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The study was aimed to determine the phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance in the isolated bacteria from the influent (25), effluent (15), surface and ground water samples (15) surrounding the pharmaceutical industries located in south India. From 55 samples, 48 isolates of 10 different bacteria were obtained. The identified bacterial isolates were viz. Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter aerogenes, Corynebacterium sp., Acinetobacter sp., Aeromonas punctata, Ralstonia picketti, Staphylococcus aureus, Stenotrophomonas maltophillia, and Citrobacter freundii. The phenotypic profile of resistance through antibiotic susceptibility test was carried out against sixteen different antibiotics. Standard PCR technique was used for the detection of 12 resistance genes encoding carbapenems, quinoline, aminoglycoside, β-lactam belonging blaOXA-58 , blaOXA-22 , qnrA, qnrB, aac(6)-Ib-cr, aac (3)-XI, mec A, qepA, aadB, blaVIM, blaOXA-48 and blaNDM. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1: TN/I/2020) showed presence of 3 resistance genes. qnrB (489 bp) gene was present in maximum of 7 isolates while blaVIM (196 bp) gene was present in 6 isolates. The resistance genes blaNDM (621 bp) was present in three different isolates; aac (X):6)-lb-cr (482 bp), qepA (495 bp), aadB (500 bp), blaOXA-58 (843 bp) resistant genes were present in two different isolates each among the bacterial isolates obtained in this study. In phenotypic resistance profiling by AST method, out of 16 antibiotics tested, 14 showed resistance. Similarly, in genotypic resistance profiling, among 12 resistance genes tested, a maximum of three resistance genes were noticed in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. There were positive and negative correlations observed between phenotypic and genotypic resistance among different antibiotics and their resistance genes indicating the variations in the resistance gene expression., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Data availability All the research data are included in the manuscript and supplementary material., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Background: Urinary tract infections, a prevalent global infectious disease, are clinical issues not well studied in HIV-positive individuals. UTIs have become a global drug resistance issue, but the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of UTI-causing bacteria among HIV patients in Tigray, Ethiopia, are poorly understood. This study aims to identify the prevalence of UTI-causing bacteria, their antibiotic susceptibility patterns, and associated risk factors in HIV patients attending ART clinics at Mekelle General Hospital and Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia., Method: Clean-catch midstream urine samples (10-15 mL) were collected from HIV patients who are attending ART clinics at Mekelle General Hospital and Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital. Samples were analyzed based on standard microbiological protocols using cysteine-lactose electrolyte deficient (CLED) agar. Pure colonies of bacterial isolates were obtained by sub-culturing into Mac-Conkey, Manitol Salt agar and blood agar plates. The bacterial isolates were then identified using macroscopic, microscopic, biochemical, and Gram staining methods. Gram-negative bacteria were identified using biochemical tests like triple sugar iron agar, Simon's citrate agar, lysine iron agar, urea, motility test, and indol test, whereas Gram-positive isolates were identified using catalase and coagulase tests. The Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion technique was used to analyze the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 25.0., Results: Among the 224 patients, 28 (12.5%) of them had been infected by UTIs-causing bacteria. E. coli was the dominant bacterium (16 (57%)) followed by K. pneumoniae (4 (14%)), and S. aureus (3 (11%)). Of the total bacterial isolates, 22 (78.6%) of them developed multi-drug resistance. All Gram-positive (100%) and 75% of Gram-negative bacterial isolates were found to be resistant to two or more drugs. Patients with a history of UTIs, and with CD 4 count < 200 cells/ mm 3 , were more likely to have significant bacteriuria. Compared to male patients, female patients were more affected by the UTIs-causing bacteria. More than 93% of the UTIs-causing bacterial isolates were susceptible to nitrofurantoin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, and gentamycin; whereas they are highly resistant to ampicillin (96%), cotrimoxazole (82%) and tetracycline (71%)., Conclusions: Most of the bacterial isolates were highly resistant to ampicillin, cotrimoxazole, and tetracycline. Female patients were more affected by the UTIs causing bacteria. The highest prevalence (12.5%) of UTIs in HIV patients needs special attention for better management and monitoring. Previous UTI history and immune suppression are predictors of UTIs, highlighting the need for intervention measures involving molecular studies to identify resistant bacteria genes and promote patient immune reconstitution., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

