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This study presents somatotype data on a team sport with chronic and diverse sporting demands. The aims were to (1) characterize a somatotype profile for Division II (DII) track and field athletes (n=54) by sex, class, and events; (2) determine if somatotype changed across the season; (3) determine if changes differed based on class or sex; and, (4) assess potential differences in somatotype between sexes. Methods: Anthropometrics (height, weight, body composition, somatotype) were evaluated after a competitive indoor season and immediately before the outdoor conference championships (41 days). Body measurements were assessed using a bioelectrical impedance analysis device, skinfold assessment, boney breadths, and limb girths. Descriptive statistics are provided as well as results from two-way ANOVAs which evaluate differences in actual and change scores across sex and class. Results: Our DII track and field athletes were primarily endomorphic (scores displayed as ENDO, MESO, ECTO, respectively). Males were found to be primarily ENDO-MESO somatotypes (4.7, 4.1, 3.0), while females were dominantly ENDO (7.7, 2.9, 2.9). Upperclass were more ENDO-MESO balanced compared with lowerclass (5.8, 3.8, 2.8 vs 6.0, 3.5, 3.0). When investigated based on sex, class level, and event, the groups were similar. There was no meaningful change to ECTO scores across the season for males or females. Female athletes improved ENDO scores (-0.89%) and males and females improved MESO scores (14.29% and 5.29%, respectively), indicating adaptations can be accomplished despite the chronic demands of a competitive season. Conclusion: Our research offers practitioners information about the potential changes they may expect across a competitive track and field season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Somatotyping in modern sports can be an important factor to be considered. Different studies have already taken the initial step to identify the sport-specific somatotypes for different games and sports. In contrast with the Kho-Kho game, some attempts have been made to identify somatotypes specific for these games. But there are only few studies that have been conducted, and various areas are still waiting to be explored. Study purpose. The present study aimed to identify the specific somatotypes of the kho-kho players. Additionally, this study also made an attempt to explore the important somatic traits that influence the somatotypes of the Kho-Kho players. Materials and methods. A total number of 74 players from six Kho-Kho teams that participated in East Zone Inter-University Tournament were purposively selected for the study. The anthropometric data collection was done according to the standard procedures given by ISAK (International Society for Advancement of Kinanthropometry). The statistical analysis was done by using MS Excel (2021) and SPSS'23. Results. The results of the study showed that most of the Kho-Kho players (90.6%) were possessing ectomorphic and mesomorphic dominant traits. There was also a significant difference found in ectomorphic and mesomorphic traits among the players possessing mesomorphic-ectomorph (p<0.05), ectomorphic-mesomorph (p<0.05) and ectomorph-mesomorph (p<0.05) somatotypes. Furthermore, the discriminant analysis also highlighted that attributes of ectomorphic traits (Discriminant coefficient = 1.168) and mesomorphic traits (Discriminant coefficient = 0.812) were important somatic traits for the Kho-Kho players. Overall, 88.6% of the original cases have been correctly represented by the discriminant analysis. Conclusions. The present study showed that Kho-Kho players for the most part possess the ectomorphic and mesomorphic dominant somatotypes. Furthermore, based on the study results, it can be also concluded that somatic attributes in the similar body types also play important role to determine players' performance level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Somatotyping in modern sports can be an important factor to be considered. Different studies have already taken the initial step to identify the sport-specific somatotypes for different games and sports. In contrast with the Kho-Kho game, some attempts have been made to identify somatotypes specific for these games. But there are only few studies that have been conducted, and