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Background: This study aimed to compare the ability of certain obesity-related indicators to identify metabolic syndrome (MetS) among normal-weight adults in rural Xinjiang., Methods: A total of 4315 subjects were recruited in rural Xinjiang. The questionnaire, biochemical and anthropometric data were collected from them. Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the association between the z-score of each index and MetS. The area under the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to compare the diagnostic ability of each index. According to the cut-off value of each index, nomogram models were established and their diagnostic ability were evaluated., Results: After adjusting for confounding factors, each indicator in different genders was correlated with MetS. Triglyceride-glucose index (TyG index) showed the strongest association with MetS in both males (OR = 3.749, 95%CI: 3.173-4.429) and females (OR = 3.521,95%CI: 2.990-4.148). Lipid accumulation product (LAP) showed the strongest diagnostic ability in both males (AUC = 0.831, 95%CI: 0.806-0.856) and females (AUC = 0.842, 95%CI: 0.820-0.864), and its optimal cut-off values were 39.700 and 35.065, respectively. The identification ability of the TyG index in different genders (males AUC: 0.817, females AUC: 0.817) was slightly weaker than LAP. Waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) had the similar AUC (males: 0.717, females: 0.747) to conicity index (CI) (males: 0.734, females: 0.749), whereas the identification ability of a body shape index (ABSI) (males AUC: 0.700, females AUC: 0.717) was relatively weak. Compared with the diagnostic ability of a single indicator, the AUC of the male nomogram model was 0.876 (95%CI: 0.856-0.895) and the AUC of the female model was 0.877 (95%CI: 0.856-0.896). The identification ability had been significantly improved., Conclusion: LAP and TyG index are effective indicators for identifying MetS among normal-weight adults in rural Xinjiang. Nomogram models including age, CI, LAP, and TyG index can significantly improve diagnostic ability., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Background: This study aimed to describe the prevalence of metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) and metabolically unhealthy normal weight (MUNW) rural adults in Xinjiang and to explore their influencing factors., Methods: We selected 13,525 Uyghur, Kazakh and Han participants in Kashi, Yili and Shihezi areas in Xinjiang from 2009 to 2010. Weight status was classified according to body mass index. Metabolic phenotype was further defined based on the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria., Results: The prevalence of normal weight, overweight, and obesity were 51.6, 30.2, and 14.4%, respectively. The mean age of the population was 45.04 years. The prevalence of MHO was 5.5% overall and was 38.5% among obese participants. The prevalence of MUNW was 15.5% overall and was 30.1% among normal weight participants. A metabolically healthy phenotype among obese individuals was positively associated with females and vegetable consumption ≥4 plates per week. However, this was inversely associated with higher age, red meat consumption ≥2 kg per week, and larger waist circumference (WC). Conversely, a metabolically unhealthy phenotype among normal-weight individuals was positively associated with higher age, red meat consumption ≥2 kg per week, and larger WC; this was however inversely associated with vegetable consumption ≥4 plates per week., Conclusions: The prevalence of MHO among obese adults in Xinjiang is higher than that of Han adults, while the prevalence of MUNW among normal weight adults is lower than that among Han adults. In obese and normal weight participants, higher age, more red meat consumption, and larger WC increase the risk of metabolic abnormality, and more vegetable consumption reduces the risk of metabolic abnormality., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MS) can promote the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The objective of this study was to examine the association of MS and its components with CVD, to further prevent and control CVD in Kazakhs., Methods: In the cohort study, a total of 2644 participants completed the baseline survey between April 2010 and December 2012.The follow-up survey was conducted from April 2016 to December 2016 and was completed by 2286 participants (86.46% follow-up rate). Cox regression was used to evaluate the association of each component and the number of combinations of MS components on the development of CVD., Results: A total of 278 CVD patients were enrolled from rural residents of Xinjiang. The average age of the MS and non-MS groups was 46.33 and 38.71 years, respectively. Independent associations with CVD were found for elevated blood pressure (BP) (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) [aHR] = 1.50,95%confidence interval [CI]: 1.08-2.08), elevated waist circumference (WC) (aHR = 1.60, 95%CI: 1.19-2.15), and elevated triglycerides (TG) (aHR = 1.44, 95%CI: 1.04-2.01). Participants with one to 5 MS components had an increased HR for developing CVD, from 1.82to 8.59 (P for trend < 0.001), compared with those with no MS components. The risk of developing CVD increased when TG and WC coexisted (aHR = 2.16, 95%CI: 1.54-3.04)), when TG and BP coexisted ((aHR = 1.92, 95%CI: 1.32-2.79), and when WC and BP coexisted (aHR = 1.93, 95%CI: 1.33-2.82)). However, no significant interactions were found between BP, WC, and TG., Conclusions: Elevations of BP, WC, and TG were independent risk factors for CVD in Kazakhs. Control of these factors is important to prevent CVD in this population.