In 2013, Uganda introduced the PCV10 pneumococcal vaccine and it is given to children at 6, 10 and 14 weeks after birth. Carriage prevalence studies post PCV10-introduction are necessary for monitoring the impact of vaccination and trends in antibiotic resistance. Here, we studied carriage/antibiotic resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus), Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis , and Staphylococcus aureus isolated from 194 children at the Mulago Assessment Centre clinic in Kampala-Uganda, 5 years post-PCV10 introduction. Almost all the children were vaccinated with PCV10 (98.5%, 191/194). The overall carriage prevalence (any species) was 62% (120/194), and it was associated with a history of antibiotics use (p=0.0159) and having respiratory symptoms (p=0.0003). The pneumococcus, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis , and S. aureus carriage prevalence was 46% (90/194), 21% (40/194), 7% (14/194), and 6% (12/194), respectively. Species co-carriage occurred in 32 children (17%, 32/194), predominantly multidrug resistant pneumococcus + H. influenzae (23 children). Furthermore, pneumococci were highly resistant to cotrimoxazole (100%), erythromycin (76%), and tetracycline (52%), 42% being multidrug-resistant. Overall, we note an increase in antibiotic resistance post-PCV10 introduction, and microbial shifts i.e., a decrease in pneumococcus, M. catarrhalis and S. aureus carriage and an increase in H. influenzae carriage suggesting vaccine-associated perturbation of the respiratory ecology., (© 2023 Nshimiyimana T et al.)

Antibiotic resistance is considered a widespread problem with global health implications, leading to increased patient morbidity and impacting the selection of effective antibiotics, consequently influencing patient recovery. This study aimed to assess antibiogram resistance patterns of bacterial records at the Islamic Hospital in Jordan using a retrospective study during the period 2020-2022. A total of 9369 samples obtained from different patients were cultured. Data were processed and analyzed with SPSS v.23.0. The results showed that 2841 (30.3%) samples were positive for bacterial infections. Microbial profiles of positive samples indicated the highest proportion for Escherichia coli, 39%, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae 12% were the most frequent Gram-negative bacterial isolates, whereas Staphylococcus aureus 13% and Streptococcus pneumoniae 4% were the most common Gram-positive bacterial isolates. Interestingly, multidrug-resistant bacteria comprised 61.7% of the isolates. The percentage of multi-drug resistance in isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae was 68.7%, 73.1%, and 72%, respectively. Escherichia coli was most resistant to ampicillin (89%) and most sensitive to imipenem (100%). Klebsiella pneumoniae showed a 100% sensitivity to meropenem but 49% resistance to ceftriaxone. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most sensitive to amikacin and colistin (86% and 100%, respectively). Staphylococcus aureus isolates have resistance rates of 78% for ciprofloxacin, 35.6% for clindamycin and an overall resistance rate of 68.7%. These findings indicate multiple resistance for isolated bacteria. Therefore, antimicrobial resistance should be monitored continuously, and patients should be treated based on anti-microbial susceptibility tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Animal studied Procedure Results Conclusions To analyze bacterial isolates associated with canine bacterial keratitis and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns in Korea, focusing on multidrug resistance (MDR) and identifying effective antibiotic combinations for clinical treatment.A total of 146 dogs diagnosed with suspected bacterial keratitis between October 2022 and October 2023 in Korea, with 157 eye samples collected for analysis.Eye samples were cultured to isolate bacteria, and antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method. Bacterial identification was conducted using Matrix‐Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time‐of‐Flight (MALDI‐TOF). The study assessed the efficacy of individual antibiotics and combination therapies.Bacteria were isolated in 55.4% of the samples. The most common genera were Staphylococcus species (48.5%, 48/99), Streptococcus species (13.1%, 13/99), Pseudomonas species (9.1%, 9/99), and Escherichia coli (9.1%, 9/99). Amikacin (84.8%) showed the highest antibiotic susceptibility, while doxycycline exhibited the lowest (17.2%). The most effective antibiotic combinations were amikacin‐moxifloxacin (93%). MDR isolates accounted for 52.5% (52/99) of the total bacterial samples.Staphylococcus species were the most common isolates, with 52.5% showing MDR, underscoring the need to curb antibiotic misuse. While antibiotics like amikacin demonstrated high susceptibility rates, their use should be reserved for resistant infections to prevent further resistance development. Rather than focusing solely on finding effective combinations of antibiotics, it is crucial to consider alternative treatment strategies that offer more sustainable solutions. Rather than relying on antibiotic combinations, attention should shift to sustainable alternatives to treat bacterial keratitis and reduce antibiotic dependence in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: The role of fomites in the transmission of infectious diseases is becoming more important because of the possibility that contaminated surfaces act as reservoirs of diseases. The aim of this study was to ascertain the level of bacterial contamination and the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant genes on the most touched surfaces on public transport. Methods: One hundred samples were collected from door handles and armrests of buses and tricycles, respectively at Isale-Oko motor garage, Sagamu. Bacteria were isolated from the samples and identified following standard microbiological techniques. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done with the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The presence of antibiotic-resistant genesvanA, drfA, dfrG genes, and extended-spectrum betta-lactamase (ESBL) genes in Gram-negatives were screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Results: Out of the samples tested, 91% were positive for bacterial contamination. Among the 91 positive samples, 126 bacteria were identified, comprising 98 Gram-positive and 28 Gram-negative bacterial isolates. Staphylococcus aureus had the highest overall frequency of occurrence with 62 (49.2%) isolates. Among the Gram-positives, azithromycin resistance was present in 35(56.5%) S. aureus and 19(52.8%) Staphylococcus epidermidis. Salmonella species was the most resistant to ciprofloxacin (100%). dfrG was the most detected among trimethoprim-resistant genes occurring in 11(55%) of multidrug-resistant S. aureus and 6(54.6%) of S. epidermidis. vanA gene was present in S. aureus (20%). dfrA was present in only Klebsiella pneumoniae and Esherichia coli. E. coli and Shigella species carried blaTEM while blaSHV was found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Conclusion: The most-touched surfaces of public transportation can serve as a substantial source of spread for potentially harmful bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ocular infections, including conjunctivitis, keratitis, and endophthalmitis, significantly impact eye health, leading to morbidity, visual impairment, and blindness if not treated. Aims and Objectives: This study focuses on reviewing and analyzing the prevalence of bacterial and fungal pathogens in ocular infections and assessing their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns at Vijayanagar Institute of Medical Sciences, Ballari. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted by collecting ocular infection samples from January 01, 2022, to December 31, 2022. Samples, including corneal scrapings and conjunctival swabs, underwent initial procedures such as Gram staining and were inoculated on various agars. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Results: Out of 404 evaluated samples, corneal scrapings were predominant, with a significant incidence of fungal and bacterial growth. Aspergillus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. were the most common fungal and bacterial isolates, respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that Gram-negative bacilli showed more susceptibility to gentamycin, ceftriaxone, and ciprofloxacin, whereas Grampositive cocci were more susceptible to tetracycline and doxycycline. Conclusion: The study highlights the cornea as the most common source of ocular infections, with Aspergillus and Pseudomonas spp. being the predominant fungal and bacterial pathogens, respectively. Identifying the prevalent species in this geographical area aids in early diagnosis and treatment, thereby preventing morbidity and improving patient outcomes. The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern observed suggests effective options for treatment, emphasizing the need for ongoing surveillance to adapt to resistance patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To establish the frequency of emerging pathogens and their susceptibility profiles amongst various healthcareassociated infections. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Microbiology, Combined Military Hospital, Lahore Pakistan, from Jan to Dec 2020. Methodology: One hundred and ninety-six samples with a history of hospital-acquired infections were received and processed folowing standard microbiological techniques. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done by the Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion technique for the commonly used antibiotics. For colistin susceptibility, the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute recommends broth microdilution, colistin broth disk elution, or colistin agar testing MIC methods, however, colistin susceptibility was performed by the E-strip method. Results: One hundred and ninety-six clinical samples with bacterial isolates causing healthcare-associated infections were processed. Specimens were from patients with surgical site infections (59,30.1%), Catheter-associated bloodstream infection (52, 26.5%); Ventilator-associated pneumonia (48, 24.5%) and Urinary tract infection (37,18.9%). Klebsiela pneumoniae (64, 32.7%), E.coli (51, 26%) and Acinetobacter baumani (45,23%) were the leading bacterial pathogens. A total of 72(36.7%) isolates showed multidrug resistance whereas extensively drug-resistant isolates were calculated to be 124(63.3%). Conclusion: High level of bacterial resistance amongst common health-care-associated infections is an eye-opener and impacts applying strict infection control measures along with antimicrobial stewardship. It wil also help clinicians modify empiric treatment regimes in affected patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to isolate and identify bacteria from the wastewater of the textile printing industry inoculated with a mixture of cow dung, jaggery, and urea to assess the bioremediation potential of isolated bacterial species for reducing color and other polluting parameters of the wastewater. Based on colony characteristics, we were able to isolate nine types of bacteria (Pri 1 to 9), capable of thriving in textile printing wastewater. Out of the nine isolates examined, four (Pri 3, Pri 4, Pri 8, and Pri 9) significantly reduced the color and values of other physicochemical parameters of the wastewater. Isolated bacterial cultures were identified using various biochemical tests, antibiotic sensitivity tests, and rRNA sequence analysis. At the end of a 24-h incubation period at room temperature under shaking conditions at 100 rpm on an orbital shaker, isolate Pri 3 was identified as Alcaligenes aquatilis LMG 22996 (T), capable of reducing color by 86.13%, biological oxygen demand (BOD) by 70.44%, chemical oxygen demand (COD) by 80.65%, total dissolved solids (TDS) by 47.31%, total suspended solids (TSS) by 56.56%, and ammoniacal nitrogen by 75.95%; isolate Pri 4 as Priestia aryabhattai B8W22(T), capable of reducing color by 78.35%, BOD by 66.35%, COD by 74.92%, TDS by 34.94%, TSS by 31.66%, and ammoniacal nitrogen by 71.14%; isolate Pri 8 as Citrobacter werkmanii NBRC 105721(T), capable of reducing color by 90.37%, BOD by 82.13%, COD by 85.06%, TDS by 54.83%, TSS by 61.97%, and ammoniacal nitrogen by 80.76%; and isolate Pri 9 as Shewanella chilikensis JC5(T), capable of reducing color by 90.17%, BOD by 84.68%, COD by 83.46%, TDS by 59.13%, TSS by 62.45%, and ammoniacal nitrogen by 90.37%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Antimicrobial resistance is one of