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Bariatric surgery results in long-term weight loss and an improved metabolic phenotype due to changes in the gut-brain axis regulating appetite and glycaemia. Neuroendocrine alterations associated with bariatric surgery may also influence hedonic aspects of eating by inducing changes in taste preferences and central reward reactivity towards palatable food. However, the impact of bariatric surgery on disordered eating behaviours (e.g.: binge eating, loss-of-control eating, emotional eating and 'addictive eating'), which are commonly present in people with obesity are not well understood. Increasing evidence suggests gut-derived signals, such as appetitive hormones, bile acid profiles, microbiota concentrations and associated neuromodulatory metabolites, can influence pathways in the brain implicated in food intake, including brain areas involved in sensorimotor, reward-motivational, emotional-arousal and executive control components of food intake. As disordered eating prevalence is a key mediator of weight-loss success and patient well-being after bariatric surgery, understanding how changes in the gut-brain axis contribute to disordered eating incidence and severity after bariatric surgery is crucial to better improve treatment outcomes in people with obesity.

Objectives To determine how the COVID-19 lockdown influenced the lifestyle, eating behavior, use of substances, mental health, and weight in patients who had undergone bariatric surgery (BS) and explore the self-perception of one’s own health and fears related to COVID-19. Methods We performed a cross-sectional exploratory study in obesity patients who had undergone BS surgery > 1 year previously in a university hospital. Assessment was performed 40 days after initiating lockdown and included 2 periods: from April 24 until May 8 and during the initial de-escalation period: from May 9 until 22, 2020. A structured telephone interview and an online survey were administered. Results One hundred eighty-eight patients were interviewed; 156 also responded to the online survey (77% females, mean age 53.46 ± 10.48 years, mean follow-up 5.71 ± 4.30 years). Dietary habits were affected in 72% of the participants, with 15% reporting better diet planning; 83.5% reported having more sedentary behaviors; 27% and 36% showed depression and anxiety, respectively; and 45% of participants reported bad sleep quality. In relation to changes in the use of any substance, the use increased in the majority of patients who were previously users. Self-perception of one’s own health and fears related to COVID-19 were only moderate. Finally, emotional eating and time since BS were statistically significant risk factors for predicting weight gain. Conclusions Lockdown during COVID-19 pandemic negatively influenced the lifestyle, mental health, substance use, and weight in BS patients. These alterations were somewhat similar to those observed in the general population but more severe and with important clinical implications. Graphical abstract Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11695-021-05792-1.

PurposeCardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are responsible for one-third of global deaths. Work stress is a major risk factor for CVDs in the workforce. Construction professionals endure excessive work stress, yet their vulnerability to CVDs remains underexplored. The study investigated the prevalence of CVDs among construction professionals and its relationships to job stressors, stress coping methods and socio-demographics.Design/methodology/approachAn online survey was conducted among construction professionals in Australia wherein data related to job stressor experiences, stress management methods adopted, and incidents of CVDs were collected. Structural path analysis was conducted to discover associations.FindingsJunior level professionals reported higher incidents of angina and heart muscle weakening than others. Statistically significant positive associations were discovered between the reported CVDs, and job stressors such as excessive workload, unpredictable work hours, lack of support, discrimination and work–life conflict and negative stress coping methods such as consuming alcohol and/or drugs, emotional eating and aggression. However, no evidence was found to support the claim that demographic factors such as age and gender were also risk factors for CVDs.Originality/valueThe workers' compensation system provides financial protection to injured employees. It extends similar protection for work-related illnesses; however, it is more difficult to prove work-related causes for illnesses. The study provides scientific evidence to support the recognition of CVDs among construction professionals as work-related diseases, mediated by work stress.

Obesity in childhood and adolescence is a complex health issue that has detrimental effects on the physical and psychological health of the youngster, both in the short and long term. A characteristic of obesity is the associated chronic low-grade inflammation which can result in insulin resistance. Previous research suggested that biomarkers referring to such increased inflammation may help in understanding resistance to weight loss. Whether and how psychosocial factors are related with inflammation remains to be proven. The current study consisted of 594 children and adolescents (7–19 years), of whom 480 had follow-up data, who enrolled for a ten-month inpatient multidisciplinary obesity treatment consisting of healthy food routines, physical activities and psychological treatment. The purpose of the study was to explore (1) the relationship between inflammation and psychosocial stress variables (i.e., depressive symptoms, eating behavior, concerns about eating/shape/weight, insecure parent-child attachment) (correlational and multiple regression analysis), (2) whether a lifestyle intervention for obese youngsters results in decreased C-reactive protein (CRP) values (paired t-test) and (3) which psychosocial variables influence this CRP change as indication of treatment success (multiple regression analysis with change in BMI as control variable). Results showed that the psychosocial stress variables emotional eating, external eating and attachment anxiety are related to higher CRP values. Our data further suggested that a lifestyle intervention decreases the CRP values. This significant reduction in blood inflammatory marker was besides being influenced by weight loss also dependent on psychosocial variables, more specific on self-reported attachment avoidance, as this latter was related to less CRP decrease.

IntroductionEmotional eating is an impulsive mood-regulation strategy that often follows psychological distress. Mindfulness is associated with less impulsive behaviour. Mindful eating involves a considered awareness of hunger and satiety, and conscious, non-automatic, food choices. This study examines the moderatingMaterial and methodsParticipants (N = 392) completed self-report measures on distress, mindfulness and emotional eating, after which moderation analysis was carried out.ResultsMindfulness was negatively associated with emotional eating, but only when distress was low. The most important facets of mindfulness for this were being able to describe one’s emotional state and a non-judgemental response to that state.ConclusionsThese results support previous findings that mindfulness reduces the impact distress has on emotional eating. Future research could explore interventions that enable individuals to describe their emotional state in the moment to reduce preoccupation with food during times of distress.

Improvements in the theory-based psychosocial variables of eating self-regulation, mood, and self-efficacy for controlled eating significantly predicted weight loss in community-based obesity treatments. However, in women, additional effects from reductions in emotional eating, and age and race/ethnicity are unclear. Women (N = 130) participating in a community-based cognitive-behavioral obesity treatment were assessed on changes in theory-based psychosocial variables and weight. Treatment-associated improvements in self-regulation, mood, and self-efficacy over 3 months significantly predicted 6-month weight loss (R2 = 0.26), with self-regulation change being the strongest individual predictor. Entry of change in emotional eating into the prediction model significantly added to the variance in weight change explained. Age and race/ethnicity did not further improve the predictive strength. In addition to targeting self-regulation skill development and, to a lesser extent addressing mood and self-efficacy improvements, behavioral obesity treatments should focus on emotional eating to maximize their large-scale effects on excess weight.