Background: Some studies have shown that a high level of bilirubin is a protective factor against metabolic syndrome (MS), while a high level of transaminase is a risk factor for MS. However, the existing results are inconsistent and few cohort studies have been published., Methods: Using an ambispective cohort study, 565 Kazakhs from Xinjiang, China were selected as the study subjects. The baseline serum bilirubin and transaminase levels of the subjects were divided into quartiles and the relationship between these values and the incidence of MS was analyzed. The definition of MS was based on the Joint Interim Statement (JIS) diagnostic criteria., Results: The average follow-up time for the subjects was 5.72 years. The cumulative incidence of MS was 36.11% (204 of the 565 subjects), and the incidence density was 63.10/1000 person-years. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that the levels of total bilirubin (TBIL) and indirect bilirubin (IBIL) were negatively correlated with the occurrence of MS, Compared to the lowest quartile level (Q1), the hazard ratios of MS the TBIL levels at the Q2-Q4 quartiles were: 0.47 (0.31-0.71), 0.53 (0.35-0.79), and 0.48 (0.32-0.72), respectively, while IBIL levels at the Q2-Q4 quartiles showed an MS hazard ratio of 0.48 (0.32-0.72), 0.54(0.36-0.81), and 0.52 (0.35-0.77), respectively, all at a 95% confidence level. However, no relationship was found between transaminase levels and the incidence of MS., Conclusion: Serum TBIL and IBIL levels were negatively correlated with the incidence of MS in a Kazakh population in China.

Background: Metabolic syndrome is diagnosed by a cluster of risk factors that associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). We aimed to explore the impact of and interactions between individual metabolic syndrome components on the risk of CHD in Xinjiang., Methods: The baseline population included 7635 participants. The degree to which the components increase the risk of CHD and the multiplicative interactions between them were assessed using hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Additive interactions were appraised by the relative excess risk due to interaction, synergy index (SI), and attributable proportion of interaction., Results: A total of 304 CHD patients were enrolled from rural residents of Xinjiang. Elevated blood pressure (HR 1.81; 95% CI 1.35-2.44) and elevated fasting blood glucose (FBG) (HR 1.82; 95% CI 1.38-2.38) increased the risk of CHD after adjustment for confounding factors. We found a positive additive interaction (SI 1.14; 95% CI 0.51-2.51) between elevated blood pressure and elevated FBG, but none were significant. As the number of components increased, the risk of CHD increased. The combinations of [high triglycerides (TG) + low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) + elevated FBG + large waistline] (HR 4.26; 95% CI 1.43-12.73) and [elevated blood pressure + elevated FBG + low HDL-C + large waistline] (HR 1.82; 95% CI 1.38-2.38) increased the risk of CHD., Conclusions: We provide evidence that elevated blood pressure and elevated FBG are independent risk factors for CHD and it might be necessary to maintain the normal waistline for preventing CHD.