the common global public health problems. The emergence of antimicrobial resistance is multifactorial, and tackling its development is challenging. Consequently, infections caused by resistant bacteria are unresponsive to conventional drugs, resulting in prolonged and severe illnesses, higher mortality rates, and considerable healthcare costs. Therefore, understanding the antimicrobial resistance profiles of bacterial pathogens is essential to optimize treatments and reduce the risks associated with infections. This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns of bacterial isolates from different clinical specimens at the Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI). Materials and methods: The retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on the bacterial culture and antibiotic susceptibility reports of different clinical specimens referred to the Bacteriology Laboratory of EPHI from September 2015 to August 2019. Standard bacteriological techniques were used for the isolation and identification of the bacteria. Data were extracted from 840 patients' records, which included the type of clinical sample cultured, the name of the bacteria, the representations of the antibiotics used for susceptibility testing, and the susceptibility results. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the bacterial isolates and the antimicrobial resistance profiles. Results: Eight types of clinical specimens were analyzed for bacterial isolates and urine specimens were the most analyzed. Ten different genera of bacteria were identified by culture. Almost all the isolates were gram-negative bacteria, while only one species of gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) was reported. Antibiotic sensitivity patterns were tested on 840 culture isolates. Escherichia coli strains revealed more than 57% resistance to seventeen antibiotics. Klebsiella pneumoniae showed nearly 70% or greater resistance rates for 17 of the antibiotics used. The overall detected multidrug resistance (MDR) was 64.29%. The highest MDR was reported in Acinetobacter strains (84%) followed by K. pneumoniae (80%). Conclusions: The multidrug resistance rates found in this study were alarming. Strengthening antimicrobial resistance surveillance at the national level is mandatory, and antimicrobial sensitivity testing should be accessible at local diagnostic centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Timely understanding of bacterial profiles and the change of antimicrobial resistance provide an important guidance for effective and optimized use of antibiotics in local healthcare systems. Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare of bacterial etiology with antibiogram of blood stream infection between adult and paediatric. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the department of Microbiology at Monno Medical College, Manikganj, Bangladesh during the period from January 2019 to December 2019 for duration of one year. In adult and pediatric patient blood was collected according to blood collection guidelines and inoculated into BacT/ALERT FA plus and BacT/ALERT PF plus aerobic blood culture bottles respectively. After collection these bottles were immediately incubated in BacT/ALERT 3D (manufactured by bioMerieoux, France) a fully automated blood culture system. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was done for all isolated bacteria by disc diffusion method. Result: A total number of 178 patients were recruited, among them 12 (7%) yielded growth of different bacteria. The culture positive cases were found in 7 (4%) in Paediatric group and 5 (3%) in adult age group. The most predominant identified bacteria in Paediatric group was Escherichia Coli which showed highly sensitive to imipenum, amikacin, linezolid, gentamicin (n=3, 100%). In adult group the most predominant isolated bacteria was Streptococci species which showed high sensitive to imipenum, linezolid, gentamicin 4 (80%) considerable sensitive to ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, cefotaxime, cefuroxime 3(60.0%). Conclusion: In conclusion the most common bacteria isolated from blood stream infection in adult and paediatric group are Streptococci species and Escherichia Coli respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seventeen dogs with superficial corneal ulcers were chosen for isolation of bacterial cells. All the dogs exhibited various clinical signs like blepharospasm, photophobia, lacrimation, and restlessness. Corneal swabs were collected from all the dogs prior to a detailed ophthalmic examination. They were subjected to culture and antibiotic sensitivity test and the identification of microorganisms. From the study, Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant bacteria isolated from the corneal surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a widely recognized and potentially fatal healthcarerelated infection that occurs in all high-dependency units. Mechanically ventilated patients are at an elevated risk of developing VAP, which has a high death and morbidity rate. The prevalence of VAP varies greatly depending on the location and diagnostic approach. Radiological and clinical markers impact VAP diagnosis accuracy. Reliable sampling and confirmation of microbes are highly recommended. The purpose of this study was to document the incidence, patient distribution, bacteriological profile, and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of VAP patients. Material and Methods: A prospective observational study was done between January 2016 and December 2019. Critically, ill patients on mechanical ventilation for more than 48 hours were included in the study. Based on the initial baseline, positive end-expiratory pressure, and fraction of inspired oxygenwere followed by three-tier VAP criteria as per NSHN guidelines. Results: Out of 1220 VAP-suspected patients (mechanically ventilated), 49 patients developed hospital-acquired VAP. The incidence of VAP significantly reduced from 10.7 to 1.4 VAP/1000 ventilator days with continuous intervention and auditing over some time. Elderly males aged 51–66 years were found to be in higher risk groups. Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were found to be the most common pathogen. The majority of Enterobacterales (79%) were found to be resistant to third-generation cephalosporin, 69% were resistant toward fluoroquinolone and cotrimoxazole, followed by 55% resistance to beta-lactam and beta-lactamase inhibitor combination. Conclusion: Targeted strategies with implementable policies, such as the care bundle approach, will reduce the in-patient days. It might improve patient outcomes and reduce the incidence of VAP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gradual rise of multidrug resistant micro-organisms is a national concern for all health care providers. Linezolid belongs to the oxazolidinone class of antimicrobials. it is a "last resort" used for the management of gram positive bacterial infections. Developing linezolid resistance creates a great challenge for treating bacterial infections. The objective of the current study is to determine the microbial profile and linezolid resistance in gram positive cocci isolated from blood stream infections. 1855 blood samples were analysed for microbial profile and antimicrobial sensitivity testing in our tertiary care centre over a 6 month period. In using Kirby-Bauer's disk diffusion method for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, linezolid resistance was detected according to CLSI guidelines. Out of 1855 blood culture samples, 732 (39.4%) were identified to be culture positive. Amongst culture positive isolates mostly (83.3%) gram negative bacteria were isolated, and 16.7% were Gram positive bacterial isolates. Klebsiella species were the most prevalent among gram negative isolates. The linezolid resistance pattern was coagulase negative staph (CONS) was 25%, staphylococcus was 24% and streptococcus was 20%. This study reveals significant linezolid resistance in gram positive bacteria isolated from blood culture. The emergence of linezolid resistance is a major issue for clinicians treating the infection and it will require prompt monitoring of antibiotic policy and antimicrobial stewardship programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial infection and antimicrobial resistance are important constraints in the production and sustainability of farmed salmonids. This retrospective study aimed to describe the frequency of bacterial isolates and antimicrobial resistance profiles in salmonid aquaculture in Atlantic Canada. Bacterial isolates and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) results assessed by disk diffusion testing were summarized for 18,776 Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) samples from 2291 unique cases submitted to the Atlantic Veterinary College, Aquatic Diagnostic Services Bacteriology Laboratory from 2000 to 2021. Kidney was the most commonly submitted tissue (60.29%, n = 11,320), and these specimens were mostly submitted as swabs (63.68%, n = 11,957). The most prevalent pathogens detected in these cases were Yersinia ruckeri type 1 (5.54%, n = 127), Renibacterium salmoninarum (2.10%, n = 48), Aeromonas salmonicida (atypical) (1.66%, n = 38), and Pseudomonas fluorescens (1.22%, n = 28). Most bacterial isolates tested (n = 918) showed resistance to florfenicol, oxytetracycline, ormetoprim-sulfadimethoxine, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, but not to enrofloxacin. This report provides baseline data for antimicrobial surveillance programs that investigate emerging antimicrobial resistance trends in salmonid aquaculture in Atlantic Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bloodstream infections (BSIs) are a cause of significant morbidity and mortality requiring urgent antibiotic treatment. However, there is widespread antibiotic-resistance from the bacterial causes, necessitating regular surveillance for drug-resistant bacteria and their antibiograms. Objective: This study isolated and identified various bacterial causes of BSIs, determined their antibiotic susceptibility patterns, and determined the best empirical treatment for cases of BSI in the setting. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out at the Federal Teaching Hospital, Ido-Ekiti, Nigeria between June 2020 and February 2021 on 177 blood culture samples from cases of BSI. Identification of isolated bacteria and antibiotic susceptibility testing of the isolates were carried out following the standard protocol. Results: Culture positivity in this study was 19.2%. No significant difference was seen in culture positivity between male and female participants (p = 0.97). Gram-negative enteric bacteria were predominantly isolated (67.6%), including Escherichia coli (29.4%) and Klebsiella aerogenes (20.6%). Staphylococcus aureus was the most common Gram-positive bacterium isolated (23.5%). Three (37.5%) S. aureus isolates were methicillin-resistant. All isolates were sensitive to meropenem, and 97.1% were sensitive to imipenem; other sensitivity patterns were: ceftazidime (85.3%), ciprofloxacin (79.4%), ofloxacin (79.4%), and gentamicin (76.5%). There was low sensitivity to ampicillin (32.4%) and cotrimoxazole (38.2%). All Gram-positive isolates, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus , were sensitive to vancomycin. Conclusion: Regular surveillance of isolate sensitivity patterns, formulation of hospital antibiotic policies based on existing data and compliance with treatment guidelines will promote rational antibiotic use and reduce resistance among bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is one of the common hearing problems which can cause many complications if not treated properly. Hence, the study aims to identify the bacterial isolates causing CSOM and to study their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out in a tertiary care hospital in Kota from May 2019 to January 2020. Three