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The genus Sideritis L. (Lamiaceae) is represented by 46 species in Turkey with an 79% endemism ratio, 42 of 46 belonging to the section Empodoclia. In this review article, Sideritis species growing in Turkey have been evaluated for phytochemical constituents and biological activities. The data for the isolates, components and extracts of the Anatolian Sideritis species and their bioactivity studies were retrieved from the main databases WoS, Scopus and PubMed from 1975 until 31 December 2022. In this review article, terpenoids, flavonoids, phenolics and other secondary metabolites isolated from Turkish Sideritis species were reported. Anatolian Sideritis species, which primarily consist of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, were studied in detail. Sideritis plants are represented by 46 species in Turkey, and 25 of them were investigated for their diterpenoids through isolation or LC–MS studies. Most of the diterpenoids of Turkish Sideritis species have ent-kaurene skeleton, among them linearol, siderol, 7-epicandicandiol and sideridiol were found to be the main compounds. Exceptionally, labdane, pimarane and beyerene diterpenoids were only found in a few species. For phenolics and flavonoids, only 12 species were investigated until now, and they were found to be rich in phenylethanoid glycosides and flavonoid glycosides. In terms of activity, most of the species were tested for antioxidant activity, followed by antimicrobial and anti-ulcer/anti-inflammatory activities. Their cytotoxic, enzyme inhibitory, antinociceptive and antistress activities were less frequently studied. Sideritis species should be considered promising therapeutic agents in the treatment of upper respiratory tract and ulcer/inflammatory diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two cryptic species of the Bemisia tabaci species complex, MEAM1 (Middle East-Asia Minor 1) and MED (Mediterranean), are highly destructive herbivores. Attack by herbivorous insects often induces defense responses in plants, including the accumulation of toxic secondary metabolites, the synthesis of herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) and defensive proteins, and the release of volatile organic compounds that attract natural enemies. These defense responses, which often differ depending on the herbivore, may affect the preference and performance of later-arriving con- and heterospecific whiteflies that attack the same plant. In the present study, we found that MEAM1 whiteflies preferred settling and ovipositing on non-infested and MED-infested cabbage over MEAM1-infested cabbage plants, but that MED whiteflies showed no significant difference in settling or oviposition preference among non-infested, MEAM1-infested, and MED-infested plants. MEAM1 infestation increased the contents of total phenols and flavonoids in cabbage, which coincided with the increased expression of the following genes in the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway: PAL2, C4H, and 4CL. Soluble protein contents were also markedly higher in the MEAM1-infested cabbage plants than in the non-infested and MED-infested cabbage plants. Overall, these results demonstrate that previous infestation by MEAM1 and MED whiteflies induced defense responses in cabbage plants that had different effects on the host preference and performance of later-arriving con- and heterospecific whiteflies. Phenolic compounds may be the key factors influencing host choice by MEAM1 and MED whiteflies on cabbage plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gentiana species belonging to the Gentianaceae family are medicinal plants rich in glycosides and phenolics. Gentiana lutea L. is a highly sought-after plant for medicinal and industrial purposes because of its content of secondary metabolites. Not only G. lutea, but also Gentiana boissieri Schott et Kotschy ex Boiss., another Gentiana species distributed only in Turkey, is on the endangered species list and is not allowed to be collected in more than 100 countries. For this reason, the development of an efficient in vitro culture method to obtain the secondary metabolites synthesized in its roots is important, as it allows the production of higher amounts of these valuable metabolites. This study was conducted to determine the appropriate inoculum density (ID, fresh root weight per unit volume to be used), which is an important factor for biomass and secondary metabolite production, for root growth and production of phenolics and glycosides in the root culture of G. lutea and G. boissieri. For this purpose, roots were cultured at different IDs (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 g L−1) and evaluated for fresh root weight, root growth index, root dry weight, and content of iridoid (loganic acid), secoiridoids (swertiamarin, sweroside, gentinopicroside), xanthan (isogentisin), total phenolic, and some important phenolic compounds. All parameters were found to vary depending on the IDs. The result of the study was that the highest values in both root growth and production of most metabolites were obtained from the roots of G. lutea and G. boissieri cultivated with 20 g L−1 and 5 g L−1 IDs, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ptilostemon is a small genus of the subtribe Carduinae (Asteraceae) that includes 15 species as