25 results on '"Joober, R."'
Search Results
2. Are mental disorders orphan diseases?
- Author
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Garel N and Joober R
- Subjects
- Humans, Research Support as Topic, Biomedical Research, Mental Disorders classification, Rare Diseases classification
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. A minimum evaluation protocol and stepped-wedge cluster randomized trial of ACCESS Open Minds, a large Canadian youth mental health services transformation project.
- Author
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Iyer SN, Shah J, Boksa P, Lal S, Joober R, Andersson N, Fuhrer R, Abdel-Baki A, Beaton AM, Reaume-Zimmer P, Hutt-MacLeod D, Levasseur MA, Chandrasena R, Rousseau C, Torrie J, Etter M, Vallianatos H, Abba-Aji A, Bighead S, MacKinnon A, and Malla AK
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Canada, Child, Female, Health Services Accessibility statistics & numerical data, Humans, Male, Referral and Consultation statistics & numerical data, Time-to-Treatment statistics & numerical data, Young Adult, Critical Pathways, Health Plan Implementation methods, Mental Disorders therapy, Mental Health Services supply & distribution, Program Evaluation methods
- Abstract
Background: Many Canadian adolescents and young adults with mental health problems face delayed detection, long waiting lists, poorly accessible services, care of inconsistent quality and abrupt or absent inter-service transitions. To address these issues, ACCESS Open Minds, a multi-stakeholder network, is implementing and systematically evaluating a transformation of mental health services for youth aged 11 to 25 at 14 sites across Canada. The transformation plan has five key foci: early identification, rapid access, appropriate care, the elimination of age-based transitions between services, and the engagement of youth and families., Methods: The ACCESS Open Minds Research Protocol has multiple components including a minimum evaluation protocol and a stepped-wedge cluster randomized trial, that are detailed in this paper. Additional components include qualitative methods and cost-effectiveness analyses. The services transformation is being evaluated at all sites via a minimum evaluation protocol. Six sites are participating in the stepped-wedge trial whereby the intervention (a service transformation along the key foci) was rolled out in three waves, each commencing six months apart. Two sites, one high-population and one low-population, were randomly assigned to each of the three waves, i.e., randomization was stratified by population size. Our primary hypotheses pertain to increased referral numbers, and reduced wait times to initial assessment and to the commencement of appropriate care. Secondary hypotheses pertain to simplified pathways to care; improved clinical, functional and subjective outcomes; and increased satisfaction among youth and families. Quantitative measures addressing these hypotheses are being used to determine the effectiveness of the intervention., Discussion: Data from our overall research strategy will help test the effectiveness of the ACCESS Open Minds transformation, refine it further, and inform its scale-up. The process by which our research strategy was developed has implications for the practice of research itself in that it highlights the need to actively engage all stakeholder groups and address unique considerations in designing evaluations of complex healthcare interventions in multiple, diverse contexts. Our approach will generate both concrete evidence and nuanced insights, including about the challenges of conducting research in real-world settings. More such innovative approaches are needed to advance youth mental health services research., Trial Registration Number: Clinicaltrials.gov, ISRCTN23349893 (Retrospectively registered: 16/02/2017).
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. A Model of Mental Health Care Involving Trained Lay Health Workers for Treatment of Major Mental Disorders Among Youth in a Conflict-Ridden, Low-Middle Income Environment: Part I Adaptation and Implementation.
- Author
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Malla A, Margoob M, Iyer S, Joober R, Lal S, Thara R, Mushtaq H, and Mansouri BI
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Armed Conflicts, Developing Countries, Female, Humans, India, Male, Young Adult, Community Health Workers education, Mental Disorders therapy, Mental Health Services organization & administration, Models, Organizational, Rural Population
- Abstract
Objectives: In low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), major mental disorders often remain untreated because of barriers related to access and resources. In rural areas and in conflict-ridden regions, the problem can be exacerbated by increased rates of mental illness and by reduced access to care. This paper describes a project designed to provide mental health services for major mental disorders among youth using a low-cost model in a rural district of the troubled Kashmir valley., Methods: We describe the geographic and political context, the guiding principles and adaptation of the service model (through partnership with a voluntary organization and use of technology), and the implementation of the model using Theory of Change framework. The core of the intervention was to train a pool of lay health workers (LHWs) to provide mental health services to young (aged 14-30 years) people with major mental disorders in their own communities, supported by clinical professionals., Results: Despite political turmoil and major floods, 40 (male and female) LHWs were trained. The LHWs efficiently engaged in case identification, basic interventions, and data collection on outcomes. Several different stakeholders were engaged in activities relevant to the objectives of the project; however, the use of technologies was moderated by several challenges, including access to internet services and patient preference for personal contact., Conclusions: This service model is applicable in an environment where protracted political and armed conflict, low resources, and geographical isolation make exclusive reliance on scarce professional services impractical.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Testing the Effectiveness of Implementing a Model of Mental Healthcare Involving Trained Lay Health Workers in Treating Major Mental Disorders Among Youth in a Conflict-Ridden, Low-Middle Income Environment: Part II Results.
