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Metamaterials are artificial materials with unique electromagnetic properties and could exhibit a strong electromagnetic resonance. Resonant metamaterials are widely used in the field of biosensors because they are sensitive to the changes of surface dielectric environment. In this study, we demonstrated a highly sensitive detection method of 4-Mercaptohydrocinnamic acid using terahertz metamaterials fabricated on silicon substrate with metal arrays of the three bars structure. We measured the transmission spectra of the metamaterial to detect the 4-Mercaptohydrocinnamic acid at three different densities by the terahertz time-domain spectroscopy system. With the density of 4-Mercaptohydrocinnamic acid increasing, resonance dips exhibit the red-shift phenomena and transmission at the resonance frequency simultaneously reduce. The movement of resonance dips and the change of transmission show that the three bars resonators are sensitive to the density of analyte. The finite-difference time-domain simulation shows a good agreement with the experimental data, and the simulation of surface current and electric field distributions at resonance dips can further understand the resonance modes in transmission spectra. Our study provides new prospect into the application of terahertz metamaterials in biosensing.

We modulate the electromagnetic response of terahertz metamaterials by exciting photogenerated carriers with ultra-short pulsed laser, and realize the active control of terahertz transmission and resonances in a wide band. The experimental results show that when the terahertz electric vector is perpendicular and parallel to the bar direction with the open gap in the circular split ring resonators, respectively, the transmission of the non-resonant region and resonance absorption are significantly tuned by the irradiated pump pulse. With the increase of the pump power, the resonance absorption peak decreases and the frequency of resonance dip has a remarkable blue-shift. Meanwhile, the transmission of the non-resonant region decreases correspondingly. It is also found that the blue-shift of the resonance is mainly determined by the change of conductivity and dielectric constant in the photoexcited layer of the substrate. Through the numerical simulation, we have further proved the introduction of pump light has a significant modulation effect on the electromagnetic properties of terahertz metamaterials. Additionally, it can be observed that the LC resonance annihilates earlier than the resonance of the dipole resonance with the increase of pump power, implying the former is particularly sensitive to the variation of the active control. In the theoretical analysis, based on the Lorenz oscillator model, we have derived and calculated the resonance response intensity of the coupled oscillators under an external field. The calculated results indicate the coupling coefficient and damping rate have an impact on the spectra evolution, showing that the resonant response peak has a remarkable blue-shift with the increase of coupling coefficient and the resonance response intensity decreases with the increase of damping rate.

Highly sensitive response of anisotropic terahertz metamaterials to electromagnetic waves has attracted considerable attention due to its potential applications in terahertz modulators and biosensing devices. We designed three microstructure samples with split ring arrays. The terahertz transmission spectra are experimentally measured at different rotation angle. It is found that as the rotation angle increases, the resonance mode has gradually evolved from a single dipole oscillation mode to the double oscillation modes accompanied with LC and dipole oscillations, we further simulated the polarization conversion characteristics of the single splitting rings. It shows that the highest conversion efficiency appears at 45 degrees. But it doesn’t have polarization conversion effect at 0° and 90°. Subsequently, we have utilized ultrashort pulse laser to optically control the electromagnetic response by exciting the photogenerated carriers in the metamaterial samples. The experimental data show that the transmittance change obviously with the pump light. Additionally, when the angle is 90 degrees, it can be observed that the LC resonance annihilates earlier than the resonance of the dipole resonance with the increase of pump power, implying the former is particularly sensitive to the variation of the dielectric environment. To further explore the influence of dielectric environment on the resonance characteristics of the terahertz metamaterials, we have further performed the simulations with the applied surface analyte of different refractive index. The simulated data show that with the increase of the refractive index of the surface analyte, the resonance frequency of the dipole oscillation has a more significant blue shift than the resonance frequency of the LC oscillation. Our obtained results could provide the idea for designing terahertz modulators and sensitive biosensing devices.

