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Elaboration of new methods of correction of microcirculatory disorder in the brain caused by persistent high blood pressure is a topical task both for medicine and for biology. We studied influence of intracerebral transplantation of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCh) to cerebral microcirculation in young (4 months) and aged (12 months) spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). It was shown that transplantation MSCh promoted the rise of the density of microvascular network of young SHR ca. 1.6-fold; density of the arteriolar area of microvascular network of the pia mater increased ca. 1.9-fold. The density of microvascular network of aged SHR increased ca. 1.4—1.5-fold after transplantation MSCh. The perfusion and tissue saturation of sensorimotor cortex of young SHR increased to the level of young normotensive rats, and in aged SHR the perfusion and tissue saturation of sensorimotor cortex was not increased. Conclusion: the intracerebral transplantation MSCh almost completely leveled the pathological changes of the microcirculation in the sensorimotor cortex of the brain of young SHR and improved unimportantly microcirculation in aged SHR.

Neonatal stroke is a major cause of mortality and long-term morbidity in infants and children. Currently, very limited therapeutic strategies are available to protect the developing brain against ischemic damage and promote brain repairs for pediatric patients. Moreover, children who experienced neonatal stroke often have developmental social behavior problems. Cellular therapy using bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) has emerged as a regenerative therapy after stroke. In the present investigation, neonatal stroke of postnatal day 7 (P7) rat pups was treated with noninvasive and brain-specific intranasal delivery of BMSCs at 6 h and 3 days after stroke (1 × 10(6)cells/animal). Prior to transplantation, BMSCs were subjected to hypoxic preconditioning to enhance their tolerance and regenerative properties. The effects on regenerative activities and stroke-induced sensorimotor and social behavioral deficits were specifically examined at P24 of juvenile age. The BMSC treatment significantly reduced infarct size and blood-brain barrier disruption, promoted angiogenesis, neurogenesis, neurovascular repair, and improved local cerebral blood flow in the ischemic cortex. BMSC-treated rats showed better sensorimotor and olfactory functional recovery than saline-treated animals, measured by the adhesive removal test and buried food finding test. In social behavioral tests, we observed functional and social behavioral deficits in P24 rats subjected to stroke at P7, while the BMSC treatment significantly improved the performance of stroke animals. Overall, intranasal BMSC transplantation after neonatal stroke shows neuroprotection and great potential as a regenerative therapy to enhance neurovascular regeneration and improve functional recovery observed at the juvenile stage of development.