various areas are still waiting to be explored. Study purpose. The present study aimed to identify the specific somatotypes of the kho-kho players. Additionally, this study also made an attempt to explore the important somatic traits that influence the somatotypes of the Kho-Kho players. Materials and methods. A total number of 74 players from six Kho-Kho teams that participated in East Zone Inter-University Tournament were purposively selected for the study. The anthropometric data collection was done according to the standard procedures given by ISAK (International Society for Advancement of Kinanthropometry). The statistical analysis was done by using MS Excel (2021) and SPSS’23. Results. The results of the study showed that most of the Kho-Kho players (90.6%) were possessing ectomorphic and mesomorphic dominant traits. There was also a significant difference found in ectomorphic and mesomorphic traits among the players possessing mesomorphic-ectomorph (p

In this research, the problem of somatotypes will be treated components, body composition and anthropometric characteristics in volleyball players with different level of performance. Namely, the research will be aimed at assessing the somatotype of the selected volleyball players, their body composition, anthropometric characteristics, as well as their mutual relations followed through the different level of performance. The main problem of this research is the differences in anthropometric characteristics, body composition and somatotype components between senior and cadet volleyball players. The subject of this research is certain anthropometric characteristics and body components, as well as determining the somatotype of the studied volleyball players with varying levels of success. The sample of respondents is drawn from a population of volleyball players from the volleyball clubs: "Shkendija", volleyball club "Bamikor", volleyball club "TE Volley" and volleyball club "Ljuboten" all from Tetovo aged 18 to 31 years ± 6 months. In the research are included 64 female volleyball cadets aged 18 and 19 and 126 senior female volleyball players aged 20 to 31 years ± 6 months. A cross-sectional study was performed on the sample of respondents; the anthropometric, body and somatotype components in young volleyball players from this region of the Republic of North Macedonia. In this research, a total of 29 variables were applied, of which 18 were variables for assessment of anthropometric characteristics, 8 variables for assessment of the body composition and 3 variables for the assessment of somatotypicity in the chosen volleyball players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlight Research: • The bullet tuna (Auxis rochei) was identified and analysed. • The length at first maturity (Lm) of bullet tuna (Auxis rochei) was analyzed • The eligibility status of bullet tuna (Auxis rochei) has been analyzed and estimated • The LWR curve can be used to estimate age groups of fish compared to the sigmoid curve • The CF cannot be automatically used to estimate fish worth selling Abstract The bullet tuna (Auxis rochei), BLT or tongkol lisong (Indonesian) is a species of neritic tuna which is one of the target fish for small scale fishers. The problem of bullet tuna fisheries was that it has reached overexploitation and the immature bullet tuna are still caught. This study aimed to assess the population dynamics of the BLT and its size composition caught by small scale fishers in the Indian Ocean, West Nusa Tenggara area was carried out in Bangko-Bangko (West Lombok), Cemplung Beach (South Sumbawa) and Tanjung Luar Fishing Port (East Lombok) between July 2019 and June 2020. The data was derived from the measurement and weighing results of 1,217 BLT collected from the respective collector traders at each sampling location. The growth pattern of BLT was isometric () which meant the ideal body shape (mesomorph) and length at first maturity (FLm) was 31.11 cm. The length-weight relationship curve showed that BLT was in an immature age group (adolescent fish). Meanwhile, the composition of BLT is worth selling (Condition Factor > 1.00), fit for catch (FLc / FLm > 1.00) and worthy of maturity (FLc > FLm), respectively 99.92%, 0.82% and 0.00%. The BLT fish composition indicates that the stocks of resources and populations do not support current sustainable fisheries management.

