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This study aimed to identify the relationship between blood lead and Cadmium (Cd) concentrations and metabolic syndromes (MetS), including its components (central obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, low high-density lioioritein, hypertension, and hyperglycemia) among Korean firefighters. A total of 965 firefighters of the Enhancement of Safety and Health cohort were analyzed in this study. MetS was defined according to the 2005 revised National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III criteria and the Korean Society for the Study of Obesity criteria for waist circumference. The collected data were analyzed using a logistic regression model. Of the 965 participants, 190 (19.7%) had MetS. After adjusting for age, body mass index, smoking, drinking, exercise, shift duty, and main duty position, the Cd level was significantly associated with an increased risk of MetS in the Korean firefighter population (odds ratio [OR] = 1.62, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.07, 2.46). This association was significant among non-smokers and ex-smokers (OR = 1.58, 95% CI 1.03, 2.43), non-drinkers and ex-drinkers (OR = 1.77, 95% CI 1.06, 2.94), firefighters aged 40 year or older (OR = 1.77, 95% CI 1.10, 2.86), and office administrators (OR = 3.85, 95% CI 1.42, 10.39). This outcome suggests that exposure to Cd is likely to increase risk of MetS among firefighters., (© 2023. Springer Nature Limited.)

Few studies have researched the gender-specific effects of electronic nicotine delivery systems on the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and/or its risk factors (central obesity, raised triglycerides, decreased HDL cholesterol, raised blood pressure, raised fasting plasma glucose). Thus, this study investigated the association between smoking behavior (cigarette type, smoking history) and MetS in a nationally representative sample of Korean men and women. Our study employed data for 5,462 cases of MetS and 12,194 controls from the Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (KNHANES) for the years 2014 to 2017. Logistic regression analysis was employed to determine the association between type of cigarette (non-smoker, ex-smoker, and current smoker-conventional only, current smoker-conventional and electronic) and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its risk factors. Smoking history was clinically quantified by pack-year. No association between cigarette type and MetS was found for men. For women, relative to non-smokers, smokers of conventional cigarettes (OR 1.80, 95% CI 1.02-3.18) and both conventional and electronic cigarettes (OR 4.02, 95% CI 1.48-10.93) had increased odds of MetS. While there was no association between smoking history and MetS for women, for men, conventional smoking history was associated with MetS for individuals with a smoking history of > 25 pack-years (> 25 to ≤ 37.5 OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.04-2.02; > 37.5 to ≤ 50 OR 1.53, 95% CI 1.08-2.18; > 50 OR 1.56, 95% CI 1.07-2.27). Sex differences were found in the association between smoking behavior and MetS. Such findings reveal sociodemographic differences that should be considered for interventions regarding conventional and/or e-cigarette users at risk of metabolic complications.

In this study, we looked into the association between the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and nutritional label awareness. This study used data from the Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (KNHANES) for the years 2007 to 2015. The study population consisted of a total of 41,667 Koreans of which 11,401 (27.4%) were diagnosed with metabolic syndrome and 30,266 (72.6%) were not. Groups not using nutritional labeling had a 24% increase in odds risk (OR: 1.24, 95% CI 1.14-1.35) of MetS compared to groups using nutritional labeling. Use of nutritional labeling was associated with all components of MetS. Central obesity showed the highest increase in odds risk (OR: 1.23, 95% CI 1.13-1.35) and high blood pressure showed the lowest increase in odds risk (OR: 1.11, 95% CI 1.02-1.20). Subgroup analysis revealed that statistically significant factors were smoking status, drinking status and stress status. Groups that smoke, groups that do not drink and groups with high stress were more vulnerable to MetS when not using nutritional labeling. People not using food labels tends to develop metabolic syndromes more than people using foods labels. In the subgroup analysis, drinking status, smoking status and stress status were significant factors.

