperature and humidity index (THI) were calculated for each season of the year. The animal ingestion behavior in the SPS was analyzed in three typical days in different seasons of the year. Significant differences were observed between shade treatments and full-sun pasture, with a temperature decrease ranging from 0.4 to 1.6 °C in the shaded systems. The comparison of animal thermal comfort between the study areas in different seasons of the year indicated that there were no significant differences in thermal comfort between the SPS and refuge area relative to the PFS, suggesting a need to monitor the animals’ body temperature to better estimate thermal comfort. The evaluation of the ingestive behavior evidenced the animals’ preference to perform activities under tree shade and that the SPS led to changes in their food habits, optimizing grazing time. Therefore, the trees directly affected the microclimate of the studied environments, attenuating the temperature, protecting the animals against direct solar radiation, and providing better thermal comfort.

Este artigo resgata e apresenta os principais caminhos de aproximação entre o universo da conservação de bens culturais e as tendências da sustentabilidade, discutindo particularmente o papel do diagnóstico microclimático de espaços adaptados à função museológica na definição das estratégias de conservação preventiva embasadas nos princípios de tal movimento (identificadas por alguns autores como slow conservation). Esta análise se articula com dois estudos de caso que avaliam os comportamentos dinâmicos de parâmetros físico-ambientais (temperatura e umidade) coletados durante o período de um ano em espaços internos do Museu Paulista da Universidade de São Paulo (USP) e do Museu Casa da Xilogravura, confrontados com as variações climáticas externas. Os resultados e suas interpretações permitem ressaltar a importância do diagnóstico dos espaços de conservação, enquanto ferramenta de planejamento de ações preventivas alternativas às tradicionais abordagens de controle ambiental mecanizado e automatizado, e vislumbrar estratégias passivas que valorizem potencialidades existentes, minimizem vulnerabilidades isoladas e contribuam concretamente para a articulação com um mundo sustentável.

Temperature at fine spatial scales is an important driver of nest site selection for many avian species during the breeding season and can influence nest success. Sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) communities have areas with high levels of vegetation heterogeneity and high thermal variation; however, fire removes vegetation that provides protection from predators and extreme environmental conditions. To examine the influence of microclimates on Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) nest site selection and nest success in a fire-affected landscape, we measured black bulb temperature (Tbb) and vegetation attributes (e.g., visual obstruction) at 3 spatial scales (i.e. nest bowl, microsite, and landscape) in unburned and burned areas. Nest bowls exhibited greater buffering of Tbb than both nearby microsites and the broader landscape. Notably, nest bowls were warmer in cold temperatures, and cooler in hot temperatures, than nearby microsites and the broader landscape, regardless of burn stage. Nest survival (NS) was higher for nests in unburned areas compared to nests in burned areas (unburned NS = 0.43, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.33-0.54; burned NS = 0.24, 95% CI: 0.10-0.46). The amount of bare ground was negatively associated with NS, but effects diminished as the amount of bare ground reached low levels. Shrub height and visual obstruction were positively associated with NS during the entire study period, whereas minimum Tbb had a weaker effect. Our findings demonstrate that thermoregulatory selection by Greater Sage-Grouse at nest sites had marginal effects on their NS. However, given that increases in vegetation structure (e.g., shrub height) provide thermal refuge and increase NS, vegetation remnants or regeneration in a post-fire landscape could be critical to Greater Sage-Grouse nesting ecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introducción. En Colombia, la producción hortícola en el trópico bajo es limitada principalmente por factores bióticos como el ataque de plagas, patógenos y factores abióticos como valores extremos de temperatura, radiación solar, viento y precipitación. Objetivo. Evaluar dos tipos de mallas anti-insecto en las áreas de ventilación de un invernadero colombiano ventilado de formado natural con el fin de analizar el efecto sobre las tasas de ventilación y el microclima generado. Materiales y métodos. El Estudio se desarrolló en el año 2019 en el departamento de Magdalena, Colombia. El enfoque metodológico incluyó el uso de modelo computacional de fluidos (CFD) 2-D para el desarrollo de quince simulaciones en estado estacionario, el modelo CFD fue validado experimentalmente en el prototipo del invernadero real evaluado. Resultados. Los parámetros de bondad de ajuste entre los datos medidos y simulados mostraron valores de error medio absoluto (MAE) y la raíz del error cuadrático medio (RMSE) para la temperatura y la humedad relativa de 0,15 y 0,32 °C, 2,41 y 2,73 %, respectivamente. Hubo una reducción promedio de las tasas de ventilación entre 55,3 y 77,1 % en comparación con el escenario de referencia que no incluyó la presencia de mallas anti-insecto, esta reducción generó modificaciones en el comportamiento de las variables temperatura y humedad relativa en el interior del invernadero, con una marcada distribución espacial heterogénea. Conclusión. Las condiciones micro climáticas más inadecuadas se presentaron en escenarios de baja velocidad de viento exterior, por lo tanto, es recomendable seleccionar e implementar algún tipo de malla anti-insecto en las áreas de ventilación de un invernadero basado en el comportamiento local de esta variable.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar a recuperação de larvas infectantes de Haemonchus sp. em capim Marandu (Brachiaria brizantha), no período da seca (inverno) e das chuvas (verão) ao longo do tempo; bem como verificar se a altura do pasto influenciou neste tempo de sobrevivência. O experimento foi conduzido em Uberlândia, durante os meses de agosto a novembro de 2014 (seca) e janeiro a março de 2015 (chuvas). Foram considerados dois tratamentos (alturas de pasto 10 e 35cm), com coleta de amostras nos dias 0, 7, 14, 28, 42, 56 e 70 dias. Houve contaminação experimental de parcelas com fezes de caprinos com média de 1600 ovos de estrongilídeos por grama (OPG). Foi realizada amostragem por cortes dos estratos inferior e superior do capim. Houve maior número de larvas recuperadas no estrato inferior no inverno (p0,05). Foram encontradas larvas até o 42o dia no período chuvoso e até o fim do trabalho durante a seca, com maior quantidade de larvas (p