Many college students have nutrient poor and energy dense diets and are also more likely to experience poor body image, which can result in unsafe dieting behaviors for the purpose of managing weight. Intuitive eating is an alternative approach to dieting that focuses on physiological hunger and fullness cues, while eating for both satisfaction and health without restriction of any foods. This study examined the association between intuitive eating and diet quality in a college population. College students, aged 18-56 years, completed an online survey which assessed intuitive eating using the Intuitive Eating Scale-2 (IES-2) and diet quality using the Starting The Conversation (STC) simplified food frequency instrument. IES-2 total score was positively correlated with higher overall diet quality and was negatively correlated with fast food and chip consumption. Eating for physical rather than emotional reasons and body-food choice congruence IES-2 subscales were positively correlated with diet quality while the unconditional permission to eat subscale was negatively correlated with diet quality. Strategies that focus on eating for health and well-being and minimize emotional eating are associated with higher overall diet quality and may be incorporated in dietary interventions among college students aimed at promoting healthy behaviors.

Background Obesity and comorbid conditions are associated with worse outcomes related to COVID-19. Moreover, social distancing adherence during the COVID-19 pandemic may predict weight gain due to decreased physical activity, increased emotional eating, and social isolation. While early studies suggest that many individuals struggled with weight management during the pandemic, less is known about healthy eating and weight control behaviors among those enrolled in weight loss programs. Methods The present study evaluated weight management efforts among weight loss program participants during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants’ (N = 55, 90.9% female, 36% white, Mage = 49.8) demographics and body mass index were collected two months prior to the COVID-19 statewide shutdown. During the lockdown, an online survey assessed health behaviors, coping, COVID-19 experiences (e.g., social distancing, loneliness), and weight gain. Logistic regressions examined demographics, health behaviors, and COVID-19 factors as predictors of weight gain. Results Most participants (58%) reported gaining weight during COVID-19. Weight gain was predicted by challenges with the following health behaviors: physical activity, monitoring food intake, choosing healthy foods, and emotional eating. Loneliness and working remotely significantly related to emotional eating, physical activity, and choosing healthy foods. Conclusions Loneliness and working remotely increased the difficulty of weight management behaviors during COVID-19 among weight loss program participants. However, staying active, planning and tracking food consumption, choosing healthy foods, and reducing emotional eating protected against weight gain. Thus, these factors may be key areas for weight management efforts during the pandemic.

Introduction Urinary kryptopyrroles (UKP), or the ‘Mauve factor’, was first described in the early 1960s with an observed association with psychiatric illness. Since this time, there has been growing interest in the clinical importance of UKP testing for a range of clinical conditions. However, there are substantive gaps in the available evidence to inform appropriate application and interpretation of UKP tests. With this in mind, this study describes the observed health conditions, treatments and diagnostic application of UKP by clinicians using it within their clinical practice. Methods Observational cross-sectional self-report online survey of Australian clinicians, recruited through a company that provides functional testing (including UKP analysis), who identify as having used UKP testing within their clinical practice. The survey collected data on participant demography and characteristics of their clinical practice, their approach to the diagnosis and interventions used to clinically manage elevated UKP (eUKP), and the observed clinical importance of eUKP for a range of health conditions. Results The survey was completed by 86 respondents. The majority of participants used nutritional supplements (76.7%), dietary therapy (60.5%) and lifestyle changes (58.1%) to clinically manage eUKP. Nervous system (86.0%) and gastrointestinal (64.0%) conditions were most commonly observed by respondents to be linked to eUKP. Anxiety was observed by 91.9% of respondents to be associated with eUKP and was also the condition most commonly described as markedly improving following treatment of eUKP. A number of factors were reported to be associated with eUKP by the majority of respondents including mood swings (100%), social withdrawal (92.5%), compulsive behaviour (82.4%) and emotional eating (77.8%). Implications Given the substantive gaps in evidence associated with UKP testing, this data may provide direction for researchers to design projects that reflect UKP testing as it is used in grass-roots clinical practice.

Bariatric surgery remains the most effective treatment for severe obesity, though post-surgical outcomes are variable with respect to long-term weight loss and eating-related psychopathology. Attachment style is an important variable affecting eating psychopathology among individuals with obesity. To date, studies examining eating psychopathology and attachment style in bariatric surgery populations have been limited to pre-surgery samples and cross-sectional study design. The current prospective study sought to determine whether attachment insecurity is associated with binge eating, emotional eating, and weight loss outcomes at 2-years post-surgery. Patients (n = 108) completed questionnaires on attachment style (ECR-16), binge eating (BES), emotional eating (EES), depression (PHQ-9), and anxiety (GAD-7). Multivariate linear regression analyses were conducted to examine the association between attachment insecurity and 2-years post-surgery disordered eating and percent total weight loss. Female gender was found to be a significant predictor of binge eating (p = 0.007) and emotional eating (p = 0.023) at 2-years post-surgery. Avoidant attachment (p = 0.009) was also found to be a significant predictor of binge eating at 2-years post-surgery. To our knowledge, this study is the first to explore attachment style as a predictor of long-term post-operative eating pathology and weight outcomes in bariatric surgery patients.

Emotional eating (EmE) is a strong predictor of obesity, but not well-addressed within obesity treatments. Women with high EmE participating in small group obesity treatments emphasizing either self-regulation (n = 54) or typical instruction in weight-loss methods (n = 30) significantly improved scores on EmE related to depression and anxiety, self-regulation of eating, the mood dimensions of dejection and tension, and physical activity/exercise within this 6-month study. The self-regulation group had significantly greater improvements on EmE related to anxiety, and self-regulation. Significant predictions of reduction in EmE-depression and EmE-anxiety by decreased dejection and tension, respectively, were significantly mediated by self-regulation changes. Treatment-related increase in physical activity/exercise was associated with reduced dejection and tension. Subsequent analyses suggested only 2.5 moderate physical activity/exercise sessions/week were associated with significant mood improvements. Findings indicated that high EmE can be reduced within obesity treatments via a focus on exercise-induced mood improvements and self-regulatory skill development.

