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Background: Benzodiazepines (BDZs) are among the most commonly prescribed drugs in the elderly and their use is often too prolonged according to current international guidelines., Methods: We investigated the pattern of use of BDZs among 65- to 84-year-old attenders at 40 Italian primary care practices who answered positively in a questionnaire on the use of anxiolytic/hypnotic drugs and successfully completed the PRIME-MD questionnaire. The survey lasted 6 months, from February to July 2001., Results: Of the 1,156 subjects who completed the PRIME-MD, 748 subjects were positive for at least one psychiatric diagnosis. A depressive disorder was present in 36.5% of all PRIME-MD completers and in about one-third of cases represented by major depression, whereas anxiety disorders, somatoform disorders and alcohol abuse accounted for 18.2%, 8.1% and 1.7% of all PRIME-MD completers, respectively. Most patients were first prescribed BDZs by their General Practitioners (GPs) for each diagnostic group. However, patients with pure anxiety started BDZ treatment during hospitalisation more often (19.7%) than patients with depressive disorders (13.7 %). Moreover, patients with comorbid anxiety and depressive disorders (CADD) were most likely to receive their first BDZ prescription from a psychiatrist (15.7 %). Sleep disturbances were present in at least 50% of cases (and up to 86 %) in each diagnostic group. About 75% of prescriptions concerned anxiolytic BDZ or medium/long-acting BDZ. Most patients with anxiety, CADD and depression used night-time BDZ (65.2%, 56.9 % and 60.5%, respectively). The prevalence of chronic use of BDZs was equally high in all categories of psychiatric disorder (about 90 % for each), showing that the vast majority of patients, irrespective of the diagnosis, had been using BDZs for years., Conclusions: BDZs are widely prescribed for elderly people by their GPs, often for a considerable length of time. The evidence that many BDZ consumers suffer from a depressive or an anxiety disorder, or both, could be a starting point for encouraging a rational prescription in accordance with international guidelines.

Objectives: To assess the antipsychotic use and the prevalence/incidence of antipsychotic drug users in Italy during the years 1999-2002. To estimate the persistence with antipsychotic medications, and to measure their off-label use., Methods: We selected 465,061 individuals registered by June 2002 in the lists of 320 general practitioners, homogeneously distributed throughout Italy, from the Health Search Database. We measured the antipsychotic drug consumption, calculated as defined daily dose (DDD) per 1000 inhabitants per day. We also calculated the number of individuals receiving at least one antipsychotic prescription, to estimate the annual prevalence and incidence of antipsychotic users. Among incident users, we evaluated the percentage of patients adherent to drug label indications and the average duration of treatment, estimated as medical possession ratio (MPR)., Results: Atypical antipsychotic use has continuously increased from 1999 to 2002. Women, older people and patients affected by psychotic disorders other than schizophrenia were seen to be more likely to receive antipsychotic prescriptions. Persistence with atypical drug treatment (MPR=0.213 in 2002) appeared longer than that of typical drugs (0.169). The percentage of patients adherent to drug label indications was significantly higher among typical antipsychotic users (P<0.001). The most common off-label use for atypical drug was senile dementia., Conclusion: Atypical drug use has been continuously expanding over the years 1999-2002, particularly in older people with dementia. The rapidly increasing use of this new class of antipsychotics highlights the need for a better evaluation regarding their safety profile and a better definition of their role in psychiatric treatments.