Metamaterials has shown outstanding flexibility and functionality in optics and electromagnetics, which attracted plenty of interest. Nested ring resonators have a wide range of applications in terahertz (THz) spectroscopy, sensing and communication. Hence, we design a kind of metamaterials structure which can modulate THz transmission and resonance. It consists of a circular split ring resonator (CSRR) inside a closed square ring resonator. The single CSRR has an inductive-capacitive (LC) resonance and the single closed square ring resonator has a dipole resonance. After nesting two resonators, the resonance mode is changed from single mode to double modes. The results show that the amplitude transmission of non-resonant region is related to the gap opening and the asymmetry of structure. The amplitude transmission of resonance region depends on the conductivity of substrate. With the gap opening of CSRR increases, the amplitude transmission of non-resonant region increase. Meanwhile, the frequency of resonance has an obvious blue-shift. With the bottom edge distance of the two resonators decreases(the asymmetry increases), the amplitude transmission of the non-resonant region increases gradually and the low frequency of resonance has a red-shift and the high frequency of resonance has a blue-shift. To further analyze the influence of conductivity of substrate on amplitude transmission, we change the conductivity of substrate during the simulation. The results demonstrate that with the conductivity of the substrate increases, the resonance absorption peak decreases until disappears, the amplitude transmission of the non-resonant region decreases. Our results may have the potential applications in THz modulator.

With strong optical response from subwavelength metamaterial structures in terahertz, plasmon-induced transparency (PIT) has attracted considerable attention in terahertz modulators and biosensing devices. Here, we tune PIT effect by the destructive interference of two bright modes. We design a terahertz metamaterials structure with triple U-shaped resonators (TUR) arrays. In the vertical direction, double U-shaped resonators (DUR) are arranged downward, single-U resonator (SUR) is upward. We change the length of the SUR, the inner arms of the DUR and the horizontal distance of the DUR in order to observe the terahertz transmission spectrum. It is found from the results that with the length of the SUR increases， the resonant frequency has an obvious red-shift, the absorption of the low-frequency resonance increases and the nonresonance absorption peak gradually decreases. As the arms of the DUR increase and the distance between them decreases in horizontal, the frequency of resonance dip has a red-shift, and the transmittance of the non-resonant region increases slightly. To explore the influence of dielectric environment on the resonance characteristics of the terahertz metamaterials, we have further performed the simulations with the applied surface analyte of different refractive index. The results show that with the increase of the refractive index of the surface of the analyte, the resonance frequency has a more significant red-shift. Our obtained results could provide the idea for designing terahertz modulators and sensitive biosensing devices.

We experimentally and numerically demonstrate resonant behaviors of terahertz metamaterials can be tuned significantly by their asymmetry. For the ring structure cut symmetrically, transmission spectra are nearly the same as those of their individual single-ring resonators. However, three resonant dips appear in the spectra due to the broken symmetry in single-ring resonator cut asymmetrically from the top. For the asymmetrically-cut double-ring structures, the mutual coupling between four arcs results in multi-resonance dips, especially a low-frequency Fano-like resonance accompanied with a sharp peak. Our asymmetric structures could offer potential applications in terahertz frequency selectors and bio-sensors.

We have demonstrated the active manipulation of metamaterial-induced transparency (MIT) in a terahertz hybrid metamaterial with graphene overlayer under photoexcitation. It is found that the introduction of graphene can greatly modify the resonant dips and transparency window through the formed depolarization field around unequal-length double bars to weaken dipole resonances and their destructive interference. Transient control of MIT behaviors is determined by the photogenerated carrier dynamics, which influences the distributions of currents and electric fields in the resonant region to hinder the near-field coupling of two bright modes. Optical modulation depth is sensitive to bar spacing due to an anomalous increased double-bar coupling involving intracell and intercell interaction. Heterointerface formed by the added graphene with substrate could further enhance terahertz response via effective separation of the photoexcited carriers. Theoretical calculation based on the coupled Lorentz oscillator model reveals that the photoinduced terahertz response mainly originates from the coupling and damping in hybrid structures. Our findings could facilitate the development of graphene-based dynamical terahertz modulators and optoelectronic devices.

A hybrid metamaterial with the integration of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) overlayer is proposed to manipulate the terahertz (THz) wave. The simulated results indicate that the introduction of MoS2 layer could significantly modify the resonant responses with large resonance red-shift and bandwidth broadening due to the depolarization field effect, especially for the structure on the small permitivity substrate. Additionally, the wide-band modulator in off-resonant region and a switch effect at resonance can be achieved by varying the conductivity of MoS2 layer. Further theoretical calculations based on the Lorentz coupling model are consistent with the simulated results, explicating the response behaviors originate from the coupling between MoS2 overlayer and the metastructure. Our results could provide a possibility for active control THz modulator and switchable device based on the MoS2 overlayer and advance the understanding of the coupling mechanism in hybrid structures.