Objectives: This study investigated the relationship between drinking behavior (alcohol consumption frequency, average alcohol intake per drinking session) and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components (central obesity, raised triglycerides, decreased HDL cholesterol, raised blood pressure, raised fasting plasma glucose) in Korean men and women above the age of 20., Methods: Our study employed data from the Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (KNHANES) for the years 2007-2013. The study population consisted of a total of 16,507 Korean males and 22,548 females; 30.0% (n = 4908) of all males and 29.8% (n = 6663) of all females were diagnosed with metabolic syndrome., Results: Relative to abstaining males, males who consumed alcohol more than 2-3 times per week (OR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.04-1.66), as well as those who consumed more than 10 drinks per drinking session (OR: 1.71, 95% CI 1.41-2.08) had greatly increased odds risk of MetS. Alcohol consumption frequency was not associated with increased odds risk of MetS for females, however. Relative to abstaining females, females who consumed just 3-4 drinks per session had a 17% increased odds risk of MetS (OR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.02-1.35). Females consuming more than 10 drinks per drinking session (OR: 1.91, 95% CI 1.44-2.52) were likely to have a 91% increase in odds risk of MetS. For males, alcohol consumption frequency was associated with high blood pressure and high fasting plasma glucose levels, while average alcohol intake per drinking session was associated with central obesity, high triglyceride levels, high blood pressure, and high fasting plasma glucose. For females, alcohol intake per session was associated with central obesity, high triglycerides, raised blood pressure, and high fasting plasma glucose., Conclusions: Frequent alcohol consumption and high alcohol intake per drinking session were associated with higher prevalence of MetS and its components for Korean men; alcohol intake per drinking session only was associated with higher prevalence of MetS and its components for Korean women., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Leptin and adiponectin are adipokines, shown to have opposing functions for fat metabolism and development of metabolic syndrome. We determined if the ratio of serum leptin to adiponectin (L/A ratio) adjunctively contributes to the risk of metabolic syndrome beyond the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)., Methods: This study included 1532 men and 1856 women, aged 40-70 y assessed in the Korean Genomic Rural Cohort Study from 2005 to 2008. The serum concentrations of adiponectin and leptin were measured by radioimmunoassay. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) analyses were used to describe the ability of L/A ratio and HOMA-IR to differentiate between subjects with and without metabolic syndrome., Results: There were no significant differences in the ability of L/A ratio and HOMA-IR to predict metabolic syndrome (AUROC of L/A ratio vs. HOMA-IR, 0.771 vs. 0.774, p=0.8006 for men; 0.677 vs. 0.691, p=0.3088 for women). There was a significant adjunctive contribution by the L/A ratio, beyond that of HOMA-IR, to the risk of metabolic syndrome in men (p<0.0001 with 0.028 increased AUROC) and women (p=0.025 with 0.017 increased AUROC)., Conclusions: The L/A ratio provides significant adjunctive information to the risk of metabolic syndrome beyond HOMA-IR alone. The L/A ratio could be a good surrogate marker to assess metabolic syndrome., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Chronic sleep deprivation is increasingly common in industrialized societies. Short sleep duration has been associated with a number of negative health outcomes. The objectives of this study were to investigate the association between self-reported sleep duration and the presence of metabolic syndrome (combination of central obesity, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose) in adults during midlife. The Korean Genomic Rural Cohort (KGRC) is a cohort study of aged 40 to 70 years in rural Korea. This study focuses on the prevalence, incidence, and risk factors for chronic degenerative disorders, such as hypertension, diabetes, osteoporosis, respiratory diseases, and metabolic syndrome. The baseline sample of participants in the KGRC study was recruited in 2005-2006 (phase 1). Respondents were followed until 2008-2009 (phase 2). The final sample included 1,107 subjects: 386 males (34.9%) and 721 females (65.1%). The incidence rate of metabolic syndrome in our sample was 18.4% (21.2% for males and 16.9% for females). Subjects sleeping < 6 hours a day (HR: 1.798; 95% CI: 1.06-3.05) were significantly more likely to experience metabolic syndrome than participants sleeping 6 to 7.9 hours a day after controlling for potential covariates (age, body mass index, menopause, smoking, alcohol and physical activity). Shorter sleep duration was associated with the high incidence of metabolic syndrome among females only. In conclusion, shorter sleep duration may be a significant risk factor for the development of metabolic syndrome in women.

Background and Aims: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is considered to be an insulin-resistance syndrome, but recent evidence suggests that MetS has multiple physiological origins which may be related to atherosclerosis. This study investigated clustering patterns of metabolic risk factors and its association with sub-clinical atherosclerosis., Subjects and Methods: This study used factor analysis of 11 metabolic factors in 1374 individuals to define clustering patterns and determine their association with carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT). Eleven metabolic factors were used: body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting blood insulin (FBI), serum triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and adiponectin. Two regression analyses were done, the first using individual metabolic variables and the second using each factor from the factor analysis to evaluate their relationships with CIMT., Results: Four clustering patterns, insulin-resistance factor (FBG, FBI, HOMA-IR), obesity-inflammatory factor (BMI, WC, hsCRP), blood pressure factor (SBP, DBP) and lipid metabolic factor (HDL-C, TG, adiponectin) were categorized. In a multivariate regression model after adjustment for age, sex, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and smoking history (pack year), insulin resistance factor (B = 11.09, p = 0.026), obesity-inflammatory factor (B = 18.50, p < 0.001), blood pressure factor (B = 12.84, p = 0.010) and lipid metabolic factor (B = - 11.55, p = 0.023) were found to be significantly associated with CIMT., Conclusion: In conclusion, metabolic risk factors have four distinct clustering patterns that are independently associated with sub-clinical atherosclerosis.

This large-scale cross-sectional investigation highlights the relationships between adiponectin levels and a number of metabolic syndrome components in a nondiabetic Korean population (N = 6634). In a multivariate logistic regression model, after adjustment for age, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, body mass index, smoking history, C-reactive protein, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, adiponectin levels were inversely related with metabolic syndrome in men and women (P < .05). Adiponectin level was found to be a significant contributor to metabolic syndrome. Our findings suggest that adiponectin is an important biomarker even in a nondiabetic population at high risk of metabolic syndrome., ((c) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)