Metabolic syndrome (MS) and Framingham risk score (FRS) can be used for predicting the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Previous studies that compared FRS and MS have focused on high-income urban areas. This study focused on the comparison between FRS and MS when used in nomadic minorities in mountain areas. Moreover, an applicable tool for predicting the risk of developing CVD was identified. 2,286 participants who were recruited from the far west of China were followed-up for a median of 5.49 years. MS and FRS were compared in terms of their ability in predicting development of CVD using Cox regression and receiver operating characteristic curve. After each component of MS was appraised, its area under the curve (AUC) was 0.647. When age was included, the AUC of MS risk score increased from 0.647 to 0.758 (P < 0.001). After adjusting for age, the AUC of FRS decreased from 0.732 to 0.582 (P < 0.001). The association between CVD and each quintile of MS risk score that included age was more significant than that between FRS and CVD under the same exposed condition. In conclusion, MS risk score that included age may be a better predictor of CVD among Kazakhs.

Background: Few prospective studies have explored the effect of interactions among metabolic syndrome (MS) components on the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the Kazakh population in Xinjiang Province of China., Method: As of December 2016, 2,644 participants who completed a baseline survey over a period of 5 years or more were included in the study. The multiplicative interactions among MS components were evaluated by incorporation of the product terms into a logistic regression model. The additive interactions among MS components were evaluated by calculating the additive interaction index. Logistic regression was used to construct a predictive model, and CVD risk level was divided according to the risk probability of the population that did not eventually have CVD., Results: When we analyzed the independent risk of MS and its components on developing CVD, only blood pressure(BP) and waist circumference(WC) were associated with CVD. A linear association was found between the risk of CVD, BP/WC, and the number of other components (trend, P<0.001). The risk of developing CVD increased when BP and WC coexisted, or when combined BP/WC with MS (≥3 components except for BP and WC) was present; however, there were no significant interactions among MS components. After the CVD hazards were divided into four levels, it was showed that over 19.92% of the incidence probability was in the population under mediate-risk while over 35.24% of them was in the high-risk group, respectively., Conclusions: BP and WC were independent risk factors for CVD in the Kazakh population. The risk of CVD was greatly increased when BP and WC coexisted or when combined BP/WC with MS (≥3 components except for BP and WC) was present, but no significant interactions were found among MS components., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Background: The high prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is observed among Kazakhs in Xinjiang. Because MetS may significantly predict the occurrence of CVD, the inclusion of CVD-related indicators in metabolic network may improve the predictive ability for a CVD-risk model for Kazakhs in Xinjiang., Methods: The study included 2,644 subjects who were followed for 5 years or longer. CVD cases were identified via medical records of the local hospitals from April 2016 to August 2017. Factor analysis was performed in 706 subjects (267 men and 439 women) with MetS to extract CVD-related potential factors from 18 biomarkers tested in a routine health check-up, served as a synthetic predictor (SP). We evaluated the predictive ability of the CVD-risk model using age and SP, logistic regression discrimination for internal validation (n = 384; men = 164, women = 220) and external validation (n = 219; men = 89, women = 130), calculated the probability of CVD for each participant, and receiver operating characteristic curves., Results: According to the diagnostic criteria of JIS, the prevalence of MetS in Kazakh was 30.9%. Seven potential factors with a similar pattern were obtained from men and women and comprised the CVD predictors. When predicting CVD in the internal validation, the area under the curve (AUC) were 0.857 (95%CI 0.807-0.898) for men and 0.852 (95%CI 0.809-0.889) for women, respectively. In the external validation, the AUC to predict CVD were 0.914 (95%CI 0.832-0.963) for men and 0.848 (95%CI 0.774-0.905) for women. It is suggested that SP might serve as a useful tool in identifying CVD with in Kazakhs, especially for Kazakhs men., Conclusions: Among 7 potential factors were extracted from 18 biomarkrs in Kazakhs with MetS, and SP may be used for CVD risk assessment., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has become a global public health problem affecting all nations and races. Few studies on the epidemic of metabolic syndrome (MetS) examined multi-ethnic adults in rural areas in Xinjiang, China. We thus investigated the prevalence and risk factors of MetS there. A cross-sectional study was performed in a representative sample of 15020 rural multi-ethnic adults from 2009 to 2010. Four widely used criteria (ATPIII\IDF\JIS\CDS) were used to measure the prevalence of MetS. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to explore the risk factors of MetS. The age-adjusted prevalence of MetS was 14.43%, 21.33%, 26.50%, and 19.89% based on the ATP III, IDF, JIS and CDS criterion, respectively. The prevalence of MetS was higher in women and increased with age. According to JIS criterion, the prevalence of components in MetS was 57.75% for abdominal obesity, 44.05% for elevated blood pressure, 40.98% for reduced HDL-cholesterol, 23.33% for elevated triglycerides, 18.95% for raised fasting plasma glucose. Lower consumption of vegetables, milk, and higher consumption of red meat were associated with higher likelihood of having MetS. The prevalence of MetS in Xinjiang rural multi-ethnic adults was high. Diet factors were associated with the prevalence of MetS.

