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A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of a supplemental α-amylase on energy and nutrient utilization of broiler chickens fed diets with variable amounts of corn. A total of 480 slow feathering Cobb × Cobb 500 male broilers were randomly distributed into 10 treatments with 8 replicates of 6 birds each. Birds were fed a common starter to 14 D post-hatch. The experimental diets were provided subsequently until 25 D, which were a conventional corn-soy basal diet (CS) and a corn-soy diet displaced with 40% of corn (CN). These were fed as-is or supplemented with 40, 80, 120, or 160 kilo-Novo α-amylase units (KNU)/kg. Dietary treatments were distributed factorially as a 2 × 5 arrangement (diet type vs. amylase). Samples of feed, excreta, and ileal digesta were analyzed for determination of ileal digestible energy (IDE), ME, total tract retention, and digestibility of dry matter, protein, and fat. No interactions between diet type and amylase were observed. The CN diet had lower (P < 0.05) energy utilization and nutrient digestibility when compared to the CS diet. AMEn and IDE increased (P < 0.05) by 110 and 207 kcal/kg, respectively, when CS and CN diets were supplemented with 80 KNU/kg. The amylase added to the CS diet led to quadratic increases (P < 0.05) on growth performance, IDE, AME, and AMEn, as well as in dry matter, protein, and fat digestibility. Energy utilization and crude protein digestibility were linearly increased (P < 0.05) when amylase was added to the CN diet or the extrapolated 100% of corn. In conclusion, energy utilization, digestibility of crude protein, fat, and dry matter increased with amylase supplementation in corn-soy-based diets. When amylase was tested in a complete diet having 53.6% corn, 100 and 105 KNU/kg maximized AMEn and IDE, respectively; however, the maximum energy response in the CN diet or 100% of corn was not achieved until 160 KNU/kg, suggesting an association between amylase dose optimization and dietary starch concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of increased levels of a β-xylanase on energy and nutrient utilization of broiler chickens fed corn-soy diets. A total of 480 slow feathering Cobb × Cobb 500 male broilers were randomly distributed to 10 treatments having 8 replicates of 6 birds each. Birds were fed a common starter diet to d 14 post hatch (3,050 kcal/kg AMEn, 21.7% CP, 1.05% Ca, and 0.53% nPP). The experimental diets were provided afterwards until 25 d. Two experimental diets, a conventional corn/soy-based basal diet (CS) and the basal diet in which 40% of the diet was displaced by corn (CN), were fed as-is or supplemented with 50, 100, 150, or 200 fungal β-xylanase units (FXU)/kg. Dietary treatments were distributed factorially as a 2 × 5 arrangement. Samples of feed, excreta, and ileal digesta were analyzed for determination of ileal digestible energy (IDE), metabolizable energy, and total tract retention of protein and lipid. No interactions between diet and xylanase were observed. The CS diets had higher (P < 0.05) energy utilization and nutrient digestibility when compared to the CN diets. AMEn and IDE were improved (P < 0.05) by 192 and 145 kcal/kg, respectively, when diets were supplemented with 100 FXU/kg xylanase. The xylanase added to the CN diet led to quadratic increases (P < 0.05) in IDE (Y = − 0.014x2 + 2.570x + 3,155; r2 = 0.60) and in AMEn (Y = − 0.016x2 + 3.982x + 3,155; r2 = 0.68). Crude protein digestibility and AMEn were linearly increased (P < 0.05) when xylanase was added to the CN diet. In conclusion, energy utilization and digestibility of crude protein and dry matter increased with xylanase supplementation in corn/soy-based diets. When xylanase was tested in the CS diet, 92 and 124 FXU/kg maximized the energy release effect; however, the maximum energy response in the CN diet or corn was not achieved until 200 FXU/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was conducted to determine the ileal digestible energy (IDE), ME, and MEn contents of bakery meal using the regression method and to evaluate whether the energy values are age-dependent in broiler chickens from zero to 21 d post hatching. Seven hundred and eighty male Ross 708 chicks were fed 3 experimental diets in which bakery meal was incorporated into a corn-soybean meal-based reference diet at zero, 100, or 200 g/kg by replacing the energy-yielding ingredients. A 3 x 3 factorial arrangement of 3 ages (1, 2, or 3 wk) and 3 dietary bakery meal levels were used. Birds were fed the same experimental diets in these 3 evaluated ages. Birds were grouped by