hundred and seventy patients of CSOM with discharge attending the ENT outpatient department were included in the study. Swabs were taken and sent immediately to the microbiology laboratory and processed. Bacterial isolates were identified using standard methods and antibiotic susceptibility testing was done. Results: Pseudomonas was the most predominant bacteria isolated followed by Staphylococcus aureus, Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, Enterobacter spp., Proteus spp., Streptococcus pneumonia, Klebsiella spp., Enterococcus and Acinetobacter spp. Conclusions: The present study helped in knowing the bacteriological profile of the cases of CSOM. Empirical treatment may not be successful in all cases because of the emergence of resistant organisms. Hence, it is advisable to do an antibiogram before starting the treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted to investigate the presence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in guava, sold in the local markets of Patna. A total of twenty five fresh samples of guava were collected from five different market places in Patna city. Several microbiological tests were performed to assess the growth and type of bacteria. The colonies were isolated and identified as isolate 1 and 3 (identical to Staphylococcus spp.), isolate 2 (identical to Escherichia spp.) and isolate 4 and 5 (identical to Bacillusspp.) based on their cultural, morphological, Gram’s staining and biochemical characteristics. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were conducted to detect their actual resistance capability. In the present study, S1 and S3 were found resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, ofloxacin and intermediate to gentamycin while S2 was found resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, gentamycin, ciprofloxacin, cephalexin and intermediate to ofloxacin. The isolates S4 and S5 were found sensitive to gentamycin, intermediate to chloramphenicol and resistant to ciprofloxacin. Results of this study showed that the guava samples obtained from different markets of Patna possess multidrug resistant bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Otitis Media (OM) is the most common disease of childhood. Twenty thousand people die each year from otitis media. It is an important cause of preventable hearing loss, affects children's intellectual performance and language development. There are very small numbers of studies done in Ethiopia concerning this topic. This study aimed to identify bacterial pathogens related to ear infection and to assess antibacterial susceptibility of isolated organisms.Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 152 children from April 2018 to July 2018 at selected health facilities in Hawassa city, SNNPR, Ethiopia. All pediatric patients having ear discharge were included. Convenient sampling technique was used to collect clinical and demographic data using standard questionnaires after child care-takers signed the consent. Ear discharge specimens were collected using a sterile swab, and transported using Amies transport media to Hawassa University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital laboratory. Bacterial isolates were characterized based on colony appearance, Gram reaction, culture characteristics, and biochemical tests after inoculating on appropriate culture media. Antibacterial susceptibility testing was performed using the disc diffusion method according to the criteria of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI).Results: Among 152 children included, 115(75.6%) of them demonstrated pathogenic bacterial growth. Staphylococcus aureus 41(27%) was the most frequently isolated pathogen, followed by Proteus mirabilis 19 (12.5%). Of the total isolates, 11.2 and 7.3% were resistant to gentamicin and ciprofloxacin respectively. Over three-fourth (85.2%) of the isolates were resistant to ampicillin. More than two-third of the isolates were resistant to both penicillin (71.4%) and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (72.0%).Conclusions: S. aureus is the most commonly isolated bacterial pathogen from ear discharge among children. Even though gentamicin is a parenteral drug and ciprofloxacin is rarely used in children due to concerns of bone/joint effects, these two drugs were highly effective antibiotics and thus should be considered in treating children with otitis media since most organisms were resistance or poor response to first line drugsHigh level of antibiotic resistance was observed so antimicrobial susceptibility test is needed before prescribing drugs for treatment of OM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urinary tract infections(UTI) are the most common bacterial infections among women in both pregnant and non pregnant states, among which asymptomatic bacteriuria is the commonest .Symptomatic bacteriuria includes cystitis and pyelonephritis .UTI is a disease of multiple etiology and is known for its recurrence despite the treatment. Every woman has a 20% life time risk of developing UTI. A sincere effort has been put to understand the local epidemiology of the organism and its susceptibility pattern so as to initiate an effective treatment. 1.To study the bacterial isolates of Urinary tract infection in pregnant women. 