Objective: To explore the association between CETP gene polymorphisms and metabolic syndrome (MS), as well as the relationship between the CETP gene polymorphisms and each component of MS., Methods: A total of 571 individuals which were randomly selected from 5692 Uyghur adults were subdivided into two groups, including 280 patients with MS and 291 control subjects, using the group-matching method after matching for gender. We detected CETP polymorphisms (rs5882, rs1800775, rs3764261, rs12149545, rs711752, and rs708272) by using the Snapshot method., Results: (1) Significant differences were found involving the frequency distribution of genotypes and alleles of rs1800775, rs3764261, rs12149545, rs711752, and rs708272 between the control and MS groups (all p < 0.05). (2) rs1800775, rs3764261, rs12149545, rs711752, and rs708272 polymorphisms were significantly related to the risk of MS (all p < 0.05). (3) The rs1800775 polymorphism was associated with high fasting blood glucose levels and low high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C); rs3764261 and rs12149545 polymorphisms were associated with all components of MS except high blood pressure; rs711752 and rs708272 polymorphisms were associated with low HDL-C (all p < 0.05). (4) Complete linkage disequilibrium (LD) was identified for two pairs of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs3764261 and rs12149545 (D' = 1.000, r² = 0.931), rs711752 and rs708272 (D' = 1.000, r² = 0.996)). (5) The A-G-G-G-C ( p = 0.013, odds ratio [OR] = 0.622, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 0.427-0.906) and A-T-A-A-T ( p < 0.001, OR = 0.519, 95% CI = 0.386-0.697) haplotypes were more frequent in the control group than in the case group. Conclusions : The rs1800775, rs3764261, rs12149545, rs711752, and rs708272 polymorphisms of CETP were associated with MS and its components among the Uyghur ethnic group. Complete LD was found between two pairs of SNPs (rs3764261 and rs12149545, rs711752, and rs708272). The A-G-G-G-C and A-T-A-A-T haplotypes might be protective factors for MS., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Background: Metabolic syndrome is pandemic; however, the cut-off values for waist circumference (WC) vary widely depending on the ethnic groups studied and the criteria applied for WC measurement. Previous studies for defining optimal WC cut-off points included high-income and urban settings, and did not cover low-income, rural settings, especially for ethnic minorities. This study aimed at defining optimal ethnic-specific WC cut-off points in a low-income, rural population comprising the largest inhabitant minority group residing in far Western China. Methods : Questionnaire-based surveys, physical examinations, and blood testing of 3542 individuals were conducted in 2010, using a stratified cluster random sampling method in rural Uyghur residents (≥18 years old) from 12 villages in Xinjiang, China, approximately 4407 km away from the capital city, Beijing. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria. Optimal, ethnic-specific WC cut-off values for diagnosing metabolic syndrome were determined using receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results : As WC increased, there was a significant, increasing trend of detection and risk in rural Uyghur adults, regardless of the presence of ≥1 or ≥2 components of metabolic syndrome by IDF criteria. The optimal ethnic-specific WC cut-off point to predict the presence of metabolic syndrome was 85 cm for men and 82 cm for women. With these cut-off points, the prevalence rates of metabolic syndrome among men, women, and overall population in Uyghur adults were 19.5%, 23.0%, and 21.3%, respectively. Conclusions : We report a high prevalence of metabolic syndrome, especially in women, among rural Uyghurs in Western China. A WC cut-off of 85 cm in men and 82 cm in women was the best predictor of metabolic syndrome in this population. Because of the cost-effectiveness in measuring WC, we recommend that these WC cut-off points be integrated into local preventive policies for public health as the primary screening criteria for metabolic syndrome and related diseases among low-income, rural minorities.