- Author
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Malla A, Margoob M, Iyer S, Majid A, Lal S, Joober R, and Issaoui Mansouri B
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Armed Conflicts, Developing Countries, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Young Adult, Community Health Workers education, Mental Disorders therapy, Mental Health Services organization & administration, Models, Organizational, Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care, Rural Population
- Abstract
Objectives: To report the outcomes of young people (aged 14-30 years) treated for major mental disorders in a lay health worker (LHW) intervention model in a rural district of conflict-ridden Kashmir, India., Methods: Over a 12-month follow-up, LHWs collected data on symptoms, functioning, quality of life and disability, and patients' and families' service engagement and satisfaction., Results: Forty trained LHWs (18 males and 22 females) identified 262 individuals who met the criteria for a diagnosis of a major mental disorder, connected them with specialists for treatment initiation (within 14 days), and provided follow-up and support to patients and families. Significantly more patients (14-30 years) were identified during the 14 months of the project than those in all age groups in the preceding 2 years. At 12 months, 205 patients (78%) remained engaged with the service and perceived it as very helpful. Repeated measures ANOVA showed significant improvements in scores on the global assessment of functioning (GAF) scale (F[df, 3.449] = 104.729, p < 0.001) and all 4 domains of the World Health Organization quality of life (WHOQOL) brief version (WHOQOL-BREF) of the survey-Physical F(df, 1.861) = 40.82; Psychological F(df, 1.845) = 55.490; Social F(df, 1.583) = 25.189; Environment F(df, 1.791) = 40.902, all ps < 0.001-and a decrease in disability (F[df, 1.806] = 4.364, p = 0.016). An interaction effect between time and sex was observed for the physical health domain of the WHOQOL-BREF., Discussion and Conclusions: Our results show that an LHW-based service model, implemented in a rural setting of a low-to-middle income region plagued by long-term conflict, benefits young people with major mental disorders. We discuss the implications of our findings in the context of similar environments and the challenges encountered.
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- 2019
- Full Text
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6. ACCESS Open Minds at the University of Alberta: Transforming student mental health services in a large Canadian post-secondary educational institution.
- Author
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Vallianatos H, Friese K, Perez JM, Slessor J, Thind R, Dunn J, Chisholm-Nelson J, Joober R, Boksa P, Lal S, Malla A, Iyer SN, and Shah JL
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Alberta, Canada, Delivery of Health Care organization & administration, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Disorders diagnosis, Mental Disorders psychology, Young Adult, Health Services Accessibility organization & administration, Mental Disorders therapy, Mental Health Services organization & administration, Student Health Services organization & administration, Universities
- Abstract
Aim: Demands for mental health services in post-secondary institutions are increasing. This paper describes key features of a response to these needs: ACCESS Open Minds University of Alberta (ACCESS OM UA) is focused on improving mental health services for first-year students, as youth transition to university and adulthood., Methods: The core transformation activities at ACCESS OM UA are described, including early case identification, rapid access, appropriate and timely connections to follow-up care and engagement of students and families/carers. In addition, we depict local experiences of transforming existing services around these objectives., Results: The ACCESS OM UA Network has brought together staff with diverse backgrounds in order to address the unique needs of students. Together with the addition of ACCESS Clinicians these elements represent a systematic effort to support not just mental health, but the student as a whole. Key learnings include the importance of community mapping to developing networks and partnerships, and engaging stakeholders from design through to implementation for transformation to be sustainable., Conclusions: Service transformation grounded in principles of community-based research allows for incorporation of local knowledge, expertise and opportunities. This approach requires ample time to consult, develop rapport between staff and stakeholders across diverse units and develop processes in keeping with local opportunities and constraints. Ongoing efforts will continue to monitor changing student needs and to evaluate and adapt the transformations outlined in this paper to reflect those needs., (© 2019 The Authors Early Intervention in Psychiatry Published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
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7. Transforming youth mental health services in a large urban centre: ACCESS Open Minds Edmonton.
