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Limited research has explored the effectiveness of insulin resistance (IR) in forecasting metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk, especially within the Iranian population afflicted with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The present investigation aimed to assess the efficacy of IR indices in predicting the risk of MetS among T2DM patients. Convenient sampling was utilized to select four hundred subjects with T2DM. Metabolic factors and IR indices, including the Waist Circumference-Triglyceride Index (WTI), Triglyceride and Glucose Index (TyG index), the product of TyG index and abdominal obesity indices, and the Metabolic Score for Insulin Resistance (METS-IR), were evaluated. Logistic regression, coupled with modeling, was employed to explore the risk of MetS. The predictive performance of the indices for MetS stratified by sex was evaluated via receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and estimation of the area under the curve (AUC) values. The TyG-Waist Circumference (TyG-WC) index exhibited the largest AUCs in both males (0.91) and females (0.93), while the TyG-Body Mass Index (TyG-BMI) demonstrated the smallest AUCs (0.77 in males and 0.74 in females). All indices significantly predicted the risk of MetS in all subjects before and after adjustment (p < 0.001 for all). The TyG-WC index demonstrated the highest odds ratios for MetS (8.06, 95% CI 5.41-12.00). In conclusion, all IR indices assessed in this study effectively predicted the risk of MetS among Iranian patients with T2DM, with the TyG-WC index emerging as the most robust predictor across both genders., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a common chronic disease with several complications. Given that, studies on the association of plant-based diet indices (PDIs) with risk of MetS among adults with obesity, are limited, we aimed to examine the association between PDIs (including overall PDI, healthy PDI (hPDI), unhealthy PDI (uPDI)) and MetS in Iranian adults with obesity., Methods: In Tabriz, Iran, a total of 347 adults between the ages of 20 and 50 participated in this cross-sectional research study. We created an overall PDI, hPDI, and uPDI from validated semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) data. To investigate the association between hPDI, overall PDI, uPDI, and MetS and its components, a binary logistic regression analysis was performed., Results: The average age was 40.78 ± 9.23 years, and the average body mass index was 32.62 ± 4.80 kg/m 2 . There was no significant association between overall PDI (OR: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.54-1.47), hPDI (OR: 0.82; 95% CI: 0.48-1.40), and uPDI (OR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.87-2.46) with MetS, even after adjustment for confounders. Moreover, our findings showed that participants with the highest adherence to uPDI had a higher chance of hyperglycemia (OR: 2.50; 95% CI: 1.13-5.52). Also, this association was significant in the first (OR: 2.51; 95% CI: 1.04-6.04) and second (OR: 2.58; 95% CI: 1.05-6.33) models, after controlling for covariates. However, in both adjusted and crude models, we did not find a significant association between hPDI and PDI scores and MetS components such as high triglyceride, high waist circumference, low High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, raised blood pressure, and hyperglycemia. Moreover, those in the top tertile of uPDI had higher fasting blood sugar and insulin levels when compared with those in the first tertile, and subjects in the last tertile of hPDI compared with participants in the first tertile had lower weight, waist-to-hip ratio, and fat-free mass., Conclusion: We found a direct significant association between uPDI and odds of hyperglycemia in the whole population of study. Future large-scale, prospective studies on PDIs and the MetS are necessary to confirm these findings., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Background: Lifestyle risk factors, such as obesity, physical inactivity, smoking, and having an unhealthy diet are significantly associated to the risk of developing metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Consequently, it is important to examine multiple lifestyle risk factors instead of single ones. Moreover, the combined effects of these factors on risk of MetS are not fully investigated. This study investigated the relationship between HLS and MetS and its components among apparently healthy adults living in Tabriz-Iran., Methods: This cross-sectional study includes 347 apparently healthy adults aged 20-50. To assess healthy lifestyle, four habits were used to examine HLS: physical activity (PA), smoking, healthy eating index-2015 (HEI-2015), and body mass index (BMI). Smoking status, PA, and dietary intakes (147-item) of study participants were evaluated using valid questionnaires. The lifestyle score ranged from zero (non-healthy) to four (most healthy) points. Binary logistic regression with adjusted models was used to examine the association of HLS and MetS, and its components. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant., Results: In the current study, the average age and BMI of study participants were 40.78 ± 9.23 years old and 29.23 ± 5.97 kg/m 2 , respectively. Participants in the highest quartile of HLS had significantly lower waist circumference (WC), BMI, weight, and had less fasting blood sugar (FBS), and triglyceride (TG) compared to the lowest quartile of HLS. Individuals in the second quartile of HLS had 24% greater odds for having MetS compared with those in the first quartile (adjusted OR: 1.24; 95% CI: 1.05-2.66). A significant reduction in hyperglycemia (adjusted OR: 0.85, 95% CI: 0.55-0.96) and high TG (adjusted OR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.55-0.93) risk was also observed in the highest category of HLS compared to the lowest category. Moreover, after taking potential confounders into account, low score of HLS was associated with increased odds of MetS in women (adjusted OR: 1.32; 95% CI: 1.03-2.91)., Conclusion: The results showed that the lowest adherence to HLS was associated with higher odds MetS in women, after adjusting for all covariates. Moreover, adherence to a healthy lifestyle was related to lower odds of hyperglycemia and high TG in Iranian adults. To confirm these results, prospective studies are required., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Background: Although there is growing evidence on the association between nutrient patterns and metabolic risk factors, very little is known about the relationship between nutrient patterns and metabolic syndrome (MetS). The aim of this study was to examine the associations of nutrient patterns with MetS among apparently healthy obese adults living in Tabriz, Iran., Methods: Three hundred and forty-seven apparently healthy obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m 2 ) adults aged 20-50 years were included in this cross-sectional study. Dietary intake of 38 nutrients was assessed by a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) of 132 food items. Nutrient patterns were determined using factor analysis. The MetS was defined based on the guidelines of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III)., Results: Three major nutrient patterns were extracted: "Mineral based pattern", "Simple sugar based pattern" and "Fat based pattern". There was no significant association between nutrient patterns and MetS, in the crude model even after adjusting for confounders. There was a significant difference between quartiles in the mineral based pattern for free mass (FFM), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), large Waist circumference (WC) and Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). In the simple sugar based pattern, we observed a significant association for SBP, DBP, and triglyceride (TG) levels. In addition, the fat based pattern was positively associated with BMI, and weight., Conclusions: We did not observe any significant association of nutrient patterns with the risk of MetS amongst the apparently healthy obese adult's population. Whereas we confirmed the deleterious effect of the simple sugar and fat based patterns on several metabolic risk factors, our findings also showed that the mineral based pattern is related to healthier metabolic factors in an Iranian population. These results should be approved by future studies to recognize any causal relationship between adherence to specific nutrient patterns and MetS., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Background: The Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) regulates endothelial cell proliferation, migration and angiogenesis, promotes vascular and capillary permeability and also is involved in inflammation. VEGF gene has been suggested to play an important role in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between inflammatory potential of a diet and + 405 VEGF C/G (rs2010963) polymorphism and metabolic components in patients with metabolic syndrome., Methods: One hundred fifty patients with metabolic syndrome and fifty healthy individuals were enrolled. A semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used for dietary assessments and dietary inflammatory index (DII) calculation. Biochemical assays including fasting serum glucose (FSG), serum insulin, matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3), liver enzymes and lipid profile were measured. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragments length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method was used for the determination of gene polymorphism., Results: In the current study, patients with metabolic syndrome had higher serum low density lipoprotein (LDL) and lower high density lipoprotein (HDL) concentrations compared with healthy subjects. Patients with lower DII quartiles and lower inflammatory potential of the diet had lower waist to hip ratio (WHR) and lower diastolic blood pressure (DBP) compared with patients in higher DII quartiles (P < 0.05). Moreover, patients and healthy subjects in second quartile of DII had significantly higher aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) concentrations compared with subjects in the first quartile; also healthy subjects in third quartile had significantly higher triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) concentrations compared with subjects in second quartile (P < 0.05). Among different genotypes of 6 P21 rs2010963 gene variants in patients with metabolic syndrome, CC genotype indicated the highest DII compared with other genotypes (P < 0.05)., Conclusion: The current study revealed the association between DII and metabolic risk factors of metabolic syndrome., Level of Evidence: Level III, case-control analytic study.

