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As microbes are 3.5x109 years old dominant species prevailing on this earth in varied places even with temperatures ranging from 10-100°C. Soil life has a continuous interface between minerals and the organic life. The microorganisms regulate the physio-chemical and other biological properties of the ecosystem. The microbial community residing in the soil is, directly and indirectly, involved in various processes like the biogeochemical cycles, symbioses and nutrient recycling. Therefore, to understand the role of these minute creatures in the soil, their microbial diversity plays a critical role. Numerous techniques have been developed to unravel the information about the microbial community. The molecular techniques have made the identification of novel microorganisms convenient and robust. Hence, this review aims to highlight the importance of microbes and microbial diversity and discuss the molecular methods for gaining better insight into the microbes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the microbial diversity and research trends using metagenomics is important for biotechnological and environmental applications. In this study, we carried out bibliometric analysis on hot metagenomics to study the research trends. The high-throughput metagenome sequencing was used to investigate the taxonomic profile of Rajouri hot spring (RHS) located at 33.1829° N, 75.1441° with 3445 feet above the sea level. The isolated metagenomic DNA (mDNA) was subjected to sequencing using Illumina technology, and the data was processed using QIIME for taxonomic classification and diversity analysis. The results showed a high level of diversity within the microbial communities with Proteobacteria (41.03%), Actinobacteria (16.7%), and Firmicutes (7.42%) as the dominant phyla. The Shannon (3.28), Simpson (0.053), and Chao1 (198.5) indices indicate the microbial richness in RHS suggesting a more stable and resilient ecosystem. The Trehalose synthase (TreS) gene, responsible for catalyzing the conversion of maltose to trehalose, was subjected to PCR amplification, DNA sequencing, and subsequent computational analysis. Through these investigations, it was determined that the TreS protein is composed of 169 amino acids, displaying a globular conformation and possessing hydrophilic characteristics. The advancements in high-throughput sequencing technology will enable more comprehensive and accurate analysis of the hot spring metagenome, leading to a deeper understanding of the microbial communities and their interactions. • Metagenomics offers valuable genetic insight into the diverse unculturable microorganisms. • Proteobacteria (41.03%), and Actinobacteria (16.7%) phyla are dominant in RHS. • Trehalose synthase (TreS), a globular protein, is present in RHS metagenomic DNA. • TreS , a hydrophilic protein, is localized in cytoplasm with highest percentage of leucine (11.8%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]