Most previous studies on metabolic syndrome (MetS) examined urban and high income settings. We thus investigated the prevalence of MetS among a multi-ethnic population living in a low income rural area and explored the use of visceral adiposity and anthropometric indicators to identify men and women with MetS. We recruited 10,029 individuals of nomadic Kazakhs, rural Uyghur and Han residents in Xinjiang, China. MetS was defined by the Joint Interim Statement criteria. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was used to compare the area under the ROC curve (AUC) of each index. The age-adjusted prevalence of MetS was 21.8%. The visceral adiposity index (VAI), lipid accumulation product (LAP), body adiposity index (BAI) and the waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) were significantly associated with MetS, independent of ethnic, age, and other covariates. The AUC of VAI, LAP and WHtR were all greater than 0.7, and the LAP was the index that most accurately identified MetS status in men (AUC = 0.853) and women (AUC = 0.817), with the optimal cut-offs of 34.7 and 27.3, respectively. In conclusion, the prevalence of MetS in low income rural adults of Xinjiang was high and the LAP was an effective indicator for the screening of MetS.

Objective: To compare the screening ability of various anthropometric and atherogenic indices for Metabolic syndrome (MetS) using three common criteria and to evaluate the validity of suitable parameters in combination for the screening of MetS among a Kazakh population in Xinjiang., Methods: A total of 3752 individuals were selected using the stratified cluster random sampling method from nomadic Kazakhs (≥18 years old) in Xinyuan county, Xinjiang, China, which is approximately 4407 km away from the capital Beijing. MetS was defined by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) and Joint Interim Statement (JIS) criteria. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was used to compare the area under the ROC curve (AUC) of each index. The sensitivity, specificity, Youden's index and cut-offs of each index for the screening of MetS were calculated., Results: According to the IDF, ATP III and JIS criteria, 18.61%, 10.51%, and 24.83% of males and 23.25%, 14.88%, and 25.33% of females had MetS. According to the IDF criteria, the waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) was the index that most accurately identified individuals with and without MetS both in males (AUC = 0.872) and females (AUC = 0.804), with the optimal cut-offs of 0.53 and 0.52, respectively. According to both the ATP III and JIS criteria, the lipid accumulation product (LAP) was the best index to discriminate between individuals with and without MetS in males (AUC = 0.856 and 0.816, respectively) and females (AUC = 0.832 and 0.788, respectively), with optimal cut-offs of 41.21 and 34.76 in males and 28.16 and 26.49 in females, respectively. On the basis of the IDF standard, Youden's indices of WHtR and LAP serial tests for the screening of MetS were 0.590 and 0.455 in males and females, respectively, and those of WHtR and LAP parallel tests were 0.608 and 0.479, accordingly., Conclusion: According to the IDF, ATP III and JIS criteria, both the WHtR and LAP were better indices for the screening of MetS. The WHtR and LAP parallel test was the most accurate.