A urbanização e a industrialização aceleradas é uma problemática nos dias atuais na condição térmica de cidades do semiárido brasileiro, como Caicó/RN, e que pode piorar no futuro se as temperaturas do ar aumentarem devido ao aquecimento em todo o planeta, segundo as constatações do IPCC (IPCC, 2019), proporcionando ameaças à qualidade de vida da população. Diante dessa problemática, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar a influência da arborização na cidade de Caicó, através da temperatura e umidade relativa do ar, comparando duas áreas: uma com arborização densa e outra pouco arborizada. Desse modo, utilizaram-se equipamentos termohigrômetros que registraram dados horários de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar durante o período de maio a junho de 2016. A partir dessas variáveis, avaliou-se a sensação térmica nos dois pontos através dos índices de conforto térmico humano: Índices de desconforto (ID) e o Índice de temperatura e Umidade (ITU). Através dos resultados apresentados, corroboramos com Monteiro (1976) e Mendonça e Monteiro (2003) quando afirmam que a cidade gera um clima próprio (clima urbano), resultante da interferência de todos os fatores que se processam sobre a camada limite urbana e que agem no sentido de alterar o clima em escala local. Por menor que seja a cidade, é possível detectar mudanças no campo higrotérmico, como pudemos constatar em Caicó/RN.

As variáveis meteorológicas podem ser influenciadas por diversos fatores e sofrerem modificações de acordo com a posição atmosférica, altitude e composição da vegetação. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: a) caracterizar o comportamento da temperatura e umidade relativa do ar em diferentes altitudes; e b) verificar o efeito da altitude sobre essas variáveis. A área de estudo foi um trecho de FOD submontana em Guaraqueçaba, Paraná. Foram instaladas duas estações meteorológicas nas altitudes de 30 e 400 m (ambas na face Sul), que registraram dados de temperatura do ar e UR durante os meses de maio de 2017 a abril de 2018. A temperatura média do período variou de 20,63 (30 m) a 19,13 °C (400 m), sendo o gradiente de redução de temperatura com o aumento de altitude de 0,34 °C/ 100 m. A temperatura máxima registrada aos 30 m (34,57 °C) ocorreu em dezembro de 2017 e aos 400 m (30,85 °C) em novembro de 2017. As temperaturas mínimas absolutas ocorreram no mês de julho de 2017, sendo 3,67 (30 m) e 4,12 °C (400 m). A UR média aos 30 m de altitude foi de 99,2%, enquanto aos 400 m foi de 96%. A altitude não influenciou na temperatura e na umidade do ar na referida encosta, pois não houve diferença significativa entre as médias de amplitude diária das variáveis nas duas altitudes.