We experimentally and numerically demonstrate that resonant behaviors of asymmetric terahertz metamaterials can be excited and tuned by altering the position of the intermediate wire. For the parallel polarization of the terahertz E -field to the bottom bar, we attribute the low frequency to the superposition of two inductive–capacitive circular currents, which are generated by the shared intermediate wire and lateral arms. In perpendicular polarization, the observed low-frequency resonance modes are from coupling effect between the bottom bar and the vertical shortest arm under the broken symmetry of the structures. Our asymmetric structures offer the potential applications in terahertz frequency selectors and filters.

Metamaterials are artificial materials with unique electromagnetic properties not found in nature and could exhibit a strong electromagnetic resonance with frequency. These characteristics depending on the geometry, dimensions, compositions of the structure, and even the symmetry. In this study, we demonstrated a highly sensitive detection method of glycerol-water solutions using terahertz metamaterials fabricated on silicon substrate with metal arrays of the asymmetric double split-ring resonator structure. We measured the transmitted spectra of the metamaterial to detect the water-glycerol solutions at different concentrations by the terahertz time-domain spectroscopy system. With the increasing of glycerol concentration, resonant dips of metamaterial exhibit the blue-shift phenomena and transmittance at the resonance frequency simultaneously enhance. The movement of resonant dips and the change of transmittance shows that these resonators are sensitive to the variation of glycerol concentration. The finite-difference time-domain simulation agree well with the experimental data, and the simulation of surface current and electric field distribution at resonance dips can further understand the resonance modes in transmission spectra. Our study provides new prospect into the application of terahertz metamaterials in detecting glycerol proportions of solution.

In recent years, terahertz metamaterials have attracted extensive attention because of their high sensitivity to electromagnetic waves in biosensing application. In order to obtain high-quality factor resonance, we designed and fabricated single split-ring structures with the radius of 25.5 μm. In the experiment, we measured the terahertz transmission spectra when the angle between the open gap direction and the incident wave horizontal polarization is set to be 0, 30, 45, 60 and 90 degrees, respectively, and compared the effects of different angles on the transmission characteristics. With the increase of the rotation angle, the frequency of sharpest resonance dip in the terahertz transmission spectra has a remarkable blue-shift. Furthermore, we further simulated the polarization conversion characteristics of the single splitting rings with different rotation angles. It is found that there is no polarization conversion effect when the sample is placed at 0 and 90 degrees. When the sample is rotated by 30 degrees, 45 degrees and 60 degrees, polarization conversion is observed, with the highest conversion efficiency at 45 degrees. Our obtained results indicate that the terahertz metamaterials have great application prospects in biosensors.

In recent years, terahertz metamaterials have attracted great attention due to their widely application in frequency selector, filter, and other optical devices. Vanadium dioxide as the promising thermal memory material, has been used in making terahertz modulation device because of its well-known insulator-to-metal transition triggered by thermal, optical, and electrical. Here, we designed a composite metamaterial with three rings structure, where outer and inner rings are set to be ideal metallic gold and the middle ring is replaced by VO2. Using finite-difference time-domain method, we theoretically studied the variety of THz transmitted spectra during the insulator-to-metal transition of VO2 and its influence on the resonance coupling effect. When VO2 is in insulating phase, there are two resonant dips in spectrum. However, as VO2 undergoes an insulator-to-metal transition, the low-frequency resonance gradually moves to high frequency and finally splits into two. Our obtained results indicate the reversible terahertz modulation can be achieved by combining metamaterials with phase transition material.

We experimentally and numerically demonstrate resonant behaviors of terahertz metamaterials can be tuned significantly by their asymmetry. In the asymmetric U-shaped structure, when terahertz electric-field is perpendicular to bottom bar, an interesting phenomenon comes up with three dips, which differs from the split-ring resonator which only has one dip in the transmission spectrum. By altering the position of the intermediate wire added in the asymmetric U-shaped structure, we could achieve and modulate resonant behaviors of the asymmetric samples, showing strong dependence on the polarization of the terahertz E-field. For the asymmetrically-cut double-ring structures, the mutual coupling between four arcs results in multi-resonance dips, especially a low-frequency Fano-like resonance accompanied with a sharp peak. Our asymmetric structures could offer potential applications in terahertz frequency selectors and bio-sensors.