Background Recent years have witnessed an increasing prevalence of binge eating tendencies in adolescence—warranting a clearer understanding of their underlying predisposing and precipitating factors. The current study investigated whether the interaction between high levels of anxiety and stress predicted increased levels of binge eating tendencies in a prospective cohort of adolescents (N = 324). Methods Measurements were taken over three waves (M ages: 13.33, 14.48, 15.65) as part of the CogBIAS Longitudinal Study. Longitudinal associations between levels of anxiety and stress with binge eating tendencies were estimated using a random intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM), which calculates within-person fluctuations over time while accounting for individual trait-like stability and between-person variations. Binge eating tendencies were measured by the Cognitive Restraint, Uncontrolled Eating, and Emotional Eating styles from the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-R18. Two models were created for each binge eating tendencies variable: (1) a basic model with anxiety and stress as independent variables; (2) an interaction model with an additional anxiety*stress interaction term. Model fit was assessed by SEM fit indices: X2, CFI, NFI, TLI, RMSEA, SRMR. Superior model fit was ascertained by a chi-square difference test (p, Plain English Summary Binge eating tendencies have become an increasingly common phenomenon in adolescent populations. These behaviours involve consuming large amounts of food in a short period of time, during which one feels out of control and unable to stop. Episodes are often followed by marked emotional distress that can serve to perpetuate and maintain these tendencies. The current study examined a group of adolescents aged 13 to 16 over three testing periods spaced 12 to 18 months apart, to investigate whether high levels of anxiety and stress interacted to increase likelihood of binge eating tendencies in individuals over time. Results revealed that participants who experienced higher anxiety and stress than usual were more likely to score highly on binge eating tendencies measures, compared to when they experienced lower levels of anxiety and stress. Correspondingly, we recommend raising greater awareness in parents, educators, and health professionals of the link between high anxiety and stress and increased risk of binge eating tendencies, in order to facilitate better prevention, detection, and early intervention.

Objective:We investigated emotional eating behaviours and perceived stress during COVID-19 partial quarantine according to BMI levels in healthy adults.Design:Cross-sectional study.Setting:An online survey including demographic variables, eating attitude-related questions, Emotional Eater Questionnaire (EEQ) and Perceived Stress Scale-14 (PSS-14) was sent via online data collection platform. Self-reported weight, height and weight changes during the quarantine were also collected.Participants:A total of 506 people aged between 20–65 years who were partially quarantined due to COVID-19 participated in this study.Results:BMI was positively correlated with EEQ (r 0 ·205, P = 0·001). However, BMI was negatively linked with PSS-14 during COVID-19 (r -0·125, P = 0·001), indicating that participants with lower BMI had higher perceived stress during COVID-19. Participants gained weight during the lockdown situation (+1·20 ± 1·70 kg in men; +0·91 ± 1·40 kg in women). EEQ and PSS-14 scores of women found to be significantly higher than men (9·39 ± 5·37 in men v. 11·17 ± 5·85 in women for EEQ; 24·67 ± 8·32 in men v. 27·99 ± 7·34 in women for PSS-14). Obese participants consumed sweetened and carbonated drinks two-fold more in those compared with other participants.Conclusion:These findings suggest that partial quarantine may be closely related to emotional eating and weight gain, and participants with higher BMI showed more emotional eating behaviours. Therefore, certain precautions should be considered beforehand in order not to cause long-term eating disorder problems.

Significant cross-sectional associations between mood and weight have been made in women; however, data on associated longitudinal effects and their psychological and behavioral mechanisms are required to inform obesity treatments that mostly have limited success beyond the very short term. Women participating in behavioral obesity treatments were assessed on psychological and behavioral measures, and weight change over 12 months. A treatment focused on physical activity and self-regulation (n = 67) had significantly better improvements than a treatment centered around weight-loss education (n = 64) on measures of mood (overall mood, depression, anxiety), self-regulation, emotional eating, eating behaviors, physical activity, and weight in women with obesity. Incorporating a lagged variable design, 12-month weight loss was significantly predicted (separately) by changes in overall negative mood, depression, and anxiety. When changes in measures of self-regulation, emotional eating, and eating behaviors were sequentially entered as mediators, mood change–weight change relationships were rendered non-significant. Significant mediation paths were: mood change→self-regulation change→weight change, and mood change→self-regulation change→eating behavior change→weight change. They were unaffected by the treatment group. Findings contributed to both theory and obesity intervention architectures via a design sensitive to the dynamic psychological and behavioral changes occurring within weight-loss processes.

Background University students are at a greater risk of gaining weight compared to others. We explored associations between changes in weight and a set of dispositional constructs related to eating behaviour: motivation, impulsivity, social comparison, and eating styles. We predicted that increases in controlled motivation, impulsivity, uncontrolled eating, emotional eating, and physical appearance comparison would be related to increased weight and body fat. Methods First year students at a British university completed baseline (n = 196) and three-month (n = 163) measures of impulsivity, physical appearance comparison, motivation for following a healthy diet, eating styles, weight and body fat. Baseline-follow-up changes in these constructs were computed and subjected to cluster analysis. Results Four participant groups were identified according to similarities in the way these constructs evolved over time. The Losing and Gaining groups tended to show opposing changes in key variables (physical appearance comparison, uncontrolled eating, motivation, weight, and percentage of body fat). Interestingly, two groups showed no change in weight and body fat but evidenced unique changes in key variables, indicating that individuals can have different psychological profiles but still maintain their weight. Conclusions The study highlighted how stable weight maintenance arises from sets of interdependent constructs rather than variables in isolation, as well as emphasizing a need to take a person-centred approach to examining those at risk of weight gain and in developing interventions.

El distanciamiento social por COVID-19 puede ser una experiencia asociada a emociones desagradables y estrés, capaz de exacerbar la ingesta emocional de comida y bebidas alcohólicas como forma de afrontamiento. Con el objetivo de explorar la conducta alimentaria y el consumo de alcohol durante el distanciamiento social por COVID-19 e identificar las variables psicosociales asociadas a dichas conductas, se diseñó un estudio transversal exploratorio, descriptivo y correlacional, con aplicación de una encuesta en línea, a una muestra no probabilística de 1110 mexicanos. A partir del análisis de regresión lineal múltiple, se encontró que las variables: estrés, conductas negativas, ansiedad, sexo femenino, convivencia con un familiar con diagnóstico de COVID-19 y lugar de residencia en el interior de la República Mexicana son factores que predicen el consumo excesivo de comida durante el distanciamiento físico, mientras que el apoyo social es un factor protector (R2= .286). Por otra parte, el modelo para el consumo de alcohol durante la cuarentena incluyó las variables estrés y ansiedad como predictores, así como sexo femenino, edad, ocupación y distracción como factores protectores (R2= .205). Se concluyó que las variables psicosociales identificadas posibilitan el diseño de estrategias de intervención orientadas a mitigar y/o potenciar el efecto de dichas variables sobre la conducta alimentaria y el consumo de bebidas alcohólicas en situaciones altamente estresantes como la crisis sanitaria actual.