Background: Although the epidemic of metabolic syndrome (MetS) has aroused wide public concern, most studies on MetS tend to examine urban and high income settings, and few studies cover nomadic areas and low earning populations. This research aims to investigate the prevalence of MetS and explore the cut-off point of waist circumference in a nomadic minority typical of low income populations in the remote northwest region of China., Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed in a representative sample of 3900 Kazakh adults aged 18-84 years from 2009-2010. Three widely used criteria (ATP III\IDF\JIS) were employed to estimate the prevalence of MetS in Kazakhs to compare them with other populations. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to explore the optimal cut-off values of waist circumference., Results: The age-adjusted prevalence of MetS was 13.8%, 20.9%, and 24.8% based on the ATP III, IDF, and JIS criteria, respectively. The prevalence of MetS was higher in women and increased with age. Except for reduced HDL-cholesterol, the risk of other components of MetS increased with waist circumference enlargement. The cut-off point of waist circumference in screening at least two other components of MetS was 88 cm in men (Sensitivity = 61.1%, Specificity = 62.1%, ROC Curve Distance = 0.54) and 83 cm in women (Sensitivity = 60.0%, Specificity = 59.6%, ROC Curve Distance = 0.57)., Conclusion: The prevalence of MetS in Kazakhs is higher than the national level of China and falls in between the Euro-American and Asia levels, as their cut-off points of waist circumference differ from that recommended for Chinese. We suggest a cost-effective strategy to screen for MetS and prevent cardiovascular disease using new cut-off points of waist circumference in low earning nomadic Kazakhs.

Objective: We examined the association between insulin resistance (IR), adiponectin, and inflammation markers and the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Furthermore, we aimed to establish the relationship between IR, serum adiponectin, and parameters of chronic inflammation., Methods: MetS was assessed in 1628 Kazakh participants (768 men; 860 women) in Xinjiang, Northwestern China., Results: Adiponectin, homeostasis model assessment of IR (HOMA-IR), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and C-reactive protein (CRP) remained significantly associated with MetS after further adjustment for sex, age, smoking status, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Moreover, HOMA-IR, IL-6, and CRP increased concurrently with an increased number of MetS components, and an inverse trend between adiponectin and increased number of MetS components was found. The median of IL-6 and CRP increased with HOMA-IR from the lowest to the highest quartile. In contrast, the median of adiponectin remarkably decreased with HOMA-IR from the lowest to the highest quartile (P<0.001). According to multiple linear regression analysis, adiponectin, CRP, and IL-6 also showed a significant association with HOMA-IR., Conclusion: We strengthen the notion that HOMA-IR, adiponectin, and inflammatory markers can predict the course of MetS. Furthermore, our results suggest that a chronic state of inflammation and decreased serum adiponectin might be associated with IR., (Copyright © 2015 The Canadian Society of Clinical Chemists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

This study focused on low-income rural and nomadic minority people residing in China's far west and investigated their relationship between inflammatory markers (IL-6, hsCRP, FFA, and adiponectin) and MS and ethnic differences. And it found that improving behavioral lifestyle by education or using drugs to control inflammation may prevent MS. These observations may benefit low-income populations.

This study aimed at determining whether the adiponectin to HOMA-IR (A/H) ratio is associated with MetS and MetS components and comparing the diagnostic efficacy of adiponectin, HOMA-IR, and the A/H ratio in healthy, middle-aged participants. MetS was assessed in 1628 Kazakh participants (men, 768; women, 860). The associations between adiponectin, HOMA-IR, and the A/H ratio with the components of MetS and MetS were examined using logistic regression analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Our results show that A/H ratio may be a better diagnostic marker for MetS than either HOMA-IR or adiponectin alone, and it may serve as an important biomarker to determine an increased risk for MetS in healthy middle-aged population.