annual or perennial herbs or small shrubs, spread in the Mediterranean arch, from Crimea and Turkey to the Iberian Peninsula and Morocco. Several species of this genus have been studied for the content of non-volatile metabolites whereas few investigations have been carried out on their essential oils. In the present study the chemical composition of the essential oil from aerial parts of Ptilostemon gnaphaloides subsp. pseudofruticosus, belonging to Section Ptilostemon, endemic of South Greece and Turkey, and collected in the island of Kythira, was analyzed by GC-MS. The result showed the presence of large quantity of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons with germacrene D (20.0%) as the most abundant component, followed by (E)-caryophyllene (6.8%). Among the other metabolites hexacosane (29.1%) and manoyl oxide (12.1%) were the most abundant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to determine the effects of different culture times on root growth and accumulation of secondary metabolites in adventitious roots from Hyoscyamus niger petioles. For this purpose, adventitious roots transferred to culture media containing 1 mM methyl jasmonate (MeJA) were harvested at 11 different culture times, starting from day 1 to day 30. After harvest, the fresh and dry weights of the roots and the root growth index as parameters of root growth, as well as the amounts of tropane alkaloids and phenolic compounds, were examined. It was found that the fresh and dry weights and the growth index of the roots harvested between the 12th and 30th day were the highest. The highest amounts of scopolamine were obtained from roots harvested on days 15, 18, and 21. The highest hyoscyamine accumulation was found on days 12 and 15. The highest total phenolic content was 19.33 mg g-1 in root cultures harvested on day 15. HPLC analyses revealed that ferulic acid, caffeic acid, o-coumaric acid, p-coumaric acid, rutin, and quercetin were not detected in the roots. On the other hand, the amounts of gallic acid, catechin, epicatechin, vanillin, cinnamic acid, rosmarinic acid, and chlorogenic acid showed significant changes depending on the culture times. Considering all the results, it was found that the optimum culture time for the production of secondary metabolites in H. niger adventitious root cultures stimulated with 1mM MeJA was 15 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stachys thracica Davidov is a Balkan endemic species distributed in Bulgaria, Greece, and Turkey. In Bulgaria, it is classified as "rare" and is under the protection of the Bulgarian biodiversity law. The aim of our study was to develop an efficient protocol for ex situ conservation of S. thracica and to perform comparative NMR-based metabolite profiling and bioactivity assays of extracts from in situ grown, in vitro cultivated, and ex vitro acclimated plants. Micropropagation of S. thracica was achieved by in vitro cultivation of mono-nodal segments on basal MS medium. Ex vitro adaptation was accomplished in the experimental field with 83% survival while conserved genetic identity between in vitro and ex vitro plants as shown by the overall sequence-related amplified polymorphism marker patterns was established. Verbascoside, chlorogenic acid, and trigonelline appeared the main secondary metabolites in in situ, in vitro cultivated, and ex vitro acclimated S. thracica. High total phenolic and flavonoid content as well as antioxidant and radical scavenging activity were observed in in situ and ex vitro plants. Further, the anti-inflammatory activity of S. thracica was tested by hemolytic assay and a high inhibition of the complement system was observed. Initiated in vitro and ex vitro cultures offer an effective tool for the management and better exploitation of the Stachys secondary metabolism and the selection of lines with high content of bioactive molecules and nutraceuticals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last five decades study on plant secondary metabolites have been increasing. Higher plants with a wide range of secondary metabolites have been very important in the search of new therapeutic agents. In this study secondary metabolites of Lathyrus armenus (Boiss. & Huet) which are endemic in Turkey, were studied. Flavonol glycosides (Rhamnocitrin-3-O-rhamninoside, Rhamnetin-3-O-rhamninoside, Rhamnazin- 3-O-rhamninoside, kaempferol3-O-rhamninoside and, kaempferol-3-O-glucosyl (1→2) rhamnoside) were isolated by different chromatographic methods and identified by ¹H, ¹C NMR, as well as 2D NMR and Mass spectroscopy techniques from ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions of L. armenus's methanolic extract. This is the first study about secondary metabolites of Turkish Lathyrus species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most members of the family Lamiaceae are of considerable importance in areas such as medicine, food, cosmetics, and perfumery, as they are rich in essential oils, aromatic oils, and secondary metabolites. Sage, a member of this family, is the generic name for species of the genus Salvia. The genus Salvia has approximately 900 species worldwide. There are 99 species of the genus Salvia L. in Turkey; 51 of these species are endemic. The local name of S. virgata is "yılancık" or "fatmanaotu" in Turkey, and it is used for the treatment of wounds and various skin diseases. In