We demonstrate the asymmetric U-shaped array exhibits different spectral patterns in response to incident terahertz wave with horizontal and vertical polarizations. In the horizontal incident polarization, where terahertz electric-field Ein is in parallel with the bottom bar of U-shaped structure, the two-absorption-dip transmission spectrum is similar to that of a typical split-ring resonator. When Ein is perpendicular to bottom bar, an interesting phenomenon comes up with three dips. This differs from the split-ring resonator which only has one dip in the transmission spectrum. The bottom-bar length also has significant impacts on frequency-shift and absorptive depth related to this resonant phenomenon.

We have grown VO2 films and combined with terahertz metamaterials to manipulate the memory effect during the insulator-to-metal transition. The temperature-dependent resonant frequency of hybrid structure shows a thermal hysteresis accompanied with frequency shift and bandwidth variation due to the presence of a VO2 dielectric layer. This frequency memory effect significantly depends on the metallic micro-structure. Further theoretical calculation demonstrates this phenomenon mainly originates from the different coupling strength between VO2 and metallic structures. Our findings could facilitate the application of VO2 films in the smart window and dynamical terahertz modulators.

Recently, the terahertz biosensors based on metamaterials have attracted much attention due to the fact that metamaterials are sensitive to the local enhancement of electromagnetic field and the changes of the surrounding dielectric environment. In order to obtain the resonances with the high quality factor for biosensing, here we designed, simulated, and fabricated the metamaterial structures composed of a series of the asymmetric “double” circular arc (DASR) structures. The experimental data show there are three sharp resonance dips named Fano resonance in the terahertz transmission spectra. In the previous study of asymmetric double rings, we studied the effect of different cutting widths on the transmission characteristics of terahertz when the samples were placed at 0 degrees. Here, the spectral characteristics and polarization conversion characteristics of the samples after 90 degrees were studied. We found that when the sample rotated by 90 degrees only two resonance dips exist in the transmission spectrum. As the separation of asymmetric arcs gradually increases, two resonance frequencies also show blue-shift. To further analyze the reasons for the changes in the transmission spectrum at different angles of sample placement, we present the surface currents and the electromagnetic field distributions in those structures. Our obtained results indicate the terahertz metamaterial has great potential in application of biosensing field.

By utilizing optical pump terahertz probe spectroscopy we have investigated four samples with terahertz subwavelength structures, which derived from split ring resonators. The experimental results show that adding the same length bar in the middle of the symmetric samples has less influence on resonant properties. However, asymmetric samples could present coupling and splitting effect in transmission spectra. Additionally, compared with the symmetric structures the asymmetry structures are more sensitive to pump excitation. Under pump excitation for different resonant mechanisms, we find the LC resonance has higher sensitivity than dipole resonance to the pump excitation. Our obtained results indicate that the photogenerated carriers in the substrate play a very important role in optical modulation properties.

Asymmetric split-ring resonators (SRRs) exhibit different resonant modes and phenomena that do not have in symmetric structure, such as Fano resonance, electromagnetic induced transparency, and plasma resonance hybridization. The asymmetric SRR was first confirmed to produce narrow linewidth resonance and has a high quality factor. Then it extends to the terahertz and near infrared bands. It has been found that the most common way to modulate the electromagnetic response characteristics is to change the asymmetry of the SRR and the coupling strength between the resonators. Here we use the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method to simulate the electromagnetic response characteristics of asymmetric structures. When the polarization direction along the bottom bar of the U-shaped structure, there are two similar resonance dips like those in typical SRR structure. When the incident wave is perpendicular to the bottom bar, there is only one dipole resonance. However, with the broken of the symmetry, the resonant behaviors will change. In horizontal direction, both the resonant frequency and transmittance has changed. In the vertical polarization, there are three resonant dips in transmission spectrum. Meanwhile a sharp window appears in transmission spectrum. In addition, when we turn the bottom bar of the U-shaped structure into the arc shape, we just find very slight change in frequency-shift and modulation depth in both cases, showing the impact of the short arc is nearly equivalent to the linear dipole resonance. Our obtained results indicate that we could tune the electromagnetic resonances in metamaterials and the interaction mechanism with terahertz wave.