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is one of the main public health problems worldwide. Although some relations between dietary intakes and MetS have been found, few studies have focused on association between dietary nutrients interactions and the risk of the MetS and its components. The aim of the present study was to examine the association between nutrient patterns and MetS and its components among Iranian adult population., Methods: A total of 588 subjects (aged 18-64 years, 271 males and 317 females) enrolled in the cross sectional study. Dietary consumption was evaluated using an 80-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Biochemical assessments including fasting blood sugar (FBS), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT) and serum lipids were performed by enzymatic methods. Nutrient patterns were obtained by factor analysis procedure using principal component method. Multinational logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between nutrient patterns and MetS and its components., Results: Three nutrient patterns explaining 53.66% of the variance in dietary nutrients intake, were recognized in the current study. Animal-sourced nutrient pattern was significantly associated with the higher odds of MetS and high triglyceride (TG) levels. Plant-sourced nutrient pattern (high intake of fiber, carbohydrate, vitamins B 6 , B 3 , C, B 1 , E, D, magnesium, potassium, and linoleic acid) was significantly associated with lower risk of MetS and lower blood pressure (p < 0.05). Third nutrient pattern (mixed-source) was significantly related to higher risk of MetS, high waist circumference (WC) and high systolic blood pressure (SBP)., Conclusion: This present study confirms the important effect of nutrients and their patterns on MetS risk. Our results suggest that adherence to the nutrient pattern rich in fiber, carbohydrate, vitamins D, B 6 , B 3 , C, B 1 , E, magnesium, potassium, linoleic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is associated with a lower risk of MetS, while animal- and mixed-sourced nutrient patterns are positively associated with greater odds of MetS; However, further longitudinal and interventional studies are required to make a clear conclusion.

Background: The vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGFA) family of cytokines regulates proliferation, angiogenesis, and migration of endothelial cells, increases vascular permeability, and controls thrombogenicity. Recent studies have suggested that the VEGFA gene plays an important role in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome and its related disorders. Dietary diversity score (DDS) has also been shown to have potential favorable effects against features of metabolic syndrome. This study examined the interactions between +405 VEGFA C/G (rs2010963) polymorphism and DDS on the metabolic and biochemical profile of metabolic syndrome. Therefore, in the current study, we aimed to evaluate the interaction between DDS and VEGFA rs2010963 gene polymorphisms in modification of metabolic risk factors including serum lipids, blood pressure, serum adiponectin, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 concentrations in patients with metabolic syndrome., Methods and Materials: In the current cross-sectional study, 254 patients with metabolic syndrome were recruited. Measurements of blood pressure, anthropometric parameters, and dietary intakes were performed and the DDS was calculated. Biochemical variables including serum adiponectin concentrations, lipid profile, serum glucose, and MMP-3 concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method (ELISA) and enzymatic colorimetric methods. Determination of +405 C/G VEGFA gene polymorphisms was performed using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique., Results: Patients in the lowest DDS quartile had higher insulin and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), while patients in the highest DDS quartile had higher quantitative insulin check index (QUICKI; p < 0.05). Higher serum triglyceride and systolic blood pressure (SBP) values and lower serum adiponectin concentrations were also observed in lower DDS quartiles (p < 0.05). Patients with the CC genotype in the VEGFA rs2010963 polymorphism had significantly higher body mass index (BMI), fasting blood glucose, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT; p < 0.05) compared to patients with the other 2 genotypes. In lower quartiles of DDS, 30% of patients with metabolic syndrome had the GG genotype, while 30.4 and 30.8% of patients with metabolic syndrome in higher DDS quartiles had GC and CC genotypes, respectively (p = 0.04)., Conclusion: Our study found lower insulin resistance, serum triglyceride, and SBP and higher adiponectin concentrations among patients with metabolic syndrome in highest quartiles of DDS. Moreover, patients with the CC genotype were more likely to have higher BMI, fasting blood glucose, AST, and ALT. This significant interaction gives a possible evidence of a VEGFA-DDS association that may be relevant to metabolic syndrome. Further studies are warranted to clarify the underlying mechanisms of these interactions., (© 2019 The Author(s) Published by S. Karger AG, Basel.)