Food addiction (FA) is a construct that has gained interest in recent years but its relevance in Mexican population is still unexplored. The present study has the aims of explore FA in a community of Mexican population, as well as identifying the risk patterns associated with it, in relation to the different etiological factors that have been described such as impulsivity, emotional regulation and eating styles. Furthermore, to identify a predictive model of FA severity. The sample consisted of 160 female and male university students of Pachuca city in Mexico, who volunteered to participate in the study. Assessment included multidimensional measures for FA, eating disorder severity, eating disorder styles, emotional regulation and impulsivity. A screening of FA-probable was registered for 13.8% of the sample, while 8.1% met criteria for FA-present. The FA-present group differed from FA-absent in the impulsivity levels and in emotional eating style. Patients with FA-present differed from FA-probable in the impulsivity levels. Differences between FA-probable versus FA-absent were found in the restrained eating style. Path analysis evidenced that FA severity was directly associated with older age, worse eating style profile and higher impulsivity levels, and indirectly related with the ED symptom levels. Our findings suggest that it is possible to establish a specific predictive model of the development of FA and its severity in Mexican population to implement adequate prevention and treatment strategies. Level III: evidence obtained from well-designed cohort or case–control analytic studies

The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of the interaction between body dissatisfaction and gender on eating disorders (restrained eating, binge eating, orthorexia nervosa, and emotional eating) among a sample of Lebanese adults.This cross-sectional study, conducted between January and May 2018, enrolled 811 participants selected randomly from all Lebanese Mohafazat. The mean age of the participants was 27.6±11.8 years. The majority were females (66.5%), had a high level of education (73.2%), and low income (77.9%). This study used the following scales: body dissatisfaction subscale of the Eating Disorder Inventory-second version, binge eating scale, Dutch restrained eating scale, orthorexia nervosa scale (ORTHO-15 scale), emotional eating scale, perceived stress scale, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale.Body dissatisfaction was positively correlated to restrained eating (r=0.293, P0.001), emotional eating (r=0.073, P=0.042) and binge eating (r=0.250, P0.001). The interaction between body dissatisfaction and gender was significantly associated with more restrained eating (Beta=0.01, P0.001) and orthorexia nervosa (Beta=-0.09, P0.001), but not with emotional (Beta=-0.43, P=0.103) and binge eating (Beta=-0.08, P=0.358). When stratifying the analysis by gender, the results revealed that higher body dissatisfaction was significantly associated with more restrained eating in both genders, but particularly among women. Body dissatisfaction was significantly associated with higher emotional eating in men only and with higher orthorexia nervosa tendencies and behaviors in females only.The interaction between body dissatisfaction and gender was significantly associated with orthorexia nervosa and restrained eating but not with binge or emotional eating. Higher body dissatisfaction was significantly associated with higher restrained eating, more pronounced in women, while it was significantly associated with higher orthorexia tendencies (lower ORTO-15 scores) in women only. Body dissatisfaction was associated with emotional eating in men only.

Purpose: In this study, the effect of BMI values on eating habits and emotional eating of individuals in social isolation and quarantine process implemented in Turkey as a result of COVID-19 pandemic were investigated. Materials and methods: An online questionnaire was used in this cross-sectional study. A total of 2019 participants were included in the study between April and May 2020. Individuals' nutritional behaviors, emotional eating scores using the three-factor eating questionnaire stress level, appetite status, desire to eat desserts and anxiety about food access using a visual analog scale were evaluated with the questionnaire. Results: The study participated 1589 women and 430 men over the ages of 20. The obesity rate was 8.7% in women and 19.3% in men. There was a relationship between the stress score and the change in consumed food in women and in men. Involuntary weight changes were found significant in both men and women compared to BMI groups. Cereal and starchy food consumption were found to be related to BMI groups in men and women. It was determined that the average appetite levels and Emotional Eating Scale scores in both sexes were different between BMI groups. Conclusions: The findings show that the participants' eating habits have changed in quarantine-related social isolation. Emotional eating has increased in direct proportion with BMI, and involuntary weight gain has increased.

Emotional eating is the propensity to eat in response of negati ve emotions such as stress, anxiety and depression. Adolescents with overweight may experience an increase in lepti n levels as well as disruption of serotonin resulting in disruption of sensitivity in regulating appetite and emotion s, thereby causing emotional eating. Emotional eating can be aff ected by several factors including gender and fulfi llment of nutrients such as tryptophan and vitamin B 3 as substances that help the production of serotonin in the body. T his study aimed to examine the relationship between gender, tryptophan and vitamin B 3 consumption patterns with emotional eating in overweight adole scents. This was cross sectional study in adolescents ranges 15–18 years with ov erweight or obesity status in Surakarta. In total 122 adolescents taken by purposive sampling method. Emotional eatin g data were obtained from the Eating and Appraisal Due to Emotions and Stress (EADES) questionnaire while the cons umption patterns data were obtained using Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). This study that there was a rela tionship between tryptophan consumption pattern with emotional eating in overweight adolescents, but there was no re lationship between gender and vitamin B 3 consumption pattern with emotional eating in overweight adolescents. It can be concluded that there was a relationship between Tryptophan consumption pattern with emotional eating in overwei ght adolescents and there was no relationship between gender and vitamin B 3 consumption pattern with emotional eating in overweight adoles cents.

Introducción: Comer emocional (CE) es una forma de alimentación desordenada y se define como el acto de consumir alimentos en respuesta a emociones negativas tales como tristeza, síntomas depresivos, estrés, ansiedad e irritabilidad. La Escala de Comer Emocional para Niños y Adolescentes (Emotional Eating Scale [EES-C]) permite identificar las emociones que originan o se presentan en el CE. Objetivo: Evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de la EES-C en adolescentes residentes en el Noreste de México; y analizar la relación del CE de acuerdo a sexo, edad y estado nutricional de los participantes.Material y métodos: Se realizó análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC), se analizó la fiabilidad (consistencia interna) y validez convergente de la EES-C. Participaron631adolescentes que cursaban entre el 7º y 9º grado de educación básica residentes en el Noreste de México. Se realizaron mediciones de peso y estatura y se obtuvo el estado nutricional de los participantes.Resultados: Los índices de bondad de ajuste del modelo propuesto fueron aceptables: (CFI = 0,921: GFI = 0,907; AGFI = 0,876, SRMS = 0,055 y RMSEA = 0,068), así como la consistencia interna (α = 0,92). La edad promedio de los participantes fue 13,74 años (DE = 0,90), el peso osciló entre 30,9 y 130,4 kg (DE = 13,20).Conclusiones: El AFC del modelo propuesto tiene una consistencia interna alta y estructura factorial de cinco factores con un ajuste adecuado. Puede ser utilizada para medir el CE en adolescentes Mexicanos. Se recomienda contrastar este modelo en poblaciones similares.

Several important studies advancing treatment of eating disorders were published in Eating Disorders: The Journal of Treatment & Prevention in 2020. This review summarizes the recent contributions to the literature on the treatment of eating disorders, including dialectical behavior therapy, yoga for positive embodiment, and treatment innovations in children and adolescents with eating disorders. Dialectical behavior therapy can be effectively used in complex eating disorder presentations, such as with comorbid substance use disorder and with suicidal behavior, and can be adapted for culturally-responsive treatments for binge eating and for guided self-help. Yoga may promote positive embodiment, which is supported by conceptual frameworks, studies evaluating yoga treatment interventions, and systematic reviews. Advances in eating disorder treatment for children and youth include the development of the Emotional Eating Scale adapted for children and adolescents, a review of primary care interventions for eating disorder treatment, and siblings' perspectives on eating disorder treatment. Research on novel methods including telementoring and innovative treatment modalities invoking feminism are promising areas of future research.