Artificial metamaterials with appropriate design can exhibit unique electromagnetic phenomena which do not exist in natural materials. Some studies have shown that the method of breaking the geometric symmetry is capable to modify the electromagnetic responses. Here, we simulated and measured the transmission spectra of period arrays of subwavelength double-bar structure. The obtained results show the trapped-mode resonance with Fano-shaped spectrum can be induced in terahertz metamaterial with asymmetric double-bar structure, accompanied with a metamaterial induced transparency window between two resonant dips. And the bar spacing and lattice constant have great impact on the coupling strength concerned with the transparency position and spectral lineshape. We attribute there are two mechanisms together determine the coupling pattern between the bar array and the terahetz wave, the coupling between the bars of the same unit cell and the coupling between the bars of the neighbouring cells. Our obtained results indicate that such metamaterial with very simple configuration could also provide the potential application in the field of terahertz slow-light devices, amplitude and phase modulators.

Terahertz subwavelength dipole array designed and fabricated by us could display characteristic resonance in transmission spectra, which also shows resonance redshift with increase in the dipole length. We use this property to realize double-bands filter by fabricating double-dipoles structure. Additionally it is theoretically and experimentally demonstrated that polarization state of terahertz pulse changes with the rotation of sample at specific frequency. This phenomenon originates from dipole resonance, showing that dipole reflects one terahertz-electric-field component along dipole direction while the other perpendicular component transmits dipole without loss. The transmission spectra of our fabricated split-“L” structures further verify our conclusion.

Structures consisting of a planar array of subwavelength metallic bars fabricated on a dielectric substrate are theoretically investigated in order to rotate the polarization of a normally incident terahertz wave in the resonance frequency band. We attribute this phenomenon to one component of the terahertz electric field parallel to inclined metallic bars which is reflected strongly due to the terahertz re-radiation from accelerated electrons in the metallic bars, while the other component perpendicular to the bars transmits almost entirely through the structures. By theoretical analysis, we obtain the transmitted-terahertz components polarized in the x- and y-directions, respectively. Further studies indicate polarization of a terahertz wave can be rotated within two specific frequency bands when the terahertz impinges on the double-bar sample.

Metamaterials with subwavelength structural features show unique electromagnetic responses that are unattainable with natural materials. Recently, the research on these artificial materials has been pushed forward to the terahertz (THz) region because of potential applications in biological fingerprinting, security imaging, and high frequency magnetic and electric resonant devices. Furthermore, active control of their properties could further facilitate and open up new applications in terms of modulation and switching. In our work, we will first present our studies of dipole arrays at terahertz frequencies. Then in experimental and theoretical studies of terahertz subwavelength L-shaped structure, we proposed an unusual-mode current resonance responsible for low-frequency characteristic dip in transmission spectra. Comparing spectral properties of our designed simplified structures with that of split-ring resonators, we attribute this unusual mode to the resonance coupling and splitting under the broken symmetry of the structure. Finally, we use optical pump–terahertz probe method to investigate the spectral and dynamic behaviour of optical modulation in the split-ring resonators. We have observed the blue-shift and band broadening in the spectral changes of transmission under optical excitation at different delay times. The calculated surface currents using finite difference time domain simulation are presented to characterize these resonances, and the blue-shift can be explained by the changed refractive index and conductivity in the photoexcited semiconductor substrate.

We demonstrate that the trapped-mode resonance with Fano-shaped spectrum can be induced in terahertz metamaterial with asymmetric double-bar structure. Spacing between two bars permits the tuning of resonant position and lineshape in a controlled manner, showing an anomalous increased coupling strength with spacing. The steep phase change around transparency region indicates slow-light effect proved by the retrieved group delays. Simulated results verify the coupling that exists between the bars of the same unit cell and those of the neighbouring cells. Our simplified structure offers the potential application in terahertz modulators and slow-light devices.

Metamaterials with subwavelength structural features show unique electromagnetic responses that are unattainable with natural materials. Modulation property is regarded as one of the most important features of metamaterials. At present, the development of such terahertz switches and modulators are relatively slow. So the research of the terahertz metamaterial is very meaningful. The light-control modulation, for example, could control the resonance characteristics of split ring resonators (SRRs) by changing dielectric property of the light layer. Due to the complicated effect in photo-excited layer, we could simplify the research to firstly study the influence of substrate’s refractive index on the resonant behaviors, providing the way to further the investigation of complex problems. In addition, the shape and size of metal microstructure can produce important effect on electromagnetic response. Therefore, based on the finite-difference time-domain method, we have also simulated several SRR structures with different geometry. We find the calculated terahertz transmission spectra exhibit remarkable change, showing that the resonant dips have a red-shift phenomenon and the bandwidth gets narrow with the increased refractive index as well as the structure size. Compared with the geometry effect, the red-shift is more sensitive to the change in refractive index. This work could help us to choose the suitable substrate materials for sample fabrication to realize the specific features.