La producción en invernadero especialmente en zonas altas en la agricultura boliviana está muy alejada de su potencial que puede ser aprovechado en la medida que se adecuen otros determinantes como el control de las variables climáticas que actúan sobre la producción. Así, un buen funcionamiento del sistema requiere adecuar las consignas de control. Para este propósito se utilizó un invernadero convencional de cubierta de lámina flexible, un invernadero móvil Pachamama de cubierta de placas rígidas y la variedad de rábano Crimson Giant. Se tomaron variables de estudio microclimáticas y agronómicas. Para su análisis se recurrió a la estadística descriptiva e inferencial (prueba t de Student). El trabajo se realizó en dos temporadas o fases: en la primera fase se evaluó comparativamente en ambos invernaderos, el control microclimático en forma manual únicamente y en la segunda fase se evaluó comparativamente el control manual en el invernadero convencional con el control automatizado en el invernadero móvil Pachamama. Los resultados muestran que el invernadero móvil Pachamama bajo un control microclimático de manejo manual, se alcanzaron los valores más elevados de radiación solar, temperatura, déficit de presión de vapor en comparación al invernadero convencional desencadenando mayores condiciones de estrés, y bajo un control microclimático de manejo automático, se alcanzaron los valores más bajos de radiación solar, temperatura, déficit de presión de vapor. Por lo cual es factible llevar adelante un manejo de control microclimático automático, lo cual permite aprovechar al máximo el potencial que ofrecen los invernaderos.

Introducción. La precipitación, temperatura, radiación y humedad relativa varían según la altura, esto provoca la presencia de microclimas que afectan la productividad de los animales. Objetivo. Asociar las condiciones climáticas presentes en el sistema productivo con la producción láctea de un hato jersey puro en dos pisos altitudinales de la provincia de Cartago, Costa Rica. Materiales y métodos. De forma retrospectiva, durante el año 2016, se evaluó la información productiva de dos sistemas ubicados a 660 y 1800 msnm. Del primero se analizaron los registros de 61 animales durante doce años (12 083 datos); mientras que en el segundo se analizaron las lactancias de 387 animales en cinco años (13 820 registros). Las observaciones incluyeron: identificación del semoviente, día de generación del registro, mes, año, producción de leche diaria, días de lactancia, número de partos, edad del animal, temperatura, precipitación, radiación solar y humedad relativa promedio. Resultados. Los días de lactancia, el número de lactancia (3a-5a), la edad del animal (3,7 a 5,8 años) y el número de partos afectaron la producción de leche diaria en ambas fincas (p

Este trabajo de investigación se centra en el estudio teórico y experimental del microclima urbano de la plaza Chamberí de Madrid, ciudad con una marcada Isla de Calor. Para ello, se realizaron mediciones in-situ de temperatura superficial de materiales en fachadas, pavimentos y mobiliario urbano, de temperatura seca, humedad relativa del aire y de velocidad y dirección del viento en condiciones de soleamiento y sombreamiento. Se levantó el entorno, la vegetación, arbolado y materiales de acabado en 3D para desarrollar simulaciones de soleamiento y radiación solar. Paralelamente, se registró el uso que las personas hacían del espacio urbano. Finalmente se compararon los resultados con un estudio bioclimático tradicional que serviría para definir el confort. Se concluyó que las herramientas bioclimáticas son efectivas para el diseño de espacios confortables térmicamente, siempre y cuando se creen microclimas alternativos que den opción de adaptarse al entorno. Las mediciones de campo revelan la importancia de las propiedades térmicas de los materiales y la necesidad de realizar estudios de soleamiento para la selección y localización de materiales con diversas propiedades higrotérmicas y el correcto empleo de suelos naturales, vegetación y agua. Se observa que las estrategias teóricas para alcanzar el confort definidas mediante las herramientas tradicionales, en numerosas ocasiones, no coincide con el uso real del espacio público. Además, se detectaron notables diferencias entre los datos climáticos históricos, los de la estación meteorológica estatal más cercana y las mediciones locales. Se detecta numéricamente el efecto de Isla de Calor Urbana en la plaza, respecto al parque del Retiro.