Although binge eating is common, limited research has investigated the context surrounding binge episodes. This study seeks to understand clinical correlates of binge characteristics to guide treatment selection and clinical targets in adolescents and young adults. Participants were 42 females (15–35 years old; M ± SD: 21.17 ± 6.39 y; BMI: 26.97 ± 7.96 kg/m2) who reported at least one binge episode in the past month. Participants completed a qualitative interview detailing the context surrounding two unique binge episodes. Participants also completed the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-I), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ), and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS). Pre-binge negative mood was associated with DERS Impulse and Strategies subscale scores (r's = .379–.396). Positive mood was negatively correlated with DERS Goals, Impulse, Strategies, Nonacceptance, and Total scores (r's = −.342 to − 476). Stress surrounding the binge episode was correlated with DEBQ Emotional Eating scores (r = .495). Cue-driven binge eating variables showed small effect sizes with related clinical measures. Affective measures, including emotion regulation and emotional eating, were more strongly correlated than hunger or cue-driven measures with qualitative binge episode features in this study. Obtaining detailed information about the affective components of binge eating episodes may provide additional clinical targets for intervention.

BackgroundAlthough early results of bariatric surgery are beneficial for most patients, some patients regain weight later. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been suggested as a way to improve patients’ psychological health and maintaining weight loss in the longer term. The added value of preoperative CBT to bariatric surgery was examined. Pre- and posttreatment and 1-year follow-up data are presented.MethodsIn a multi-center randomized controlled trial, CBT was compared to a treatment-as-usual (TAU) control group. Measurements were conducted pre- and posttreatment/pre-surgery (T0 and T1) and at 1-year post-surgery (T2). Patients in the intervention group received 10 individual, weekly sessions of preoperative CBT focused on modifying thoughts and behaviors regarding eating behavior, physical exercise, and postoperative life style. Outcome measures included weight change, eating behavior, eating disorders, depression, quality of life, and overall psychological health.ResultsThough no significant differences between conditions were found per time point, in the CBT, condition scores on external eating, emotional eating, depressive symptoms, and psychological distress decreased significantly more over time between pre- (T0) and posttreatment (T1) pre-surgery compared to TAU. No significant time x condition differences were found at 1-year post-surgery (T2).ConclusionsCompared to TAU, preoperative CBT showed beneficial effects on eating behavior and psychological symptoms only from pretreatment to posttreatment/pre-surgery, but not from pre-surgery to 1-year post-surgery. Preoperative CBT does not seem to contribute to better long-term outcomes post-surgery. Recent studies suggest that the optimal time to initiate psychological treatment may be early in the postoperative period, before significant weight regain has occurred.Trial Registrationhttps://www.trialregister.nlIdentifier: Trial NL3960.

Background Emotional eating (EE), defined as eating in response to a range of emotions, has been previously associated with poor diet and obesity. Since there are limited data from non-Western populations, this study aims to examine the prevalence and factors associated with EE among urban Chinese university students. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on 424 university students (aged 18–24 years) from two large universities in Hong Kong in 2019. Respondents completed an anonymous online questionnaire that contained background questions, an emotional eating subscale of the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ), and Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS-21). Two-sample independent t-test and multiple regression analyses were conducted to test the association of study variables with negative emotional eating. Results There was over a three-fold higher likelihood of negative EE among females (14.8%) when compared with their male counterparts (4.5%) (OR = 3.7, p Conclusions This study revealed that negative EE is prevalent among female Chinese university students and not uncommon among male students. Management of negative EE should be included as a component of university mental health promotion programmes in the region.

Background Childhood overweight and obesity have become significant public health challenges worldwide. The present study aimed to investigate whether caregivers’ feeding behaviour and children's eating behaviour were associated with the weight status of preschool children in China. Methods A cross‐sectional questionnaire was administered to 912 caregivers of preschool children from April to July 2016. Caregivers’ feeding behaviours were assessed by the Chinese Preschooler's Caregiver Feeding Behaviour Scale. Children's eating behaviours were evaluated using the Chinese Preschooler's Eating Behaviour Questionnaire. After controlling for demographic characteristics, multiple linear regression and logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the relationship between caregivers’ feeding behaviour, children's eating behaviour and children's body mass index (BMI). Results The results showed that weight concerns on the part of caregivers (β = 0.53) and food responsiveness on the part of children (β = 0.93) were positively correlated with children's BMI, whereas caregivers’ responsibility for feeding (β = −0.68) and children's external eating (β = −0.53) were negatively correlated with BMI. Among caregiver feeding behaviours, weight concerns [odds ratio (OR) =4.54, p, This study aimed to explore whether caregivers' feeding behavior and children's eating behavior were associated with the weight status of preschool children in China. A cross‐sectional questionnaire was administered to 912 caregivers of preschool children in China. Caregivers' feeding behaviors and children's eating behaviors were assessed respectively by the Chinese Preschooler's Caregiver Feeding Behavior Scale (CPCFBS) and the Chinese Preschooler's Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CPEBQ). The results showed that among Chinese preschool children, caregivers' feeding behavior and children's eating behavior are related to their weight status and behavioral interventions can prevent weight problems of preschool children.

The COVID-19 pandemic brought to light food and nutrition vulnerabilities in society, which were aggravated by the effects of social isolation and other measures to contain coronavirus spread in people’s lives. This study explores how individuals with mental disorders are reacting to this pandemic time, focusing in the context of their eating habits. For that, nineteen in-depth interviews were conducted with people previously diagnosed with depression and/or anxiety. We found out that the pandemic affected food and nutrition security for the participants, once it has acted as a trigger activating vulnerabilities that make this part of society more susceptible to negative changes in eating habits. They are consuming unhealthy food, and experiencing emotional eating and weight change. Also, financial problems, unemployment, and the rise of food prices were worsened by the pandemic, causing food access difficulties for few participants. Suggestions for policymakers were highlighted on the conclusion.

The Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) was developed in 2009 to assess food addiction (FA); a revised version was released in 2016 (YFAS 2.0). The objective of this study was to determine the statistical and clinical validity of the YFAS 2.0 in adults seeking bariatric surgery. Patients who underwent a preoperative psychological evaluation in preparation for bariatric surgery from 2015 to 2018 were included. The YFAS 2.0 was administered as part of routine clinical care and validated against an assessment battery of standardized clinical measures. Statistical analyses included chi-square and Wilcoxon rank sum tests and calculation of Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients. Overall, 1061 patients were included. Mean age and BMI were 47.5 ± 12.9 years and 46.9 ± 13.4 kg/m2, respectively. There were 196 (18%) patients who screened positive on the YFAS 2.0 (21% mild, 23% moderate, and 56% severe FA). The YFAS 2.0 demonstrated strong convergent validity where patients who met criteria for FA had significantly increased levels of binge eating (p

Findings concerning the impact of bariatric surgical intervention on both psychological variables and weight loss are often controversial and misconstrued the world over. The aim of this study was to classify bariatric surgery patients according to patterns of preoperative measures that may predict postoperative psychological and physiological outcomes and to compare these patterns between two distinct cultures. Of 169 consecutive bariatric surgery candidates from Israel and 81 candidates from the United States, 73 and 35 patients, respectively consented to be included in a follow-up phase. Body image dissatisfaction, emotional eating behaviors, risk of suicide, depressive symptoms, anxious symptoms, and percent excess weight loss were measured. K-means clustering procedure was used to classify bariatric surgery patients according to their preoperative body-related emotional distress, which was composed of body image dissatisfaction and emotional eating. The joint effect of culture and body-related emotional distress cluster on psychological distress was tested. The cluster analysis revealed two preoperative body-related emotional distress patterns: high body-related emotional distress and low body-related emotional distress. Following surgery, US patients showed a higher risk of suicide and lower excess weight loss than Israeli patients within only the high body-related emotional distress cluster (a significant interaction effect). Preoperative assessment of body-related emotional distress patterns among bariatric surgery candidates may enable professionals to identify potential postoperative risks of suicide, anxiety, and decreased weight loss. The relationship between the body-related emotional distress cluster and outcome measures is culture dependent. Case–control analytic study.

Graphical abstract, Highlights • Professional and non-professional bodybuilders are at risk of disordered eating. • The perceived ideal body weight exacerbates the risk of bulimia and dieting. • Non-professional athletes appear with higher risk of cognitive restraint and emotional eating. • Emotional eating is higher in women irrespective the level of performance. • Sport specific preventive measures can deescalate the risk of eating disorder., The passion of bodybuilding athletes for a symmetric, lean, heavily muscled body leads them to carry out exhausting exercise programs and restrictive eating regimens, sometimes resulting in disordered eating behaviors. This study investigates potential exacerbators on the development of disordered eating in bodybuilding (professional and recreational) and strength athletes. This cross-sectional single time point study involved 103 Cypriot bodybuilding athletes of both sexes, performing at three levels: professional, recreational and strength athletes. The Eating Attitude Test 26 (EAT-26) and The Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-R21) were used to evaluate disordered eating and eating behaviors respectively. Scores on the items of the questionnaires according to sex were compared using the Mann–Whitney U test and differences according to bodybuilding performance status or/and body weight deviation category using the Kruskal-Wallis test. The current study was performed under the auspices of the Hellenic Center of Education & Treatment of Eating Disorders (KEADD). The degree of deviation between the perceived ideal body weight and the actual body weight was associated with increased risk of eating disorder. Athletes who desired a lower body weight recorded higher scores on EAT-26 overall (p=0.001), and the subscales of dieting (p=0.01) and bulimia (p=0.001). Cognitive restraint and emotional eating scales of TFEQ-R21 were more pronounced in the non-professional athletes (p=0.01). The emotional eating score was higher in women. There is a need for appropriate sport-specific, gender-specific preventive intervention to deescalate the risk of eating disorder, in both professional and non-professional bodybuilding athletes.

Background: The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) is a self-assessment scale used widely in the studies of eating behavior, but its short form TFEQ-R21 has not been validated in the Taiwanese population. This study aimed to assess the factor structure and reliability of TFEQ-R21 and to identify the correlates of eating behavior in obese and non-obese Taiwanese adolescents. Methods: A total of 445 individuals aged 13–15 years were analyzed. They self-reported their eating disorder behavior, body shape preoccupation, weight-related self-stigma, anxiety, and depression. We applied a confirmatory factor analysis to test the model fit of TFEQ-R21 for the three pre-conceptualized domains in the data. Further univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses were applied to identify the correlates of different TFEQ-R21 subdomains. Results: The Comparative Fit Index for the TFEQ-R21 was 0.908, which confirmed the three-factor structure (i.e., cognitive restraint [CR], uncontrolled eating [UE], and emotional eating [EE]) in the Taiwan version of TFEQ-R21. Only CR correlated with disordered eating (r = 0.351, p

The aim of this research was to compare food intake dysfunctional patterns score with the subjective perception of anxiety and sociodemographic characteristics of the participants in isolation by COVID-19 from Chile, Colombia, and Mexico. A cross-sectional research was carried out, with a virtual questionnaire of subjective perception of anxiety and the questionnaire of three 18-item feeding factors. 958 people of both sexes participated (F = 83%,M = 17%), mainly in the 18 to 35 age range. Dysfunctional eating patterns presented high scores in people who perceived anxiety, as well as in participants from Chile. Additionally, it was found that women present greater cognitive restriction and emotional intake, and college students showed greater disinhibition. In conclusion, the scores of the three dysfunctional eating patterns were higher in people with subjective perception of anxiety during social isolation due to COVID-19, and there were also differences according to country, sex, and educational level.

Aim: The aim of this study was to examine adolescent’s attention levels, in which mood they tend to eat, eating habits and the relationship among them. Methods: This study was conducted in February 2020 on 142 students in total, 69 (48.6%) of them girls and 73 (51.6%) of them boys who are studying at Süleymaniye Educational Institutions Bağlıca Secondary School in Turkey. Data were collected by a questionnaire with 38 questions and a 24-h dietary recall to determine the personal characteristics and the eating habits of adolescents; the D2 Attention Test was used to determine attention levels and the Emotional Appetite Questionnaire was used to identify appetite. Results: 38.7% of the participants in the study were overweight and 23.2% were obesity. The D2 Attention test found that mean TN (total number of items processed) and CP (concentration performance) scores were positively correlated with age and negatively with Body Mass Index for age. A significant and negative correlation was found between glucose intake and the TN (total number of items processed) scores. Conclusions: A high risk of obesity was founded in these secondary school students. At the same time, it is thought that there may be a relationship between individuals' macro and micronutrient consumption and their emotional eating tendency and attention levels. For this reason, it is important to detect and improve dietary habits of adolescence, which is a critical process for future generations.

Patients undergoing bariatric surgery are at risk for devloping an alcohol use disorder (AUD). The purpose of this study was to investigate pre-surgical psychosocial risk factors for post-surgical alcohol consumption and hazardous drinking. Participants (N = 567) who underwent bariatric surgery between 2014 and 2017 reported their post-surgical alcohol use. Information was collected from the pre-surgical evaluation including history of alcohol use, psychiatric symptoms, and maladaptive eating behaviors (i.e., binge eating, purging, and emotional eating). Younger age and pre-surgical alcohol use predicted post-surgical alcohol use and hazardous drinking. In addition, higher levels of depressive symptoms and maladaptive eating patterns predicted post-surgical binge drinking. Clinicians conducting pre-surgical psychosocial evaluations should be aware of the multiple risk factors related to post-surgical problematic alcohol use. Future research should evaluate whether preventive interventions for high-risk patients decrease risk for post-surgical alcohol misuse.