- Author
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Abba-Aji A, Hay K, Kelland J, Mummery C, Urichuk L, Gerdes C, Snaterse M, Chue P, Lal S, Joober R, Boksa P, Malla A, N Iyer S, and Shah JL
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Alberta, Child, Delivery of Health Care, Female, Humans, Male, Patient Care Team organization & administration, Referral and Consultation organization & administration, Young Adult, Adolescent Health Services organization & administration, Health Services Accessibility organization & administration, Mental Disorders rehabilitation, Mental Health Services organization & administration, Substance-Related Disorders rehabilitation, Urban Health Services organization & administration
- Abstract
Aim: This paper outlines the transformation of youth mental health services in Edmonton, Alberta, a large city in Western Canada. We describe the processes and challenges involved in restructuring how services and care are delivered to youth (11-25 years old) with mental health needs based on the objectives of the pan-Canadian ACCESS Open Minds network., Methods: We provide a narrative review of how youth mental health services have developed since our engagement with the ACCESS Open Minds initiative, based on its five central objectives of early identification, rapid access, appropriate care, continuity of care, and youth and family engagement., Results: Building on an initial community mapping exercise, a service network has been developed; teams that were previously age-oriented have been integrated together to seamlessly cover the age 11 to 25 range; early identification has thus far focused on high-school populations; and an actual drop-in space facilitates rapid access and linkages to appropriate care within the 30-day benchmark., Conclusions: Initial aspects of the transformation have relied on restructuring and partnerships that have generated early successes. However, further transformation over the longer term will depend on data demonstrating how this has impacted clinical outcomes and service utilization. Ultimately, sustainability in a large urban centre will likely involve scaling up to a network of similar services to cover the entire population of the city., (© 2019 The Authors Early Intervention in Psychiatry Published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Transforming youth mental health care in a semi-urban and rural region of Canada: A service description of ACCESS Open Minds Chatham-Kent.
- Author
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Reaume-Zimmer P, Chandrasena R, Malla A, Joober R, Boksa P, Shah JL, Iyer SN, and Lal S
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Child, Female, Health Plan Implementation organization & administration, Humans, Interdisciplinary Communication, Intersectoral Collaboration, Male, Ontario, Young Adult, Adolescent Health Services organization & administration, Health Services Accessibility organization & administration, Mental Disorders therapy, Mental Health Services organization & administration, Rural Health Services organization & administration, Urban Health Services organization & administration
- Abstract
Aim: This study describes how mental health services for youth are being transformed within the context of a semi-urban and rural region of Canada (Chatham-Kent, Ontario), based on the framework of ACCESS Open Minds (ACCESS OM), a pan-Canadian youth mental health research and evaluation network., Methods: Transformation has focused on the five key objectives of ACCESS OM, namely early identification, rapid access, appropriate care, continuity of care, and youth and family engagement. A community mapping process was conducted at the beginning of the transformation to help develop a comprehensive inventory of services, identify challenges and optimize partnerships to address the five key objectives., Results: The following strategies represent key elements in the transformation: coordination and partnerships between hospital, community and voluntary organizations, as well as different sectors of the community (e.g., Child and Youth Services, Education, Community Safety and Correctional Services, CSCS); working with local champions (e.g., Youth Diversion Officer and the Mental Health and Addictions Nurse in the school sectors); establishing a youth-friendly space in a central part of the community, where services are co-located and operate within an open-concept design; training of ACCESS Clinicians to conduct an initial assessment; engaging youth and family in service-level recruitment, planning, daily operations, and evaluation, including hiring of youth and family peer navigators; and, engaging the community through awareness and educational events., Conclusions: The success of this transformation needs to be measured on various outcome parameters, but it is notable that neighbouring communities are already beginning to implement a similar model., (© 2019 The Authors Early Intervention in Psychiatry Published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
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9. Who should be "controls" in studies on the neurobiology of psychiatric disorders?