Objective: To analyze the prevalence and risk factors of metabolic syndrome (MS) in Xinjiang Uygur adults., Methods: With cluster random sampling, investigations including questionnaire, physical examination and blood testing were performed among 3442 Uygur adults among in Kashgar of Xinjiang on November 2010. Prevalence of MS in groups with different characteristics were calculated and non-conditional logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the risk factors., Results: The prevalence of MS was 21.2% (728/3442), and the age-adjusted prevalence was 18.5%. The prevalence among males and females was 14.5% (245/1694) (age-adjusted prevalence 12.7%) and 27.6% (483/1748) (age-adjusted prevalence 24.4%) respectively (P < 0.05). The prevalence of MS among 18 to 24 years old and 65 years old and above were 4.3% (21/490) and 28.9% (109/377) respectively. The prevalence of MS increased with age (χ(2) = 204.13, P < 0.05). The prevalence of low blood HDL-C, central obesity, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia was 57.5% (1978/3442), 44.5% (1531/3442), 27.5% (948/3442), 20.2% (696/3442) and 8.6% (297/3442) respectively. Compared to age group 18 - 24, the risk of MS occurrence was higher in age group 25 - 34, 35 - 44, 45 - 54, 55 - 64 and 65 years-old above, the according OR (95%CI) values were 2.29 (1.38 - 3.81), 6.91 (4.31 - 11.09), 10.81 (6.72 - 17.40), 12.52 (7.74 - 20.26) and 10.20 (6.20 - 16.78), respectively. Smoking also increased the risk of MS (OR = 2.35, 95%CI: 1.64 - 3.37)., Conclusion: The prevalence of MS in Xinjiang Uygur was in high level; The prevalence of MS is higher in female than in male; The risk factors of MS included female, age and smoking.

Objective: To investigate the association of lipoprotein lipase gene Hind III and S447X polymorphisms with metabolic syndrome among Kazakh and Han ethnicities in Xinjiang., Methods: PCR-RFLP was used to detect 802 subjects' lipoprotein lipase Hind III and S447X genotypes (including 201 controls and 200 metabolic syndrome patients in Kazakh and Han ethnicities, respectively)., Results: (1) Frequencies of H+H-/H-H- genotype (32.50% vs. 47.76%), H- allele (18.00% vs. 28.86%), SX/XX genotype (8.00% vs. 22.39%) and X allele (4.00% vs. 12.44%) for metabolic syndrome in Han ethnicity were all significantly lower than those in controls (P < 0.01). (2) The frequencies of H+H-/H-H- genotype (33.50% vs. 46.80%), H- allele (22.00% vs. 28.60%), SX/XX genotype (10.50% vs. 22.90%) and X allele (5.50% vs. 12.44%) in patients with metabolic syndrome in Kazakh were all significantly lower than those for controls (P < 0.01). (3) The frequencies of lipoprotein lipase gene Hind III and S447X genotypes and alleles in Kazakh were not significantly different from Han (all P > 0.05). (4) The levels of waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, triglyceride and FPG in H+H-/H-H- and SX/XX genotype were significantly lower than those in H+H+ and SS genotype. HDL-C was significantly higher than that in H+H+ and SS genotype (P < 0.05). (5) The frequencies of H+H+ and SS genotype increased along with the increase in number of metabolic syndrome component., Conclusion: The lipoprotein lipase gene Hind III and S447X polymorphisms were associated with metabolic syndrome risk in Kazakh, and H+H-/H-H- genotype, H- allele, SX/XX genotype and X allele might have served as protective factors of metabolic syndrome. H+H-/H-H- and SX/XX genotype seemed to have had beneficial effects for all the metabolic syndrome components, and the frequencies of H+H+ and SS genotype were increasing along with the increase of number in the metabolic syndrome components.

