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Context There are contradictory findings about the relationship between various animal protein sources and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Objective The purpose of our study was to understand better the associations between total protein, animal protein, and animal protein sources and the risk of developing GDM. Data Sources A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science encompassing the literature up until August 2022. A random-effects model was used to combine the data. For estimating the dose–response curves, a one-stage linear mixed-effects meta-analysis was conducted. Data Extraction Data related to the association between animal protein consumption and the risk of GDM in the general population was extracted from prospective cohort studies. Data Analysis It was determined that 17 prospective cohort studies with a total of 49 120 participants met the eligibility criteria. It was concluded with high certainty of evidence that there was a significant association between dietary animal protein intake and GDM risk (1.94, 95% CI 1.42 to 2.65, n = 6). Moreover, a higher intake of total protein, total meat, and red meat was positively and significantly associated with an increased risk of GDM. The pooled relative risks of GDM were 1.50 (95% CI: 1.16, 1.94; n = 3) for a 30 g/d increment in processed meat, 1.68 (95% CI: 1.25, 2.24; n = 2) and 1.94 (95% CI: 1.41, 2.67; n = 4) for a 100 g/d increment in total and red meat, and 1.21 (95% CI: 1.10, 1.33; n = 4) and 1.32 (95% CI: 1.15, 1.52; n = 3) for a 5% increment in total protein and animal protein, respectively. GDM had a positive linear association with total protein, animal protein, total meat consumption, and red meat consumption, based on non-linear dose–response analysis. Conclusion Overall, consuming more animal protein–rich foods can increase the risk of GDM. The results from the current study need to be validated by other, well-designed prospective studies. Systematic Review Registration PROSPERO registration no. CRD42022352303. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context There is an inconsistency between the results obtained from observational studies regarding intake of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) and the risk of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Objectives A dose-response meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between UPF intake and the risk of IBD. Data Sources Searches were performed in the PubMed, ISI Web of Science, and Scopus databases up to November 2, 2022. Data Extraction Data were available from 24 studies including a total of 4 035 694 participants from 20 countries. Data Analysis Risk ratios for IBD were analyzed by a random-effects model. Outcomes indicated that UPF intake was linked to an increased risk of IBD (relative risk [RR], 1.13; 95%CI, 1.06–1.21; P = 0.001; I2 = 73.2%; n = 59; N = 4 035 694). This association was significant, especially for the risk of Crohn's disease (CD) (RR, 1.19; 95%CI, 1.00–1.41; I2 = 78.2%; P = 0.046; n = 23; N = 2 167 160), unlike the risk of ulcerative colitis (UC) (RR = 1.11; 95%CI, 0.99–1.26; P = 0.085; I2 = 60.3%; n = 27; N = 2 167 918). Also, results revealed that each 10% enhancement in daily UPF intake was not related to the risk of IBD (RR, 1.05; 95%CI, 0.98–1.14; P = 0.168; I2 = 31.9%; n = 4) or the risk of UC (RR, 1.01; 95%CI, 0.92–1.11; P = 0.876; I2 = 34.7%; n = 2) in adults. However, results suggested that for every 10% increase in daily UPF intake, there was a 19% increase in the risk of CD (RR, 1.19; 95%CI, 1.01–1.32; P = 0.021; I2 = 0.0%; n = 2) among adults. In addition, the results showed a positive linear relation between UPF intake with CD risk (Pnonlinearity = 0.431; Pdose response = 0.049) but not risk of IBD or UC. Conclusion High intake of UPFs was linked with an enhanced IBD risk, a specific risk of CD. However, conducting more observational studies among several ethnicities and using specific tools that accurately assess the amount of UPF consumption, components of UPFs, and food additives may be necessary. Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO registration no. CRD42023390258. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context Several meta-analyses have been conducted on the effect of nutritional interventions on various factors related to muscle damage. However, the strength of the evidence and its clinical significance are unclear. Objectives This umbrella review aimed to provide an evidence-based overview of nutritional interventions for exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). Data sources PubMed, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science were systematically searched up to May 2022. Data Extraction Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials investigating nutritional interventions' effects on recovery following EIMD were included. The certainty of the evidence was rated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). Results Fifty-three randomized controlled trial meta-analyses were included, evaluating 24 nutritional interventions on 10 different outcomes. The results revealed a significant effect of hydroxymethylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation and l -carnitine supplementation for reducing postexercise creatine kinase; HMB supplementation for reducing lactate dehydrogenase; branched-chain amino acids and leaf extract supplementation for reducing the delayed onset of muscle soreness; and l -carnitine, curcumin, ginseng, polyphenols, and anthocyanins for reducing muscle soreness, all with moderate certainty of evidence. Conclusions Supplementation with HMB, l -carnitine, branched-chain amino acids, curcumin, ginseng, leaf extract, polyphenols, and anthocyanins showed favorable effects on some EIMD-related outcomes. Protocol Registration PROSPERO registration no. CRD42022352565. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context To date, the efficacy of nutritional interventions on oral mucositis (OM) in patients with cancer, and the quality of this evidence have not been explored. Objective The goal of this umbrella review was to provide a comprehensive evaluation of nutritional interventions for patients with cancer with OM, as well as to assess the quality of this evidence. Data sources Meta-analyses were searched for using PubMed, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science databases until December 2021, with no time restrictions. Data extraction Meta-analyses of randomized control trials that evaluated the effects of nutritional interventions on the incidence of OM in patients with cancer had inclusion criteria for this umbrella review. Data extraction, quality assessment of meta-analyses, and primary studies were done independently by 2 authors. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation technique was used to grade the certainty of evidence. Data analysis A total of 26 meta-analyses were included in this umbrella review. The results showed that honey, glutamine, and propolis can reduce the incidence of severe OM, based on moderate evidence quality. In addition, zinc supplementation significantly reduced the incidence of OM, regardless of symptom severity; however, low certainty of the evidence was observed. The effects of vitamin E, curcumin, and probiotics on OM were not statistically significant. Conclusion This umbrella review shows that honey, glutamine, and propolis can significantly reduce the incidence of severe OM. These findings need to be confirmed with well-designed, longitudinal randomized controlled trials. Systematic Review Registration PROSPERO registration no. CRD42022301010. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context Current findings about the differential effects of various sources of dietary animal protein on the risk of neurodegenerative diseases are contradictory. Objective The current meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the associations between intake of dietary animal protein sources and the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. Data Sources PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were searched systematically until October 2021. Data Extraction Prospective cohort studies exploring the association between consumption of animal protein sources and risk of neurodegenerative diseases in the general population were included. Among 10 571 identified studies, 33 prospective cohort studies met the eligibility criteria. Data Analysis Dietary fish consumption was associated with a reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease (RR = 0.75; 95%CI, 0.57–0.97), dementia (RR = 0.84; 95%CI, 0.75–0.93), and cognitive impairment (RR = 0.85; 95%CI, 0.81–0.95). The risk of developing Parkinson's disease was significantly higher among those in the highest vs the lowest intake categories of total dairy (RR = 1.49; 95%CI, 1.06–2.10) and milk (RR = 1.40; 95%CI, 1.13–1.73). Moreover, dietary intake of total dairy (RR = 0.89; 95%CI, 0.80–0.99), total meat (RR = 0.72; 95%CI, 0.57–0.90), and poultry (RR = 0.82; 95%CI, 0.68–0.99) was significantly associated with a lower risk of cognitive impairment. A linear dose-response meta-analysis revealed that each 200-g increase in total daily dairy intake was associated with an 11% higher risk of Parkinson's disease and a 12% lower risk of cognitive impairment. Furthermore, there was a strong linear association between fish consumption and reduced risk of dementia. Conclusion Dairy consumption is associated with an increased risk of Parkinson's disease, but a higher intake of fish may be associated with lower risk of neurodegenerative disease. Future well-controlled, randomized clinical trials are essential to validate the present findings. Systematic Review Registration PROSPERO registration no. CRD42021281887. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]