- Author
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Boksa P and Joober R
- Subjects
- Age Factors, Alcohol Drinking, Body Weight, Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic, Exercise, Health Status, Humans, Life Style, Marijuana Use, Metabolic Syndrome, Obesity, Psychology, Psychotropic Drugs therapeutic use, Research Design, Sex Factors, Sleep, Smoking, Biomedical Research, Control Groups, Mental Disorders, Neurobiology
- Published
- 2018
10. Youth Mental Health Should Be a Top Priority for Health Care in Canada.
- Author
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Malla A, Shah J, Iyer S, Boksa P, Joober R, Andersson N, Lal S, and Fuhrer R
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Age of Onset, Canada, Child, Humans, Mental Disorders epidemiology, Young Adult, Adolescent Health Services standards, Facilities and Services Utilization standards, Health Services Accessibility standards, Mental Disorders therapy, Mental Health Services standards, Patient Acceptance of Health Care
- Abstract
In this article we have provided a perspective on the importance and value of youth mental health services for society and argued that advancing youth mental health services should be the number one priority of health services in Canada. Using the age period of 12-25 years for defining youth, we have provided justification for our position based on scientific evidence derived from clinical, epidemiological and neurodevelopmental studies. We have highlighted the early onset of most mental disorders and substance abuse as well as their persistence into later adulthood, the long delays experienced by most help seekers and the consequence of such delays for young people and for society in general. We have also provided a brief review of the current gross inadequacies in access and quality of care available in Canada. We have argued for the need for a different conceptual framework of youth mental disorders as well as for a transformation of the way services are provided in order not only to reduce the unmet needs but also to allow a more meaningful exploration of the nature of such problems presenting in youth and the best way to treat them. We have offered some ideas based on previous work completed in this field as well as current initiatives in Canada and elsewhere. Any transformation of youth mental health services in Canada must take into consideration the significant geographic, cultural and political diversity across the provinces, territories and indigenous peoples across this country.
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- 2018
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11. The value of a skeptical approach to neurosciences in psychiatric training and practice.
- Author
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Traicu A and Joober R
- Subjects
- Humans, Neurosciences education, Thinking, Mental Disorders physiopathology, Mental Disorders therapy, Psychiatry education
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- 2017
- Full Text
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12. Deconstructing the mental health crisis in only 2 pieces.
- Author
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Joober R
- Subjects
- Biomedical Research, Brain Diseases physiopathology, Brain Diseases therapy, Humans, Mental Disorders physiopathology, Mental Disorders therapy, Mental Health
- Published
- 2016
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13. Exit exceptionalism: mental disease is like any other medical disease - Author response.
- Author
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Malla A, Joober R, and Garcia A
- Subjects
- Humans, Attitude to Health, Mental Disorders therapy
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- 2015
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14. The impact of caregiver familiarity with mental disorders on timing of intervention in first-episode psychosis.
- Author
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Lutgens D, Malla A, Joober R, and Iyer S
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Time Factors, Young Adult, Caregivers education, Caregivers psychology, Mental Disorders, Patient Acceptance of Health Care psychology, Psychotic Disorders psychology, Recognition, Psychology
- Abstract
Aim: Based on prior research, we hypothesized that personal or family familiarity with psychosis would have a different effect on pathways to care as compared to personal or family familiarity with mental disorders., Methods: Caregivers of 32 patients receiving treatment for a first episode of psychosis at a specialized early intervention centre provided information regarding their familiarity with psychosis and mental disorders. Information on the duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) and on the duration of untreated illness (DUI) was collected from patients and their caregivers., Results: Although we found a trend in the direction of lowered DUP and longer DUI for those with personal or family familiarity with psychosis, these effects were not statistically significant. A trend was found for a higher DUI for those with personal or family familiarity with mental disorders in general, but this effect was not significant., Conclusion: We did not find that differential familiarity with mental disorders and by extension, personal or family familiarity, affected measures of delay in treatment of a first episode of psychosis. Trends in our findings in the hypothesized directions suggest that a larger sample size may reveal significant differential effects of previous experience with mental disorders in general and psychosis in particular on delay in help seeking during different phases of the illness., (© 2014 Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd.)
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- 2015
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15. "Mental illness is like any other medical illness": a critical examination of the statement and its impact on patient care and society.
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Malla A, Joober R, and Garcia A
- Subjects
- Humans, Mental Disorders physiopathology, Mentally Ill Persons psychology, Models, Neurological, Models, Psychological, Self Concept, Attitude to Health, Mental Disorders therapy
- Published
- 2015
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16. On the simple and the complex in psychiatry, with reference to DSM 5 and research domain criteria.
- Author
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Joober R
- Subjects
- Genotype, Humans, Mental Disorders genetics, Phenotype, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Mental Disorders diagnosis
- Published
- 2013
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17. The 1000 Genomes Project: deep genomic sequencing waiting for deep psychiatric phenotyping.
- Author
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Joober R
- Subjects
- Genome, Human, Humans, Phenotype, Mental Disorders genetics
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- 2011
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18. A new wave in the genetics of psychiatric disorders: the copy number variant tsunami.