Background Our area, corona (COVID-19) quarantine was applied from March 14 to April 23, 2020. It was in all forms, including curfew, social distancing, self-quarantine, area quarantine, self-monitoring, and isolation. Due to their concerns about their safety and families, friends, colleagues, and society, everybody was feeling upset, fearful, and anxious. Several studies have reported an association between prolonged sitting time and weight gain. As a way to relieve the tension during that period, people started stocking up on unhealthy foods like over-salted snacks and over-sweetened sugars. People stayed at home, feeling bored, anxious, and stressed and sought relief by eating. Also, there was a rise in emotional eating when the stress of isolation increased by the closure of gyms, casinos, and movie theaters. Moreover, restaurants were allowed to serve the only takeout. Besides, unemployment was skyrocketing, hospitals were overflowing (or were preparing for the possibility), many people were struggling to meet their basic needs, and no one knows when or how it would end. Objective The study aimed to figure out whether social isolation during the COVID-19 quarantine is consistent and associated with emotional eating and gaining weight or not. Methods A prospective cross-sectional case series study was conducted on 765 patients who have visited the bariatric clinic in Sulaimani city, Kurdistan-Iraq, from April 23 to June 23, 2020. An individual face-to-face interview was conducted with each participant to obtain signed informed consent, provide them with information about the type and the subject of the work, and ask them the study's questions. Each interview lasted between 30 and 45 min and was conducted in a closed session by two Kurdistan Board trainees. Results No patient who was quarantined for the COVID-19 was included in the work, but all other patients were included. The selected patients were those who had undergone social distancing (n = 568, 82.48%) by the local law and did self-isolation (n = 134, 17.51%) at home for reasons like having comorbidity, being prone to contamination due to their jobs (health, police, and media workers), having some family members at home with comorbidity (n = 23, 03.00%), and having comorbidity and having undergone social distancing because of their other family members’ need to do so for their physical disability (n = 25, 03.27%). Almost all patients (n = 741, 96.86%), even, those with comorbidity (n = 136, 17.78%), were emotionally stable before the outbreak. Seventy-three female patients (09.54%) and138 males (20.65%) sustain their weight during and two months after the outbreak, while the rest (n = 554, 72.41%) gained different amounts of weight. Conclusion Social distancing and self-isolation in the last COVID-19 outbreak influenced weight gain, but weight gain of less than 2 kg was observed among almost all patients who gained weight (98.05%). The patients who were gain more than 3 kg were mostly females or/and from the center of large cities., Highlights • There is an association between prolonged sitting time and weight gain. • In the outbreak of corona COVID-19, immediate challenges impacted our personal relationships. • Emotional eating escalated more when the stress of isolation increased. • Bored isolated peoples in this social distancing, bombarding audience by unscientific data over social media. • The impact of the quarantine is continuous after the period was ended.

Previous studies have demonstrated overlapping behavioral features between substance-use disorders and food addiction, the latter of which is particularly prevalent among individuals with overweight or obesity. However, the unique attributes of food addiction as a possible phenotype within overweight and obesity are not fully understood. This cross-sectional study recruited participants (n = 46) with overweight or obesity, nearly half (n = 20) of whom met the criteria for food addiction based on the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (YFAS 2.0) and examined responses to self-report questionnaires that indexed behavioral characteristics relevant to addictive disorders. Individuals with food addiction exhibited significantly higher scores on the Palatable Eating Motives Scale overall score (p

Understanding the causes of obesity epidemic requires examination of what contributes to preference of palatable foods. Using a sensorial-consumer approach, this research examined the relationship between the sensation of the hedonic liking of fat with psychological and weight profiles. The study began with preliminary testing of the hedonic ratings of 24 food items (12 low fat (LF), 12 high fat(HF)) and completion of the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-R18) investigating cognitive restraint, uncontrolled eating and emotional eating aspects. Eight (8) out of the twelve (12) food pairs that had discriminating characteristics were selected, for inclusion in the study, by 347 panellists. Results showed that overweight individuals had significantly lower liking towards LF sensation (4.27±2.13, p= 0.001) but significantly higher liking towards HF sensation (5.26±2.33, p= 0.001), compared to normal BMI individuals who had a significantly higher liking towards LF sensation (5.69±2.35, p= 0.001) but significantly lower liking towards HF sensation (4.17±2.40, p= 0.001). The Pearson product-moment correlation revealed similar trends on the association between liking of fat sensation and eating behaviour regardless of weight statuses. Specifically, cognitive restrainers were found to prefer the LF sensation while HF sensation were more favoured among uncontrolled and emotional eaters. This highlights the importance of investigating the combined effect of psychological aspects of eating behaviour and weight profiles towards liking of fat sensation.

Up to 64% of patients seeking bariatric (weight-loss) surgery report eating disorder (ED) symptoms (addictive-like eating, binge eating, emotional eating, grazing) that can interfere with post-surgical weight loss. This prospective proof-of-concept study aimed to evaluate the impact of a pre-surgical mindfulness-informed intervention (MII) on ED symptoms and potential mechanisms-of-action to inform optimization of the intervention. Surgery-seeking adults attended four, 2-hour, MII sessions held weekly. Participants completed validated questionnaires assessing ED symptoms, eating self-efficacy, emotion regulation, and mindful eating pre-MII, post-MII, and at a 12-week follow-up. The MII consisted of mindfulness training, with cognitive, behavioral, and psychoeducational components. Fifty-six patients (

Emotional eating (EE) is considered important for controlling weight, especially in women; however, it might be affected by age. Within a recently proposed model assessing theoretical paths from physical activity to changes in psychological variables and then eating behavior and weight, it was unclear if EE was a construct requiring specific treatment attention or if attending to effects of physical activity-induced mood changes on eating was sufficient. Women with obesity of >35 years-of-age (n = 100) and ≤35 years (n = 44) participated in a behavioral weight loss treatment and were assessed on psychological factors and physical activity and eating behaviors over 6 months. At baseline, the younger group demonstrated significantly higher scores on physical activity and depression, and significantly lower scores on fruit/vegetable intake. Improvements in Tension (i.e., anxiety), Overall Negative Mood, and dimensions of EE from baseline-Month 3 were significantly greater in the younger group. Similar significant improvements in physical activity and the intake of sweets and fruits/vegetables over 6 months were observed in both groups. Incorporating aggregated data, change in physical activity was significantly related to mood improvements. With the exception of EE related to Anger/Frustration, changes in dimensions of EE and Overall EE significantly mediated the prediction of sweets and fruit/vegetable intake by corresponding dimensions of mood and Overall Mood. Age group significantly moderated embedded relationships between changes in Overall EE and EE-Anxiety and change in fruit/vegetable intake, with the older age group having stronger relations. Findings suggest that EE is a construct requiring distinct attention within behavioral obesity treatments.