Metamaterials with subwavelength structural features show unique electromagnetic responses that are unattainable with natural materials. Recent research on these artificial materials has been pushed forward to the terahertz region because of potential applications in biological fingerprinting, security imaging, remote sensing, and high frequency magnetic and electric resonant devices. Active control of their properties could further facilitate and open up new applications in terms of modulation and switching. Liquid crystals, which have been the subject of research for more than a century, have the unique properties for the development of many other optical components such as light valves, tunable filters and tunable lenses. In this paper, we investigated the transmitted spectral modulation in terahertz range by using liquid crystals (5CB and TEB300) covering on the fabricated double-ring resonators to realize the shift of the resonance frequency. Our obtained results indicate the low frequency resonance shows the obvious blue-shift, while the location of high frequency resonance is nearly unchanged. We believe this phenomenon is related to not only the refractive index of the covering liquid crystals but also the resonant mechanism of both resonances.

Resonance and absorption peak of transmission spectrum can be achieved when terahertz pulses transmit through the split-ring resonators (SRRs). Using the theory of LC oscillating circuit and the model of half wave resonance, we can account for the phenomenon. We once fabricate metal subwavelength dual-ring structure which is different from the SRRs and there aren't splits in. The resonance and absorption peak, however, still appear in the THz frequency range. In this time, we respectively fabricate the dual-ring structure and reverse dual-ring structure on quartz crystal substrate and silicon. When the metal structure is fabricated on quartz crystal, Using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (TDS), we find the characteristic spectra exist as well as time domain waveform and frequency domain spectra of transmitted terahertz pulses present obviously periodic variation with rotating the sample round the normal of its surface. However, if silicon is used as substrate, the phenomena will not appear. In this article, we will analyze the phenomena and obtain the reason resulting in it. We hold that the metal dual-ring structure in itself can't lead to the variation of the terahertz pulses by changing the sample's angle due to isotropy of the dual-ring structure in surface of the sample. We think the phenomenon may originate from quartz crystal substrate.

Recently, more and more groups are concentrating on learning surface plasma on metal split with sub-wavelength of terahertz. There is a new material which is made of two materials named metamaterial. It is combined with semiconductor and metal materials. Metal parts are made with subwavelength microstructure. Abnormal phenomenon occurred when it is excited by an intense light, showing an enhancement transmission of terahertz wave. In this paper, we design a planar structure composed of gallium arsenide (substrate) and copper (metal). Copper array is plating on a GaAs wafer on order of micron with photoetching technology. The thickness of GaAs and copper layer are 650 and 0.5 micros individually. THz incidence has an enhanced transmission like surface plasmonic resonance with terahertz time-domain system when another exciting lighted on, which made current carriers in photoconductor. This resonance arises from an inductor-capacitor circuit resonance. Comparison is performed between results with and without excitation. The angle of sample plane with terahertz polarization and incidence can affect this electromagnetic response in some degree. Its transmittance with back-incidence is much stronger than that with front-incidence at certain frequencies. This kind of artificial structure has potential abilities in terahertz devices in the future. It is helpful to develop terahertz filter, polarizing film, beam reflector, phase retarder and so on.

In experimental and theoretical studies of terahertz subwavelength “L”-shaped structure, we proposed an unusual-mode current resonance responsible for low-frequency characteristic dip in transmission spectra. Comparing spectral properties of our designed simplified structures with that of split-ring resonators, we attribute this unusual mode to the resonance coupling and splitting under the broken symmetry of the structure. Furthermore, it is found that this phenomenon is also related to not only the spacing between horizontal and vertical sides but also their relative position in “L” structure, showing the weakened coupling and spectral splitting with the increased distance and structure symmetry.

In this letter, we describe detailed femtosecond-pump–terahertz-probe studies of the electromagnetic response of arrays of double-ring and complementary double-ring resonators. A surprising result is that an increase in the terahertz transmission is observed when a double-ring structure is excited by a 400 nm pump pulse. To explain this anomalous transmission, we propose a mechanism in which the photogenerated carriers play two competing roles. In other cases, for instance, when the wavelength of the pump pulse is 800 nm or in the case of a complementary double-ring structure, the normal transmission can also be understood in terms of this mechanism.