2.To study the antibiogram of the bacterial isolates. The study was conducted among 100 pregnant women who attended Obstetrics and Gynecology (OBG) outpatient department at a tertiary care centre, Bangalore, India, over a period of six months. For isolating the bacteria, standard conventional method of isolation and identification was followed. Antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates were determined using Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. The data was analyzed using standard statistical package. Majority of the isolates were Escherichia coli (33.98%) followed by Klebsiella species (19.41%), Coagulase negative staphylococcus (16.50%) and Enterococcus fecalis(13.59%), Acinetobacter species(7.76%), Staphylococcus aureus (3.88%), Pseudomonas and Enterobacter species were 1.9% each. Proteus being the least(0.97%). The isolates were sensitive to Aminoglycosides (97.08%) and Nitrofurantoin (97.08%). The study suggests that the common etiological agent for UTI in pregnant women was Escherichia coli and was sensitive to Aminoglycosides and Nitrofurantoin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To report data of samples collected from January 2000 to August 2013, in the Department of Diagnosis and Laboratory Analysis, Ophthalmic Hospital, Turin, Italy, from different types of ocular infections and their antibiotic susceptibility.Methods: Collected samples were cultured using both liquid and solid media. Then bacterial isolates were tested for antibiotic susceptibility using the Kirby-Bauer diffusion method and the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) serum standards.Results: Staphylococcus aureus is the most common bacteria isolated in ocular samples.Conclusions: In vitro susceptibility tests showed that levofloxacin and moxifloxacin (introduced only in 2010) had the highest efficacy against bacterial isolates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Burn patients are at high risk of infection, and it has been estimated that over 75% of all deaths following burns are related to infection. It is therefore, essential to determine the specific pattern of burn wound colonization and their antibiotic susceptibility profiles. Aim: To study the prevalence of various aerobic bacterial isolates in burns wound infection, evaluate antibiotic susceptibility profile of these bacterial isolates and to detect multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains among these isolates. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross sectional study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology of Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur over a study period of one year and six months. 110 non-repetitive samples from burns cases were included in the study by consecutive sampling. Samples were processed as per standard microbiological methods and were identified using biochemical reactions and antibiotic susceptibility tests were done. Results: Cultures from burn wound revealed Pseudomonas aeruginosa as the most common organism isolated followed by Acinetobacter baumannii, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella spp., Escherichia coli and Enterobacter cloacae. Majority of the isolates were multi-drug resistant. Multi-drug resistance was shown by 86.11% of Acinetobacter baumannii followed by E. coli and Klebsiella spp. Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed differing trend (24%) in terms of multi-drug resistance when compared to many previous studies. A high proportion of ESBL and carbapenemases were detected among our study isolates. Positivity for MBL and ESBL were shown by 77.77% and 58.33% Acinetobacter baumannii respectively. ESBL production was positive for 50% of E. coli and 42.85% of Klebsiella spp. Among Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 12% tested positive for ESBL and 18% for carbapenemases. Among Staphylococcus aureus, 42.30% were MRSA. Conclusion: The results of the present study will be helpful in understanding the pattern of burn wound microbial infection, the dominant bacterial flora and the antimicrobial resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Infection is a health hazard of great expense and significance affecting the final outcome of treatment. Hospital indoor air contains a diverse range of microbial population. Objective: To study microbiological organism and their antibiotic sensitivity isolated from patients' blood culture and to correlate this micro-organism with pattern of microbiological flora in tertiary care hospital. Materials and methods: All the patients who fulfilled study criteria were subjected for blood culture analysis and prospectively observed for clinical conditions and there outcome. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed for all blood culture isolates. Case fatality study was a comparison between deaths in blood culture positive patients with reference to resistance to first line antibiotics. A comparison was made between the type of organism found in cultures of samples taken from patients and the type of organism obtained from sites near the patients during the same time interval. Results: out of 3144 sample sent for blood culture, 888 (28.2%) samples came out to be positive. most isolates of klebseilla, Acinobacter, and E. coli were resistant to ampicillin (97 to 98%), gentamycin (70 to 80%) and cephalosporins (65% to 100%). Most of the gram negative isolates were sensitive to levofloxacin and Piperacillin-tazobactam. Staphylococcus aureus were resistant to ampicillin (90.4%). Staphylococcus aureus were sensitive with vancomycin by 98.6%. Case fatality due to gram -ve organisms were 19.45%. Gram -ve bacteria were dominating pathogens in both prefumigation samples from various sites of ICU and wards and blood culture sample from patients admitted in ICU and wards i.e. 32 (72.7%) and 815 (91.8%) respectively. It sets up a correlation between source of infection and sepsis in patients admitted to ICU and wards. Conclusion: Most organism (gram positive and gram negative) were resistant to first line antibiotics such as ampicillin, gentamycin, cephalosporins. Antibiotic combination with piperacillintazobactam or levofloxacin had better sensitivity among all gram negative organisms. Gram positive organisms were susceptible to vancomycin. Most deaths occur in patients infected with first line antibiotic resistant strains. Strong association found between source of bacterial infection and culture sample positivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bacterial blood stream infection constitutes a significant public health problem and it is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of bacterial isolates from septicemia suspected patients and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in Gondar University Hospital. Methods: This laboratory based retrospective study of 390 blood culture and susceptibility tests was conducted in Bacteriology Laboratory of the University of Gondar Teaching Hospital. The samples were collected and processed following standard microbiological techniques as part of the routine clinical management of the patient. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done on pure culture isolates employing disc-diffusion method for the commonly used antibiotics. The data were analyzed by using SPSS version 16 and the results were summarized by using tables and graphs. Results: Out of 390 blood culture results, 71 (18.2%) were culture positive. The predominant bacteria isolated from blood culture were Coagulase negative staphylococci 30 (42.3%), followed by S. aureus 17 (23.9%) and Klebiesella spp 9 (12.9%), E. coli 5 (7.0%), Pseudomonas aeroginosa 4 (5.6%) and Salmonella spp. 3 (4.2%). The gram positive and gram negative bacteria constituted 49 (69%) and 22 (31%) of the culture isolates; respectively. The isolates showed high rates of resistance to most antibiotics tested. The range of resistance for Gram positive and Gram negative were from 23.5% - 58.8%, and 20%- 100% respectively. Conclusions: In the present study most of the pathogens isolated from blood culture showed high rate of resistance to most commonly used antibiotics used to treat bacterial infections. Therefore, rational use of antibiotics should be practiced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ear infection is a common problem for both children and adults especially in developing countries. However in Ethiopia particularly in the study area, there is no recent data that shows the magnitude of the problem. The aim of this study was to determine the bacterial isolates and their drug susceptibility patterns from patients who had ear infection. Method: A retrospective study was conducted from September, 2009 to August, 2012 at Gondar University Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Ear discharge samples were cultured on MacConkey agar, blood agar and chocolate agar plates. A standard biochemical procedure was used for full identification of bacterial isolates. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were done on Mueller-Hinton agar by using disk diffusion method. Data were entered and analyzed by using SPSS version 20 software and P-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Result: A total of 228 ear discharge samples were tested for bacterial isolation and 204 (89.5%) cases were found to have bacterial isolates. From the total bacterial isolates, 115 (56.4%) were gram negative bacteria and the predominant isolate was proteus species (27.5%). Of individuals who had ear infection, 185 (90.7%) had single bacterial infection while 19 (9.3%) had mixed infections. Under five children were more affected by ear infection. The prevalence of ear infection was significantly high in males (63.7 vs 36.3%) (P = 0.017). Of all bacterial isolates, 192 (94.1%) had multiple antibiotic resistant pattern. Non Lactose Fermenter Gram Negative Rods (46.0%), Klebsella species (47.7%) and Pseudomonas species (48.5%) were resistant against the commonly used antibiotics. Conclusion: The prevalence of ear infection was very high in the study area. Majority of the bacterial isolates were resistant to multiple antibiotics. Hence antibiotics susceptibility test is mandatory before prescribing any antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Urinary tract infection is one of the most common bacterial infections in children. Understanding the characteristics of uropathogens and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in a particular setting can provide evidence for the appropriate management of cases. This study aimed to assess the bacterial profile of urinary tract infection, their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and associated factors among clinically suspected children attending at Felege-Hiwot Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia.Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from February-April, 2019. A systematic sampling technique was employed. A mid-stream urine sample was inoculated on cystine lactose electrolyte deficient media and incubated for 24-48 h. Sub-culturing was done on Mac-Conkey and blood agar. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was done on Muller-Hinton agar. A binary logistic regression model was used to see the association between dependent and independent factors. A p-value< 0.05 at 95% CI was considered as statistically significant.Results: The overall prevalence of urinary tract infection was 16.7% (95% CI 12.4-21.1). Both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial isolates were recovered with a rate of 44/50 (88%) and 6/50 (12%) respectively. Among Gram-negative isolates, E. coli 28/44(63.6%) was predominant while S. saprophyticus 2/6(33.3%) was prevalent among Gram-positive bacterial isolates. Overall, a high level of resistance to ampicillin, augmentin, and tetracycline was shown by Gram-negative bacteria with a rate of 44/44(100%), 39/44(88.6%), and36/44 (81.8%) respectively. About 33/50(66%) of overall multidrug resistance was observed (95% CI 52-78). About six Gram-negative bacterial isolates were extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producers. Having a history of urinary tract infection (P-0.003, AOR 1.86-22.15) and male uncircumcision (p-0.00, AOR 5.5-65.35) were the independent variables that associate for urinary tract infections.Conclusion: In the present study, the prevalence of urinary tract infection among children was high and considerably a high proportion of multidrug resistance was observed. This result will have a significant impact on the selection of appropriate antimicrobial agents for the treatment of urinary tract infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]