The microclimatic improvement is often cited as one of the benefits generated by urban trees, however, there are few studies which quantitatively address this effect. The aim of this paper was to compare the microclimate of streets with and without trees. Therefore, three samples containing a stretch of street with and without trees were selected, with the street with trees being composed of different species. The temperature, relative humidity and wind speed data were measured by automatic Kestrel® meteorological ministations installed on the street with trees and another in the street without trees. The data collection period was from 9 AM to 3 PM, and the monitoring interval was every 1 minute during all four seasons starting in the winter of 2011. The comparative analyses were done using the Student's t-test (99%). The results indicated that the air temperature in a street with trees was on average 1.7 °C lower than a street without trees, the relative humidity was 6.9% higher and the wind speed was 0.04 m/s lower. There was no statistical difference for temperature between the street with "ipê" in the winter and spring. There was no difference for wind speed in the summer between the street with other trees and the street with "ipê" and "tipuana". It was concluded that street trees provide a pleasant microclimate, and this influence was statistically significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A knowledge of the dynamic urban environmental system is essential when designing planning and management strategies that enable better urban planning. Street trees are part of the green infrastructure and provide multiple social and environmental benefits to citizens. In summertime, when the highest temperatures are recorded, trees contribute to improving human thermal comfort. Vegetation modifies the local climate because it regulates temperature and relative humidity by generating a microclimate. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the influence of street trees on the microclimate of the city of Bahía Blanca in Argentina. To evaluate the microclimate, air temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed were measured under the trees and away from the trees. Measurements were made considering three trees species with different crown structures. Data were recorded in the morning, noon, and afternoon on two typical summer days. Four neighbourhoods with different building typologies were selected. The streets selected had different orientations: north-south and west-east. Data analysis showed that the temperature under the trees was lower than further away from the trees. This situation was most visible between 12 noon and 3 pm. and wind speed was lower under the trees since they act as obstacles. This research evaluates the climatic benefits generated by trees in cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se desarrolló una Red Neuronal Artificial (RNA) con capacidad para realizar predicciones climáticas a corto plazo, entrenada con datos a intervalos de 15 min durante 454 días, de una estación climatológica ubicada en La Hechicera Mérida-Venezuela (1896 msnm). Para el entrenamiento y su validación se usaron patrones simulados que contienen variaciones diarias de la radiancia y la temperatura. Se eligieron 3 funciones de prueba tales como el Seno, Coseno y los Polinomios de Legendre Pl(x). La (RNA) p.ej, puede predecir el intervalo (0,1] usando sólo como entrada el intervalo [-1,0] de la correspondiente derivada P´l (x) del polinomio. En la fase de producción con datos reales, se encontró que la red es capaz de predecir la temperatura con un 5% de error en el rango horario [12:15 a 06:15] pm, sólo con los datos de temperatura en el rango [6:00 a 12:00) am. Igualmente al predecir temperatura a partir de radiancia (5 %), radiancia-radiancia (16 %). Se considera viable el uso de (RNA) para la predicción de micro-clima a corto plazo, pudiendo extender su uso a otras localidades, lo que podría ser útil para el desarrollo de planes de prevención de desastres, períodos de siembra y en la predicción de oferta de energía en plantas eólicas y solares.

Gradients in community diversity and composition rarely track rates of warming, prompting efforts to understand the factors causing non-equilibrium responses to climatic change and their implications for conservation. Here, we test the roles of fine-resolution habitat heterogeneity and microclimate in delaying butterfly community responses to warming over a mountain elevation gradient. We assess species diversity and Community Temperature Index (CTI) in 2004–2005 and 2017 across 120 transect sites in the Sierra de Guadarrama (Spain), modelling temperatures based on topography, and vegetation structure based on LiDAR. A humped elevation gradient in species diversity was maintained over time. However, diversity in the later period was more positively related to vegetation heterogeneity, and sites with reduced rates of warming and greater forest cover maintained or increased their diversity. Site CTI declines with increasing elevation, showing little evidence of systematic change over the gradient between periods, although CTI increased most in locations with the greatest rates of spring microclimatic warming. Our results show that delays in community tracking of climatic conditions could result partly from positive effects of habitat and topographic heterogeneity providing microclimatic buffering against warming to existing communities; although barriers to colonization could also delay diversity increases and community thermophilization at high elevations. We suggest that protecting and managing complex habitats with high community diversity, and identifying localized microclimates that buffer populations against negative effects of warming, are more immediate conservation priorities over elevation gradients than efforts to ensure that communities track prevailing rates of warming. • Vegetation and microclimate affect recent changes to mountain butterfly communities • Butterfly diversity increased where tree cover provided greater habitat heterogeneity • Community composition changed the most where microclimatic warming was greatest • Topographic and vegetation heterogeneity buffer the ecological effects of warming • LiDAR and microclimate models help understand community responses to climate change [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar los efectos de la expansión urbana de Bahía Blanca sobre el microclima y la biomasa considerando la percepción de sus habitantes. Se utilizaron imágenes satelitales LANDSAT para el período 1986-2014. Se estimó el área urbana, la temperatura y la biomasa. Se analizaron datos meteorológicos de temperatura, humedad relativa y velocidades máximas de viento provistos por el Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (Argentina). El crecimiento de la ciudad redujo la biomasa. La TST disminuyó 0.6 ºC debido al aumento de las sombras generadas por los edificios, a la densidad de los mismos y a la capacidad calorífica de los materiales que los componen, entre otros factores. La temperatura del aire se incrementó 0.7 ºC y la humedad relativa disminuyó un 6%. La opinión de los habitantes coincidió con los datos meteorológicos analizados. La consulta a los actores sociales generó información útil para orientar la planificación de la ciudad, las políticas públicas y la toma de decisiones para mejorar la calidad de vida de los habitantes.