Simple summary: The force plate gait analysis is considered the gold standard for the objective assessment of limb function in dogs. Force plate analysis has been employed in several studies using a cohort of healthy dogs as a control group. However, these studies do not consider the subject variability within the same breed. Moreover, the lack of a rigorous analysis of morphometric variabilities in the same breed makes these evaluations poorly reliable. This prospective study aims to investigate the relationship between the ground reaction forces obtained by the force plate gait analysis and the morphometric measures in two different domestic dogs' morphotypes. Our results highlighted how the ground reaction forces are influenced by morphometric measures not so much as a single contribution, but through the interaction between them. Indeed, the interaction between body weight, withers height, and velocity significantly influenced ground reaction forces with a greater unit increase for mesomorphs. Statistical models used in the available literature only partially explain the influence of morphometric measures on ground reaction forces, and the comparison between dogs should be made not referring to the breeds but the canine morphotype. Force plate analysis assesses gait symmetry and limb loading. However, as previously described, individual and breed variability (body size and conformation) is related to breeding, body conformation, and size. This prospective study aimed to evaluate the influence of morphometric measures on the speed (V), peak of vertical force (PVF), vertical impulse (VI), and stance time (ST) in healthy dolichomorph and mesomorph dogs and their combined effect on and interactions with V, PVF, VI, and ST in the same morphological types. Fifty dogs were enrolled in the current study, and specific morphometric measurements were recorded for each dog. A force platform was used to record the ground reaction forces (GFRs), including PVF and VI. Multiple linear regression models were used for the study purposes. According to our results, GFRs are influenced by morphometric measures (body weight, withers height, and speed) not so much as a single contribution, but by the interaction between them. It is not possible to compare GFRs in dogs that do not belong to the same breed. However, the subjective variabilities make this comparison difficult and poorly reliable. According to the author, the comparison should be made between canine morphological types rather than breeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Football is ubiquitous across the globe and has been part of Olympic competition since 1900. In a team sport such as soccer, the requirement for frequent changes in movement, speed, direction, and technical tasks features an activity profile that is intermittent in nature The study aimed to assess the SOMATOTYPE OF SOCCER PLAYERS ACCORDING TO THEIR DIFFERENT ATTACKING POSITIONS. For this purpose total 50 male Striker footballers from Punjab state was selected as a subject. The age of the subjects selected for the study have been between 18 to 26 years. Each individual was somatotyped with the help of the Heath-Carter anthropometric somatotype method (Carter and Heath, 1990). The individual component ratings were computed using the equations and the X and Y coordinates for each subject were calculated using the formulae given by Carter et al. (1983). The observations revealed that the somatochart, for the age groups 18, 20, 21, 22, and 26 years, the somatoplots lie in the mesomorphic ectomorph sector. Whereas for the rest of the age groups i.e. 19, 23, 24, and 25 years, the somatotypes that can be observed are located in the balanced ectomorph region of the somtoplots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Force plate analysis assesses gait symmetry and limb loading. However, as previously described, individual and breed variability (body size and conformation) is related to breeding, body conformation, and size. This prospective study aimed to evaluate the influence of morphometric measures on the speed (V), peak of vertical force (PVF), vertical impulse (VI), and stance time (ST) in healthy dolichomorph and mesomorph dogs and their combined effect on and interactions with V, PVF, VI, and ST in the same morphological types. Fifty dogs were enrolled in the current study, and specific morphometric measurements were recorded for each dog. A force platform was used to record the ground reaction forces (GFRs), including PVF and VI. Multiple linear regression models were used for the study purposes. According to our results, GFRs are influenced by morphometric measures (body weight, withers height, and speed) not so much as a single contribution, but by the interaction between them. It is not possible to compare GFRs in dogs that do not belong to the same breed. However, the subjective variabilities make this comparison difficult and poorly reliable. According to the author, the comparison should be made between canine morphological types rather than breeds.