weight into 10 replicates per treatment in a randomized complete block design. Apparent ileal digestibility and total tract retention of DM, N, and energy were calculated. Expression of mucin (MUC2), sodium-dependent phosphate transporter (NaPi-IIb), solute carrier family 7 (cationic amino acid transporter, Y+ system, SLC7A2), glucose (GLUT2), and sodium-glucose linked transporter (SGLT1) genes were measured at each age in the jejunum by real-time PCR. Addition of bakery meal to the reference diet resulted in a linear decrease in retention of DM, N, and energy, and a quadratic reduction (P < 0.05) in N retention and ME. There was a linear increase in DM, N, and energy as birds' ages increased from 1 to 3 wk. Dietary bakery meal did not affect jejunal gene expression. Expression of genes encoding MUC2, NaPi-IIb, and SLC7A2 linearly increased (P < 0.05) with age. Regression-derived MEn of bakery meal linearly increased (P < 0.05) as the age of birds increased, with values of 2,710, 2,820, and 2,923 kcal/kg DM for 1, 2, and 3 wk, respectively. Based on these results, utilization of energy and nitrogen in the basal diet decreased when bakery meal was included and increased with age of broiler chickens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary α-amylase and β-xylanase supplementation of corn-soy diets, formulated with or without supplemental phytase, on growth performance, energy utilization, and starch digestibility in broiler chickens. A total of 336 slow-feathering, Cobb × Cobb 500 male broilers were randomly distributed to 6 treatments having 8 replicates of 7 birds each. Birds were fed a common starter diet to d 14 post-hatch (3,050 kcal/kg AMEn, 21.7% CP, 1.05% Ca, and 0.53% nPP). The experimental diets were provided afterwards until d 25. A 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of 2 control diets (basal = corn-soy diet without added phytase or PHY = cornsoy diet formulated with 1,000 phytase units/kg) and 3 carbohydrase supplementations (0, 80 kilo-Novo α-amylase units/kg, or 80 kilo-Novo α-amylase units/kg + 100 fungal β-xylanase units/kg) was used from d 14 to 25. Excreta were collected from 21 to 24 d and all birds were euthanized at 25 d for jejunum and ileum content collection. Samples of feed, excreta, and jejunal and ileal digesta were analyzed for determination of total tract retention and ileal apparent digestibility. No interactions between diet and carbohydrase were observed. Broilers fed diets formulated with phytase or supplemented with amylase + xylanase had higher BW gain (BWG) and lower FCR (P < 0.05) when compared with birds fed diets without carbohydrases. Relative to the basal diet, AMEn was increased (P < 0.01) by 70 kcal/kg and 99 kcal/kg when birds were fed the diet supplemented with amylase and amylase + xylanase, respectively. Starch digestibility in the jejunum and ileum was increased (P < 0.05) by 3.5% and 2.4%, respectively, when birds were fed the diet supplemented with amylase + xylanase. Results from this experiment show that corn-soy diets having phytase and supplemented with amylase and xylanase led to increased growth performance, AMEn, and starch digestibility in broilers. Furthermore, the efficacy of exogenous amylase and xylanase was independent of the presence of microbial phytase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was conducted to determine the AMEn contents of fat by-products from the soybean oil industry for broiler chickens. A total of 390 slow-feathering Cobb x Cobb 500 male broilers were randomly distributed into 13 treatments having 6 replicates of 5 birds each. Birds were fed a common starter diet from placement to 21 d. Experimental corn-soy diets were composed of four fat sources, added at 3 increasing levels each, and were fed from 21 to 28 d. Fat sources utilized were acidulated soybean soapstock (ASS), glycerol (GLY), lecithin (LEC), and a mixture (MIX) containing 85% ASS, 10% GLY and 5% LEC. A 4 x 3 + 1 factorial arrangement was used with 4 byproducts (ASS, GLY, LEC, or MIX), 3 inclusion levels and 1 basal diet. Each of the four fat by-product sources was included in the diets as follow: 2% of byproducts (98% basal + 2% by-product), 4% (96% basal + 4% by-product), or 6% (94% basal + 6% by-product). Birds were submitted to 94, 96, 98, and 100% of ad libitum feed intake; therefore, the differences in AMEn consumption were only due to the added by-product. Total excreta were collected twice daily for 72 h to determine apparent metabolizable energy contents starting at 25 d. The AMEn intake was regressed against feed intake and the slope was used to estimate AMEn values for each