O desconforto térmico é uma das principais causas da queda produtiva da pecuária extensiva a pleno sol, sendo a inserção de árvores no sistema a alternativa mais eficiente para atenuar a temperatura e aumentar a produtividade sem a necessidade de explorar novas áreas. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se caracterizar o microclima em um sistema silvipastoril, uma área de refúgio e a pleno sol, além de estimar o conforto térmico e avaliar o comportamento ingestivo dos animais sob sombra. O estudo foi realizado na estação experimental do Instituto Agronômico do Paraná (IAPAR), localizada em Ibiporã-PR, em três áreas com manejos distintos: um sistema silvipastoril, um bosque que serve como refúgio dos animais e uma pastagem a pleno sol. Foram instaladas estações meteorológicas automáticas no sistema silvipastoril, uma sob a sombra e outra na distância média perpendicular aos renques, na área de refúgio e no pasto a pleno sol. As variáveis medidas foram temperatura do ar e umidade relativa do ar. As temperaturas médias dos tratamentos arborizados foram comparadas com as do pasto a pleno sol por meio do test t. Valores médios de Temperatura e Índice de Umidade (ITU) foram calculados para cada estação do ano. Analisou-se o comportamento ingestivo animal no sistema silvipastoril em três dias representativos de diferentes estações do ano. Constatou-se diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos sombreados e a pastagem a pleno sol, com redução de temperatura variando entre 0,4 a 1,6 °C nos sistemas sombreados. Ao comparar o conforto térmico animal para as estações do ano, não verificou-se diferenças entre o sistema silvipastoril e refúgio em relação ao pleno sol, sendo indicado monitorar a temperatura corporal animal para melhor estimar sua condição de conforto térmico. Entretanto, ao avaliar o comportamento ingestivo animal evidenciou-se a preferência dos animais por realizar suas atividades sob a sombra das árvores; o sistema silvipastoril propiciou mudanças no seu hábito alimentar, otimizando o tempo de pastejo. Conclui-se que o componente arbóreo influenciou diretamente no microclima dos ambientes estudados, atenuando a temperatura e protegendo os animais contra a incidência direta de radiação solar, proporcionando maior conforto térmico.

Physalis peruviana L. is a species of commercial interest belonging to the Solanaceae family, cultivated preferentially in shaded environment, which still has cultivation restricted to small areas in Brazil and therefore requires further studies. Plants are directly affected by environmental factors such as drought, temperature, radiation, among others. These factors affect not only the vegetative organs, but also reproductive structures, which may cause damage to agronomically explored plants. With the need for shading presented by the crop, the present work aimed to characterize the pollen grain and to verify the influence of shade nets used in shading on the morphology of pollen grains of this species. The work was developed at the Lavras Federal University, where three replications of two plants were cultivated under full sun and under shadenets white, blue, red and black. Flower anthesis pollen was collected, processed and photographed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Polar diameter, equatorial diameter and pollen area were measured in ten pollen grains. The results showed that P. peruviana pollen grains are isopolar, radial, prolato-spheroidal in shape and medium in size. There was also an increase in pollen grain area when cultivated in shading with white shade net and in full sun. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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