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Kenya is an East African country with the third-largest economy in sub-Saharan Africa. The demand for metals and minerals continues to increase due to urbanization, population rise, and new infrastructure growth in different countries. Kenya formally confirmed the discovery of oil and various minerals in April 2013, launching itself as a new player in Africa's rapidly expanding extractive sector. This review paper highlights the mining status in Kenya and the role of hydrometallurgical and flotation processes in the recovery of deficit metals from ores and mine wastes. The nation's 2030 Vision is anticipated to benefit greatly from the proceeds from the sale of oil, gas, and valuable metals. Because Kenya was originally mapped as an agricultural region, less mineral prospecting was done in earlier times. The country's mining industry is now dominated by the manufacture of non-metallic goods, and it is largely neglected for minerals. One of the most serious problems for the mining industry in Kenya is the production of tailings that hold strategic metals. The material is already ground, which means the most energy-consuming process has been already applied, and chemical engineering processes like leaching are more feasible at this point. Hydrometallurgical and flotation recovery of valuable metals from wastes, high and low-grade ores, or tailings is essential. The resources will be preserved, which ensures sustainability in the growth of the mining industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extraction of useful minerals or geological materials from the Earth's crust, most typically from various sources, is crucial to a country's development and progress. Mineral-rich countries use these resources to transform their economies and propel them toward long-term prosperity. There is an urgent need for the world to increase mineral exploration efforts, improve the recycling of important metal-containing resources, and extract them using upgraded hydrometallurgical procedures with high recovery efficiency. This review paper highlights the importance of strategic and critical metals in the economy and the role of nuclear techniques in the analysis, process optimization, and remediation of metals using solvent extraction, adsorption, and chromatographic resins. Radiotracer analysis, X-Ray Fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA), and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) are appropriate for improving laboratory-based hydrometallurgical processes, with future technical and economic benefits. The development and installation of novel instruments to provide the real-time control of mining and mineral processing plants for improved control have the potential to aid in the recovery of a broad range of metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]