addition, a decoction prepared by using aerial parts of this species is used to prevent blood cancer. In this study, essential oil composition and heavy metal and nutrient element contents (aluminum, cadmium, cobalt, chrome, nickel, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, sulfur, iron, copper, zinc, manganese, boron, and sodium) of S. virgata grown in Yozgat, Turkey, under local ecological conditions were determined using standard analytical processes. The essential oil content in the aerial parts of S. virgata harvested during full flowering was 0.01% (w/w). The principal constituents of the essential oil were pentacosane (20.09%), caryophyllene oxide (6.90%), phytol (6.83%), spathulenol (6.09%), and nonacosane (5.15%). The highest macroand micromineral contents were Ca and K, and Fe and Na, respectively. The accumulated concentrations of the three metals found were lower than the maximum allowed for human consumption without health risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pepper is quite sensitive to water stress, thus changes in irrigation levels may have significant effects on yield, organic acids and phenolics of peppers. Improper irrigation levels may generate a water stress and resultant stress then create serious oxidative damages on cell membranes. Such damages can be prevented with proline-like antioxidative substances. This study was conducted in Çanakkale – Turkey to investigate the effects of different irrigation levels and proline treatments on yields, quality parameters and organic acid composition of pepper (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Yalova Yağlık 28) in the years of 2013 and 2014. Experiments were conducted in randomized blocks split plots experimental design with 3 replications. Three different irrigation levels were arranged as to apply certain percentages of total evaporation from Class-A pan (Kcp50, Kcp100, Kcp150). Proline treatments (12 mM) were applied at 3 different growth stages (three equal portions on 20, 30 and 40th days, single treatment on 30th day and single treatment on 40th day of growth). In both years of the experiments, decreasing citric acid contents and increasing ascorbic acid contents (in the first year of experiments, Kcp50=84.54, Kcp100=175.48, Kcp150=198.92 mg/100g) were observed with increasing irrigation levels. Different irrigation levels and proline treatments had significant effects on yield (g/m²), total phenolics (mg/100g), soluble solids content (SSC, %) and internal proline content (μmol/g) of pepper fruits. Adversely affected parameters as yield (g/m²) and ascorbic acid content due to limited irrigation positively affected with some proline treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Enrofloxacin is a bactericidal antimicrobial drug in the fluoroquinolone group, developed for use only in the veterinary field. It is effective against gram negative and gram positive bacteria, Mikoplazma, Rickettsia, Ehrlichia ve Chlamydia. Enrofloxacin is converted to several effective and ineffective metabolites including ciprofloxacin. Ten to fifty percent of the drug is eliminated via urine and bile in unmetabolized form. Enrofloxacin is used in all domestic animal including ruminant and winged animals. In calves, enrofloxacin finds utilization in the respiratory system infections, septicemia caused by colibacillosis and in cases of intestinal inflammation by oral and parenteral ways. There are around 1920 enrofloxacin preparations with different formulations in Turkey. Eight hundred fifty-five of these preparations are in the form of parenteral solutions that are ready for use. In this study, the pharmacokinetics of two enrofloxacin preparations that are used in calves were investigated. Materials, Methods & Results: Ten female calves (Jersey strain, 46-50 day-old) were included. The animals were taken to a separate environment 15 days in advance, and medication administration was restrained. Throughout the trial, the animals were fed with unmedicated feed. Calf growing feed, water, and hay were given freely as feed. They continued to be fed by 3 liters of milk twice a day. The study was reviewed by Ankara University Animal Trials Local Ethics Committee and approved with decision number 2007-7-17 and file number 2007-56. The calves were divided into two groups including five calves each. Reference drug and test drug were administered intramuscularly at a dose of 2.5 mg per kg to group 1 and group 2, respectively. Blood samples were taken before (0.0 min) and after the drug administration at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 18, 24 and 36th h. The method used by Anadon et al. was used for plasma enrofloxacin extraction and concentration. The chemicals, drugs, and solutions that were used in the study are acetonitrile, triethylamine, methanol, enrofloxacin (provided by Bayer Turk), reference drug (50 mg/mL injectable enrofloxacin, 20 mL per vial), test drug (100 mg/mL injectable enrofloxacin, 20 mL per vial). The pharmacokinetic variables were investigated after parenteral administration of reference and test drugs. The plasma concentration-time curve for each animal showed that enrofloxacin followed the two-compartment open model. There was statically significant differences in area under curve, absorption rate constant and absorption half-life between reference and test drugs (P < 0.05). However