Objective: To analyze the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) in Kazakh population, using the NCEP-ATPIII, CDS, IDF MS standards., Methods: Questionnaire-based survey, physical examination and blood testing were conducted according to cluster random samplings in Kazakh residents in Xinjiang. 2745 samples were collected and diagnosed by NCEP-ATPIII, CDS, IDF standards to analyze the prevalence, with the distribution of its main components of MS, among the Kazakhs population., Results: The prevalence rates of MS diagnosed by NCEP-ATPIII, CDS, IDF standards were 18.5%, 14.2% and 26.6%, while they became 14.2%, 10.9% and 20.1% after standardized by age. The prevalence of MS diagnosed by NCEP-ATPIII and IDF standard in males were higher than in females, while CDS was in the opposite situation. The prevalence of MS by these three standards increased with age. Among all the main components of MS diagnosed after these three standardization process, the prevalence of obesity, blood pressure rising and the abnormity of HDL-C were rather high. The prevalence of MS main components ≥ 1, ≥ 2, ≥ 3, ≥ 4, 5 ranked the highest compared to the lowest as to the IDF, ATPIII' and CDS diagnostic. standards, Conclusion: The prevalence rates and gender distribution of MS diagnosed by different standards among Kazakhs were different. The prevalence of IDF standard was the highest, with the IDF standard better than the others in early identifying the risk factors of cardiovascular disease.

Background: This cohort study created a risk equation of CVD for the Uyghur and Kazakh ethnic groups with metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Xinjiang and its associated factors, evaluated the model's feasibility, and provided theoretical support for the prevention and early diagnosis of CVD. Methods: A total of 5655 participants from Xinyuan and Jiashi counties in Xinjiang from 2010 to 2012 were selected, including 3770 and 1885 training and validation samples, respectively. A factor analysis was performed on 975 patients with MetS in the training sample, whereas potential factors related to CVD were extracted from 21 MetS biomarkers. Cox regression was used to create and verify a CVD-risk prediction model based on training samples. The receiver operating characteristic curve was drawn to evaluate the model's prediction efficiency. Results: The cumulative incidence of CVD was 9.20% (training sample, 9.12%; validation sample, 9.36%). Nine potential factors were extracted from the training sample population with MetS to predict the CVD risk: lipid (hazard ratio [HR], 1.205), obesity (HR, 1.047), liver function (HR, 1.042), myocardial enzyme (HR, 1.008), protein (HR, 1.024), blood pressure (HR, 1.027), liver enzyme (HR, 1.012), renal metabolic (HR, 1.015), and blood glucose (HR, 1.010). The area under the curve of the training and validation samples was 0.841 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.821– 0.861) and 0.889 (95% CI, 0.870– 0.909), respectively. Conclusion: The CVD prediction model created with nine potential factors in patients with MetS in Kazakh and Uyghur has a good predictive power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Few studies have focused on the predictive ability of visceral obesity-related indices for metabolic syndrome (MetS), especially in different ethnic groups. This study aimed to evaluate the applicability of visceral obesity-related indices for MetS screening among three major ethnic groups living in remote rural areas of Xinjiang. Methods: Based on multistage stratified cluster random sampling method, 3,192 Uyghurs, 3,054 Kazakhs, and 3,658 Hans were recruited from Xinjiang, China. The Joint Interim Statement (JIS) criteria were used to define MetS. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC), area under the ROC curve (AUC), and predictive value of each visceral obesity-related index were used to evaluate the predictive ability of MetS. Results: After adjusting for potential confounding factors, the lipid accumulation product (LAP), Chinese visceral adiposity index (CVAI), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) were significantly correlated with MetS for each ethnic group, and the odds ratios (ORs) for MetS increased across quartiles. LAP was best able to identify MetS status in Kazakhs (AUC=0.853) and Uyghurs (AUC=0.851), with optimal cut-offs being 36.3 and 28.2, respectively. Both LAP (AUC=0.798) and CVAI (AUC=0.791) most accurately identified MetS status in Hans, with the optimal cut-offs being 27.3 and 85.0, respectively. Moreover, the AUC of the combination of these visceral obesity-related indices is higher for each ethnic group. However, compared with LAP, the improved value of combined screening was not significant. Conclusion: LAP had the best discriminative capability for the screening of MetS among Kazakhs, Uyghurs, and Hans. The screening ability of CVAI for MetS was similar to that of LAP in Hans. Thus, LAP may be a complementary indicator for assessing MetS in various ethnic groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]