Background: Somatotype is a quantified expression of the morphological conformation of a person in terms of three-numeral rating each representing one component; fat (endomorphy), muscle mass (mesomorphy) and bone length (ectomorphy) in the same order. Certain somatotypes are more prone to develop the particular disease. Obesity and overweight are already epidemic among Indian adolescents and are increasing at an alarming rate, and obesity is linked to cardiovascular (CV) risk in this age group. Identifying the heart rate variability (HRV) is an established non-invasive test to identify the CV risk. The objective of this study is to record the HRV data for each somatotype category and to compare the HRV data among these somatotype categories in adolescents. Methods: The volunteer adolescents in the age group of 12–17 years were classified into a different somatotyping categories based on the Heath Carter somatotyping method. The short-term HRV was recorded in all the subjects using wireless BioHarness 3.0. Results: Based on the time domain and frequency domain parameters, the parasympathetic activity showed decreasing order as follows: central>ectomorphy>mesomorphy>endomorphy, whereas sympathetic activity showed increasing order as follows: central

Nutritional intake is one of the most important aspects that influence body composition and may affect body somatotype. Some previous studies conducted on somatotype in Malaysia have focussed on the aspect of sport performance and physical activities but none were on somatotype with dietary intakes. Thus, this study was conducted to determine the relationship between somatotype and dietary intakes. A total of 308 males and females of uniformed government agencies personnel in Kuala Terengganu were systematically selected to participate into this study. Somatotype was determined by using the Heath and Carter, method. Dietary intakes were measured by using 24-hour dietary recall technique. The mean age of respondents was 38.18 ± 5.23 years. Their mean BMI was 26.09 ± 5.69 kg/m², which indicated that they were overweight. Mean somatotype components of the male respondents were (5.71, 4.73, 1.20), while of female respondents were (8.77, 4.99, 0.77). This indicated that the males belonged to mesomorph-endomorph body somatotype while the females belonged to mesomorph endomorph somatotype category. Median calories intake among respondents was 1987 kcal per day. The correlation between endomorphy component with calories, carbohydrate and protein intake were r= -0.083, r= -0.172 and r= -0.226, respectively (p<0.05). Mesomorphy component correlated negatively with protein intake of respondents (r= -0.161, p<0.05). The ectomorphy component correlated positively with calories (r= 0.151, p<0.05), carbohydrate (r= 0.113, p<0.05), protein (r= 0.191, p<0.05) and fat intake (r=0.112, p<0.05). Some vitamins and minerals intake also shows correlation with somatotype components. Generally, this study suggested that dietary intakes influence somatotype components and somatotype measurements can be useful to be used as tools for identifying obesity predispositions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The so-called defined success in collective sports depends on a number of external and internal factors (relative to the individual), and together with the anthropological characteristics of the players they have a particularly important role. One of the important components of anthropological features are undoubtedly the morphological characteristics of the players to be compatible with the specific requirements of the kinesiology activity. The aim of this study was to compare the mean anthropometric characteristics, body composition and somatotype of competitive Macedonian female volleyball players with regard to playing position and to provide additional data in the international literature for the determination of the anthropometric profile of competitive female volleyball players. The research was conducted among 86 top volleyball senior players between the age of 23.2 ±2.9 years, on which there are 29 anthropometric measures applied, for assessment of longitudal dimension, transfersal dimension, voluminosity and fat tissue (skin folds), and indirectly the body composition and somatotip components BMI index was calculated. Within the statistical processing the primary descriptively statistical parameters were calculated, the univariate analysis of variance was applied and a psot-hoch analysis (LSD test) was conducted. Body height ranged from 160 cm to 187 cm, and the mean value (177 cm) was not inferior to that of international players of similar calibre. The average somatotip in this study (3.3-4.1-3.1) is generally mesomorphic with balanced relation between the endomorphic and ectomorphic component. The setter and the libero have lower body height regarding the opposite hitter, outside hitter and the middle blocker. The lowest percentage of fat tissue is given among the opposite hitter (7.2%), whereas the highest percentage of fat tissue is given among the libero (14.4%). Significant differences were found among athletes of different playing positions which are interpreted by their varying roles and physical demands during a volleyball game. The present differences in morphological structure suggests differentiation and selection of the players depending on the specific requirements of the kinesiology requests of certain gaming position. The top female volleyball players need for certain positions have been chosen by their morphological features which are to be more compatible with the requests of the gaming