fat source. Linear regression equations (P < 0.05) estimated for each by-product were as follow: 7,153X - 451.9 for ASS; 3,916X - 68.2 for GLY; 7,051X - 448.3 for LEC, and 8,515X - 622.3 for MIX. Values of AMEn were 7,153, 3,916, 7,051, and 8,515 kcal/kg DM for ASS, GLY, LEC, and MIX, respectively. The present study generated AMEn for fat by-products data that can be used in poultry feed formulation. It also provides indications that, by adding the 3 by-products in the proportions present in the MIX, considerable economic advantage can be attained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplementing maize-soy diets with a commercial xylanase-β-glucanase complex [β-xylanase, 1,3(4)-β-glucanase, and 1,4-β-glucanase] on growth performance, energy and amino acid utilisation of broiler chickens. A total of 2016 Cobb × Cobb 500 1-d-old male chicks were distributed into 9 treatments with 8 replicates of 28 birds each in a completely randomised design. Treatments consisted of a Control diet formulated with AME and nutrients as commercially used by the Brazilian integrators without enzyme supplementation as well as 8 other diets having reductions in formulated AME (−0.33 and −0.50 MJ/kg) and digestible amino acids (dig. AA; −3 and −6%). These diets were supplemented or not with 50 mg/kg of the enzyme complex. Ileal contents were collected at 21 and 42 d to determine ileal digestible energy (IDE), dry matter and AA digestibilities. Broilers fed diets with AME and dig. AA reductions without enzyme had higher FCR and these diets had lower IDE (P < 0.05). The supplemental enzyme increased total AA digestibility at 21 d; however, no effects were observed at 42 d. The highest total AA digestibility (P < 0.05) was observed when broilers were fed the Control diet whereas the supplemental enzyme compensated the nutrient and energy reductions. The addition of 50 mg/kg of the xylanase-β-glucanase complex in maize-soy diets led to improvements on FCR, IDE and ileal digestibility of dry matter in broilers at 21 and 42 d. The highest energy improvement provided by the supplemental enzyme was observed at 21 d on broilers fed diets with −0.50 MJ/kg AME and −6% dig. AA, being 5.8% higher when compared to those fed the analogous diet without enzyme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The regression method allowed to determine metabolizable energy of insect meal and tilapia byproduct meal for broilers. • The metabolizable energy of Tenebrio molitor larvae meal for broilers was 21.93 MJ/kg. • The metabolizable energy of tilapia byproduct meal for broilers was 14.29 MJ/kg. A study was conducted to determine ileal digestible energy (IDE), metabolizable energy (ME), and nitrogen-corrected ME (ME n) of Tenebrio molitor larvae meal and Nile tilapia byproduct meal for broiler chickens using the regression method. A total of 315 slow feathering Cobb 500 male broilers were fed 5 experimental diets with 9 replicate cages of 7 birds each, in a completely randomized design. Broilers were fed a maize-soybean meal reference diet (RD) and 4 test diets (TD) from d 14 to 21 posthatch. The TD consisted of Tenebrio molitor larvae meal and tilapia byproduct meal that partly replaced the energy sources in the reference diet at 100 or 200 g/kg and 75 or 150 g/kg, respectively, such that equal ratios were maintained for all energy containing ingredients across all experimental diets. Excreta samples were collected twice daily from d 19 to 21, and ileal digesta were collected on d 21. Apparent ileal digestibility of DM, N, amino acids as well as metabolizability coefficients of DM, N, and energy were calculated. Addition of Tenebrio molitor larvae meal to the RD linearly increased (P < 0.05) ileal and total tract of DM and N digestibilities as well as IDE, ME, and ME n. For diets with Tenebrio molitor larvae meal substitution, regression equations were IDE = 21.52x – 0.0234, ME = 21.93x – 0.0189, and ME n = 20.62x – 0.0241. Addition of tilapia byproduct meal to the RD linearly decreased (P < 0.05) ileal and total tract coefficients of DM and IDE, ME, and ME n , as well as ileal digestibility of amino acids (P < 0.001). The equations for the tilapia byproduct meal diets were IDE = 12.49x – 0.0264, ME = 14.29x – 0.0152, and ME n = 11.94x – 0.0129. In conclusion, the current study showed that broiler chickens can utilize a considerable amount of energy and amino acids from insect meal or fish meal. The IDE, ME, ME n values (MJ/kg of DM) were 21.52, 21.93 and 20.62 for Tenebrio molitor larvae meal, and 12.49, 14.29 and 11.94 for tilapia byproduct meal, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]