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Non-ideal magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) is the dominant process. We investigate the effect of magnetic fields (ideal and non-ideal) and turbulence (sub- and transsonic) on the formation of protostars by following the gravitational collapse of 1 M⊙ gas clouds through the first hydrostatic core to stellar densities. The clouds are imposed with both rotational and turbulent velocities, and are threaded with a magnetic field that is parallel/antiparallel or perpendicular to the rotation axis; we investigate two rotation rates and four Mach numbers. The initial radius and mass of the stellar core are only weakly dependent on the initial parameters. In the models that include ideal MHD, the magnetic field strength implanted in the protostar at birth is much higher than observed, independent of the initial level of turbulence; only non-ideal MHD can reduce this strength to near or below the observed levels. This suggests that not only is ideal MHD an incomplete picture of star formation, but that the magnetic fields in low mass stars are implanted later in life by a dynamo process. Non-ideal MHD suppresses magnetically launched stellar core outflows, but turbulence permits thermally launched outflows to form a few years after stellar core formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-ideal magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) is the dominant process. We investigate the effect of magnetic fields (ideal and non-ideal) and turbulence (sub- and transsonic) on the formation of circumstellar discs that form nearly simultaneously with the formation of the protostar. This is done by modelling the gravitational collapse of a 1 M⊙ gas cloud that is threaded with a magnetic field and imposed with both rotational and turbulent velocities. We investigate magnetic fields that are parallel/antiparallel and perpendicular to the rotation axis, two rotation rates, and four Mach numbers. Disc formation occurs preferentially in the models that include non-ideal MHD where the magnetic field is antiparallel or perpendicular to the rotation axis. This is independent of the initial rotation rate and level of turbulence, suggesting that subsonic turbulence plays a minimal role in influencing the formation of discs. Aside from first core outflows that are influenced by the initial level of turbulence, non-ideal MHD processes are more important than turbulent processes during the formation of discs around low-mass stars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the results of 18 magnetohydrodynamical calculations of the collapse of a molecular cloud core to form a protostar. Some calculations include radiative transfer in the flux-limited diffusion approximation, while others employ a barotropic equation of state. We cover a wide parameter space, with mass-to-flux ratios ranging from μ = 5 to 20; initial turbulent amplitudes ranging from a laminar calculation (i.e. where the Mach number, $\mathcal {M} = 0$ ) to transonic $\mathcal {M} = 1$ ; and initial rotation rates from βrot = 0.005 to 0.02. We first show that using a radiative transfer scheme produces warmer pseudo-discs than the barotropic equation of state, making them more stable. We then 'shake' the core by increasing the initial turbulent velocity field, and find that at all three mass-to-flux ratios transonic cores are weakly bound and do not produce pseudo-discs; $\mathcal {M} = 0.3$ cores produce very disrupted discs; and $\mathcal {M} = 0.1$ cores produce discs broadly comparable to a laminar core. In our previous paper, we showed that a pseudo-disc coupled with sufficient magnetic field is necessary to form a bipolar outflow. Here, we show that only weakly turbulent cores exhibit collimated jets. We finally take the $\mathcal {M} = 1.0$ , μ = 5 core and 'stir' it by increasing the initial angular momentum, finding that once the degree of rotational energy exceeds the turbulent energy in the core the disc returns, with a corresponding (though slower), outflow. These conclusions place constraints on the initial mixtures of rotation and turbulence in molecular cloud cores which are conducive to the formation of bipolar outflows early in the star formation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report results from 12 simulations of the collapse of a molecular cloud core to form one or more protostars, comprising three field strengths (mass-to-flux ratios, μ, of 5, 10 and 20) and four field geometries (with values of the angle between the field and rotation axes, ϑ, of 0°, 20°, 45° and 90°), using a smoothed particle magnetohydrodynamics method. We find that the values of both parameters have a strong effect on the resultant protostellar system and outflows. This ranges from the formation of binary systems when μ = 20 to strikingly differing outflow structures for differing values of ϑ, in particular highly suppressed outflows when ϑ = 90°. Misaligned magnetic fields can also produce warped pseudo-discs where the outer regions align perpendicular to the magnetic field but the innermost region re-orientates to be perpendicular to the rotation axis. We follow the collapse to sizes comparable to those of first cores and find that none of the outflow speeds exceed 8 km s-1. These results may place constraints on both observed protostellar outflows and also on which molecular cloud cores may eventually form either single stars or binaries: a sufficiently weak magnetic field may allow for disc fragmentation, whilst conversely the greater angular momentum transport of a strong field may inhibit disc fragmentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have developed a modified form of the equations of smoothed particle magnetohydrody-namics which are stable in the presence of very steep density gradients. Using this formalism, we have performed simulations of the collapse of magnetized molecular cloud cores to form protostars and drive outflows. Our stable formalism allows for smaller sink particles (< 5 au) than used previously and the investigation of the effect of varying the angle, ϑ, between the initial field axis and the rotation axis. The nature of the outflows depends strongly on this angle: jet-like outflows are not produced at all when ϑ > 30°, and a collimated outflow is not sustained when ϑ > 10°. No substantial outflows of any kind are produced when ϑ > 60°. This may place constraints on the geometry of the magnetic field in molecular clouds where bipolar outflows are seen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]