positon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the somatotype of Mexican type 2 diabetes patients, using the Heath and Carter somatotype method. Methods: The study was conducted on 180 subjects, who underwent an anthropometry following the restricted format established by the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK). A database was elaborated and we obtained descriptive measures such as age, weight, height and the 3 somatotype components. Results: The average age was 58 years (±11 SD); 58.6 years (±10.9 SD) for males and 56.8 years (±11 SD) for females. The average weight was 77.5 kg (±16.7); 80.7 kg (±14.6 SD) for males and 75 kg (±17.8 SD) for females. The results indicate that the mean somatotype for Mexican type 2 diabetes patients was 6.3, 6.4, 0.6. Diabetic females have higher mean values for endomorphy (7.3) and mesomorphy (6.7) and lower mean values for ectomorphy (0.4) than their male counterparts (5.0, 6.0 and 0.8, respectively). It is evident that endomorphy is predominantly in females, in contrast to males, since there are known differences in fat and muscular mass between both genders. Conclusions: The results are similar to previous studies presented for other diabetic populations. Sex differences are significant and especially higher for the endomorphic component, with generally higher values in females. It is important to continue this research direction with bigger samples and the study of other risk factors that directly affect the somatotype of type 2 diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel homologous series 4-(4′-n-alkoxy benzoyloxy)-3-chloro phenyl azo,3″,4″-dichlorobenzenes was synthesized with a view to understand and establish the relation between mesomorphism and the molecular structure. The novel series consists of 12 members, which showed commencement of monotropic nematic mesophase formation from the butoxy homologue and continued up to the hexadecyloxy homologue without exhibition of a smectic mesophase. The textures of the nematic mesophase are threaded or Schlieren in type. Transition temperatures were determined by an optical polarizing microscope equipped with a heating stage. Isotropic-nematic transition curve of the phase diagram behaved in normal manner with exhibition of odd-even effect. Solid-isotropic transition curve behaved descending tendency by adopting zigzag path up to the pentyloxy homologue; which include methoxy to propoxy homologues as nonmesomorphic derivatives. Thermal stability for the nematic is just a few degrees (1°C to 2°C). Analytical and spectral data support the molecular structures. The mesomorphic properties of present novel series are compared with structurally similar other known homologous series. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION Athletes' kinanthropometric profiles are widely addressed in the scientific literature. Such profiles are particularly important in volleyball because absolute size contributes a significant percentage of total variance associated with athletic success. As in other team sports, volleyball players' kinanthropometric attributes correlate with the game's tactical demands. From 1992 through 2000, the Cuban women's volleyball team achieved top global performance, winning first place in three successive Summer Olympic Games. OBJECTIVE Describe the kinanthropometric profiles of Cuban women Olympic volleyball champions during 1992-2000 and compare these by position played. METHODS Measurements were taken of body composition, somatotype, proportionality and several anthropometric indicators in 41 Cuban women volleyball players, grouped by playing position. All were members of the national team that participated in the Summer Olympic Games in Barcelona (1992), Atlanta (1996) and Sydney (2000). Mean and standard deviations were calculated for all study variables. Analysis of variance was used to compare means for different positions for the variables weight; height; percent adipose, muscle and bone mass; body mass index; and muscle-to-bone ratio. Discriminant analysis was performed to identify anthropometric dimensions differentiating playing positions (center, spiker and setter), using p<0.05 as significance threshold. Results were presented in tables and figures. RESULTS Centers presented greater absolute size and higher average adipose (22.8±1.7 kg) and bone (7.1±0.6 kg) mass. The mean somatotype of all volleyball players was balanced mesomorphic (2.7-3.6-2.9). Classified by position, centers (2.9-3.4-3.4) and spikers (2.8-3.6-2.9) presented an average mesomorphic-ectomorphic somatotype, and setters (2.6-3.7-2.6) were balanced mesomorphic. On assessing Somatotype Attitudinal Mean (SAM), centers and spikers showed more intrapositional homogeneity than that of setters. Centers were significantly taller (187.1±2.5 cm) than players in other positions. Centers' percent adipose tissue mass (28.9±2.7%) was significantly higher than that of setters (24.3±2.7%), who were leanest of all positions. CONCLUSIONS The kinanthropometric profile of Cuban women Olympic volleyball champions was defined by considerable muscularskeletal development, with a predominantly mesomorphic somatotype and low endomorphy. Height and body composition varied significantly by playing position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People were divided in more categories, named somatic types, based on some physical criteria -- muscle mass, height, adipose tissue, bones' thickness. Even if the somatic type is constant along the life, the aspect of the body may modify due to training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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