these differences were evaluated as insignificant from the point of clinical pharmacology. Peak plasma concentration was reached 0.8-1.2 h after the administration of both reference and test drugs. It was also seen that the drug concentration stayed above 0.5 µg/mL for approximately 4 h and decreases to 0.04 µg/mL at the 36th hour after administration. Discussion: The results obtained for both reference and test drugs in this study show that enrofloxacin is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal track. The drug concentration in plasma continues to be higher than 0.5 mg/mL during the first 24 h. The authors of this study think that the differences that were found in this study regarding pharmacokinetic variables are not significant regarding clinical pharmacology although some statistically significant differences were found. The results of this study imply that both reference and test drugs may be used interchangeably. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The multicomponent pattern and biological characterization of plant material are essential for pharmaceutical field, in the food supplements quality control procedures and to all plant-based products. These nutrients often show valuable effects related to their consumption due to the occurrence of secondary metabolites that show useful properties on health. In this framework, researches performed on this topic play a central role for human health and drug development process. The aim of this study was to compare phenolics and free anthraquinones multicomponent pattern of two wild Turkish species:Asphodeline anatolicaandPotentilla speciosausing validated high-performance liquid chromatography–photogiode array (HPLC–PDA) assays, coupled to biological evaluation. Even if some variances related to biological and enzymatic inhibition activities can be ascribed to other phytochemicals, the reported data support traditional use ofAsphodeline anatolicaandPotentilla speciosaroots as valuable natural font for the development of novel natural-derived drug formulations and/or food supplements with health and nutritional benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the molecular, biochemical and agro-morphological characterization of genotypes belonging to hawthorn species collected from Bolu province of Turkey was performed. Inter-priming binding sites (iPBS) markers based on retrotransposons were used for the first time in the molecular properties of hawthorn genotypes in the world. The marker system provided very useful information for revealing the genetic variation of the genotypes. Six iPBS markers amplified 68 fragments, of which 65 were polymorphic (95.59%) with an average of 10.83 polymorphic bands per primer. The polymorphism and resolving power per primers ranged from 0.12 to 0.42 and from 0.78 to 8.11 with the average being 0.32 and 5.95, respectively. Pomological properties of Crataegus tanacetifolia, such as fruit pomology and core weight were determined to higher than those of Crataegus monogyna. Citric acid was determined as the most predominant organic acid, followed by malic and succinic acid in the genotypes of both species. The highest citric acid content (26.745 mg 100 g−1) was noted for 14BL09 genotype. The vit. C content was recorded ranging from 2.681 to 9.621 mg 100 g−1. Catechin, chlorogenic, caffeic and rutin contents were varied between 4.140–51.393 mg, 2.254–42.361 mg, 0.624–4.407 mg, and 1.241–10.029 mg per 100 g of fruits, respectively. As a result, it has been determined that twenty-five genotypes belonging to different hawthorn species are important genetic resources to be evaluated in horticultural breeding studies in terms of their physical and biochemical contents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites that are found ubiquitously in plants, fruits, and vegetables. Many studies have shown that regular consumption of these compounds could have a positive effect on our health. The aim of this study was to compare the phytochemical contents of the water extracts from three different plants used as folk remedies in Turkey: Aesculus hippocastanum, Olea europaea, and Hypericum perforatum. A liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) analysis was performed to explore the phenolic profiles. The biological activities of these extracts were also evaluated in terms of their antioxidant activities (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl DPPH, 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid ABTS, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power Assay FRAP, cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity CUPRAC, β-carotene, phosphomolybdenum, and metal chelating) and enzyme inhibitory properties (against acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, and tyrosinase). The aqueous extract of H. perforatum showed the highest levels of total phenolic, flavonoid, and saponin contents. Protocatechuic acid, vanillic acid, verbascoside, hesperidin, hyperoside, apigenin 7-hexosides, and quercetin were the most common compounds found in this species. The results confirm that A. hippocastanum, O. europaea, and H. perforatum represent a potential source of natural-derived molecules with positive properties that could be used as valid starting point for new food supplements, and drugs in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]