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Joober R and Boksa P
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- Adult, Child, Genome-Wide Association Study, Humans, Gene Dosage genetics, Mental Disorders genetics, Mental Disorders psychology
- Published
- 2009
19. Informative phenotypes for genetic studies of psychiatric disorders.
- Author
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Szatmari P, Maziade M, Zwaigenbaum L, Mérette C, Roy MA, Joober R, and Palmour R
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- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Female, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Humans, Male, Mental Disorders epidemiology, Mental Disorders genetics, Phenotype
- Abstract
Despite its initial promise, there has been both progress and some set backs in genetic studies of the major psychiatric disorders of childhood and adulthood. Finding true susceptibility genes may be delayed because the most genetically informative phenotypes are not being used on a regular basis in linkage analysis and association studies. It is highly likely that using alternative phenotypes instead of DSM diagnostic categories will lead more rapid success in the search for these susceptibility genes. The objective of this paper is to describe the different types of informative phenotypes that can be employed in psychiatric genetic studies, to clarify their uses, to identify several methodologic issues the design and conduct of linkage and association studies that use alternative phenotypes and finally to suggest possible solutions to those difficulties. This is a conceptual review with a focus on methodological issues that may arise in psychiatric genetics and examples are taken from the literature on autism, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and alcoholism.
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- 2007
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20. Promoting measured genes and measured environments: on the importance of careful statistical analyses and biological relevance.
- Author
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Joober R, Sengupta S, and Schmitz N
- Subjects
- Conduct Disorder etiology, Conduct Disorder genetics, Family Health, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Humans, Linear Models, Logistic Models, Mental Disorders etiology, Models, Genetic, Phenotype, Polymorphism, Genetic, Reproducibility of Results, Environment, Mental Disorders genetics, Models, Statistical, Research Design standards
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
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21. Genetics of developmental psychiatric disorders: pathways to discovery.
- Author
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Joober R, Sengupta S, and Boksa P
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- Child, Humans, Developmental Disabilities genetics, Mental Disorders genetics
- Abstract
Genetics has captured the imagination of the public, the interest of the media and a large place in the sciences. Since the discovery of the structure of DNA by Watson and Crick, the double helix has epitomized the main dogma of genetics: everything from the tiniest details of the human body to the most complex of behaviours is encoded in the genes. This belief has been strengthened by the tremendous success that has been achieved in cloning more than 1000 genes that cause simple Mendelian disorders. However, for complex disorders, particularly psychiatric conditions, the search for genes has been frustrating and has not yielded definitive results, although claims of gene discoveries are made regularly. In this article, we discuss the possible causes for these difficulties, along with some directions that may help in reducing these problems. We also consider the implications of psychiatric genetic research for individual and public health.
- Published
- 2005
22. Polyglutamine coding genes in bipolar disorder:lack of association with selected candidate loci
- Author
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Turecki, G, Alda, M, Grof, P, Joober, R, Lafrenière, R, Cavazzoni, P, Duffy, A, Grof, E, Ahrens, B, Berghöfer, A, Müller-Oerlinghausen, B, Dvoráková, M, Libigerová, E, Vojtechovský, M, Zvolský, P, Nilsson, A, Prochazka, H, Licht, R W, Rasmussen, N A, Schou, M, Vestergaard, P, Holzinger, A, Schumann, C, Thau, K, and Rouleau, G A
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Bipolar Disorder ,Chromosome Mapping ,Middle Aged ,Lithium Carbonate ,Trinucleotide Repeats ,Antimanic Agents ,mental disorders ,Humans ,Female ,Genetic Testing ,Peptides ,Alleles ,Aged - Abstract
Several studies have suggested that expanded trinucleotide repeats, particularly CAG, may have a role in the etiology of BD. Results obtained with the repeat expansion detection technique (RED) have indicated that bipolar patients have an excess of expanded CAG repeats. However, it is not clear which loci account for this difference.
- Published
- 2000
23. MAOA:association and linkage studies with lithium responsive bipolar disorder
- Author
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Turecki, G, Grof, P, Cavazzoni, P, Duffy, A, Grof, E, Ahrens, B, Berghöfer, A, Müller-Oerlinghausen, B, Dvoráková, M, Libigerová, E, Vojtechovsky, M, Zvolsky, P, Joober, R, Nilsson, A, Prochazka, H, Licht, R W, Rasmussen, N A, Schou, M, Vestergaard, P, Holzinger, A, Schumann, C, Thau, K, Rouleau, G A, and Alda, M
- Subjects
Male ,Bipolar Disorder ,Genetic Linkage ,mental disorders ,Humans ,Female ,Lithium ,Monoamine Oxidase ,Alleles - Abstract
A number of association studies have investigated the role of the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene in the susceptibility to bipolar disorder. Although some studies have reported positive findings, there remains some controversy, because results from different studies have not been consistent. A common explanation for inconsistencies between studies is genetic heterogeneity. We have focused on lithium responsive bipolar disorder as a way to reduce heterogeneity. In this study, we investigated the role of MAOA in lithium responsive bipolar patients using association and linkage study designs. The investigation used 138 patients and 108 normal controls. In addition, 25 families were also studied. Our results were not supportive of a major role of MAOA in the predisposition to bipolar disorder.
- Published
- 1999
24. Association and linkage studies of candidate genes involved in GABAergic neurotransmission in lithium-responsive bipolar disorder
- Author
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Duffy, A., Turecki, G., Grof, P., Cavazzoni, P., Grof, E., Joober, R., Ahrens, B., Berghöfer, A., Müller-Oerlinghausen, B., Dvořáková, M., Libigerová, E., Vojtěchovský, M., Zvolský, P., Nilsson, A., Licht, R. W., Rasmussen, N. A., Schou, M., Vestergaard, P., Anita Holzinger, Schumann, C., Thau, K., Robertson, C., Rouleau, G. A., and Alda, M.
- Subjects
Male ,Bipolar Disorder ,Polymorphism, Genetic ,Genetic Linkage ,Gene Expression ,Lithium ,Middle Aged ,Synaptic Transmission ,Receptors, GABA ,Antimanic Agents ,mental disorders ,Humans ,Female ,sense organs ,Alleles ,Research Article - Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To test for genetic linkage and association with GABAergic candidate genes in lithium-responsive bipolar disorder. DESIGN: Polymorphisms located in genes that code for GABRA3, GABRA5 and GABRB3 subunits of the GABAA receptor were investigated using association and linkage strategies. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 138 patients with bipolar 1 disorder with a clear response to lithium prophylaxis, selected from specialized lithium clinics in Canada and Europe that are part of the International Group for the Study of Lithium-Treated Patients, and 108 psychiatrically healthy controls. Families of 24 probands were suitable for linkage analysis. OUTCOME MEASURES: The association between the candidate genes and patients with bipolar disorder versus that of controls and genetic linkage within families. RESULTS: There was no significant association or linkage found between lithium-responsive bipolar disorder and the GABAergic candidate genes investigated. CONCLUSIONS: This study does not support a major role for the GABAergic candidate genes tested in lithium-responsive bipolar disorder.
25. Efficacy of methylphenidate in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and learning disabilities: A randomized crossover trial
- Author
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Grizenko, N., Mamatha Bhat, Schwartz, G., Ter-Stepanian, M., and Joober, R.
- Subjects
Male ,Cross-Over Studies ,Treatment Outcome ,Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity ,Learning Disabilities ,mental disorders ,Methylphenidate ,Humans ,Central Nervous System Stimulants ,Female ,Child ,human activities ,Research Paper - Abstract
Objective: To determine whether children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and learning disabilities respond differently to methylphenidate (MPH) compared with children with ADHD only. Methods: We conducted a prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, 2-week crossover trial of MPH, during which response to MPH was assessed. Learning ability was appraised using the Wide Range Achievement Test, Revised (WRAT-R), for English-speaking students and the Test de rendement pour francophones for French-speaking students. The study was conducted at the Douglas Hospital, a McGill University–affiliated teaching hospital in Montréal. Ninety-five children, aged 6–12 years, who met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV), criteria for ADHD participated in the study, which ran from 2001 to 2004. The outcome measure used was the Consensus Clinical Response, an indicator of the degree of clinical improvement shown when taking MPH. Results: The proportion of children with learning disabilities who responded to MPH (55%) was significantly smaller (χ21 = 4.5, p = 0.034) than the proportion of children without learning disabilities who responded adequately to MPH (75%). This difference was mainly because of children with mathematics disability being particularly unresponsive to MPH (χ21 = 4.5, p = 0.034). Children with reading disability did not show this pattern of poor response (χ21 = 1.0, p = 0.33). Conclusion: Children with ADHD and comorbid learning disability tended to respond more poorly to MPH. In particular, children with disability in mathematics responded less to MPH than those without disability in mathematics. Additional therapy may be indicated for this group of patients.
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