Aim The global obesity pandemic is a major health problem with adverse effects on physical and mental health. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of obesity and the association between BMI and different aspects of lifestyle. Design A cross‐sectional study. Methods Data collected from 380 medical sciences students using demographic characteristics and Eating Behavior, Physical Activity and Perceived Stress Questionnaires were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics, namely analysis of variance (ANOVA), t test, Pearson's test and multivariate linear regression model. Results The prevalence of obesity and overweight was 3.2% and 25.3%, respectively. There was a positive and significant statistical association between emotional eating (r = .542), extrinsic eating (r = .488) and perceived stress (r = .489) with BMI, also significant and an inverse association was obtained between emotional eating (r = −.488) and total physical activity score (r = −.394) with BMI. Factors such as sex, total physical activity score and leisure time activity, external eating behaviours, emotional eating, restricted eating and perceived stress had a significant role in explaining BMI changes. Conclusion There is a need to develop interventions to improve dietary behaviours, management stress and access to sports facilities by health‐promoting activities and the provision of online health resources.

BackgroundObesity defined solely by the Body Mass Index (BMI) may not reflect the true heterogeneity of the obese population. This study aimed to classify the dietary behaviours of overweight and obese individuals and to explore the relationship between patterns of dietary behaviour and cardiometabolic risk factors.MethodsA total of 259 patients who visited an outpatient weight management clinic at a tertiary hospital and underwent a dietary behaviour assessment between January 2014 and February 2019 were enrolled in the study. Dietary behaviours were assessed in three domains with nine categories, including choice of food (frequently eating out and consumption of instant/fast/takeaway food), eating behaviour (irregular meals; frequent snacking, including eating at night; emotional eating; and overeating/binge eating), and nutrient intake (high-fat/high-calorie foods, salty food, and poorly balanced diet). Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to classify the subjects according to these categories. Associations between latent class and metabolic syndrome were assessed by logistic regression.ResultsThe subjects were classified into three LCA-driven classes, including a referent class of healthy but unbalanced eaters (n = 118), a class of emotional eaters (n = 53), and a class of irregular unhealthy eaters (n = 88). Compared with the referent class, emotional eaters had a significantly higher BMI (beta = 3.40,P ConclusionsOur three LCA-driven obesity phenotypes could be useful for assessment and management of obesity and metabolic syndrome. The association between emotional eaters and higher BMI and metabolic syndrome was stronger than that with other eaters. Thus, emotional regulation strategies might have benefit for emotional eater’s diet.

Ovarian hormones significantly influence dysregulated eating in females. However, most women do not develop appreciable disordered eating, which suggests that ovarian hormones may not affect all women equally. We examined whether individual differences in trait negative affect (NA) moderate ovarian hormone–dysregulated eating associations in 446 women who provided saliva samples for hormone measurements and ratings of NA and emotional eating daily for 45 consecutive days. Women were at greatest risk for emotional eating when they had high trait NA and experienced a hormonal milieu characterized by low estradiol or high progesterone. Although effects were evident in all women, the combination of high trait NA and high progesterone was particularly risky for women with a history of clinically significant binge-eating episodes. These findings provide initial evidence that affective and hormonal risk interact to promote emotional eating and that effects may be amplified in women with clinically significant binge eating.

Objective: Depression and obesity are bi-directionally related, eating styles and diet quality are two important factors associated with both. It remains uncertain if and how these two factors can be modified. Therefore the current study aims to investigate whether food-related behavioral activation therapy (F-BA), targeting mood, dietary habits and food related behavior, can improve eating styles, and diet quality and reduce body weight in adults with overweight or obesity and subsyndromal depressive symptoms. Methods: Data were derived from the MooDFOOD prevention trial, a 2x2 factorial RCT investigating the effect of nutritional strategies on prevention of depression. Changes in emotional, uncontrolled, and cognitive restrained eating (Three Factor Eating Questionnaire Revised), Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS), and body weight were analyzed among 1025 adults who either received F-BA or no intervention for 12 months. Intervention effect was tested by longitudinal analysis of covariance using mixed model analysis. Results: The F-BA group showed a small decrease in emotional (β=-5.68, p

PURPOSE: The clinical utility of the construct of food addiction has been heavily debated. Though food addiction has been associated with psychosocial impairment in clinical samples, it is critical to examine these associations in non-clinical samples, to obtain unbiased evidence regarding this phenomenon's clinical significance. It is also unknown which types of impairment are most common in food addiction. This observational study explored the association of self-reported food addiction with impairment in the domains of social, cognitive, and emotional functioning. METHODS: Participants (356 university students and 544 adults recruited through Mechanical Turk) completed the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 and Clinical Impairment Assessment 3.0 questionnaire, as well as measures of emotional eating, reward-driven eating, binge eating, and general disordered eating. RESULTS: Food addiction scores showed large correlations with emotional (r = 0.55, 0.57), social (r = 0.56, 0.59), and cognitive impairment (r = 0.58, 0.53) in the student and Mechanical Turk samples, respectively. The most common difficulties endorsed were emotional (e.g., feeling ashamed or critical of oneself, upset, or worried due to one's eating habits), followed by social and cognitive. CONCLUSION: Food addiction was strongly associated with psychosocial impairment in two non-clinical samples, suggesting this phenomenon merits further investigation. We found substantial associations of food addiction with emotional as well as social and cognitive impairment.

This study examined how comorbid anxiety and depression to eating disorders in children affect the relationship between stress in children and their emotional eating behaviours. We sampled 1 120 ch...

BackgroundChild eating behaviours can negatively contribute to the development of childhood obesity. This study investigated associations between breastfeeding habits, maternal eating behaviours and child eating behaviours, in 5-year-old children.MethodsSecundigravida women were recruited to the ROLO dietary randomised controlled trial (Dublin, Ireland) and were followed up with their children to 5 years of age. Breastfeeding exposure and duration were obtained at postnatal and infant follow-up at 2 and 6 months and 2 and 5 years. At 5 years, maternal and child eating behaviours were measured using the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire and the Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire, respectively. Regression determined associations between breastfeeding habits and maternal eating behaviours with child eating behaviours, controlling for RCT group, maternal education level, maternal BMI at 5 years, childcare exposure and child BMI centile at 5-year follow-up.ResultsThere were 230 mother and child pairs analysed. One hundred and fifty-eight mothers had initiated breastfeeding. Median breastfeeding duration was 22 (IQR 33) weeks. Children who were never breastfed were more likely to express a desire to drink (B = −1.01,p = 0.022). Longer breastfeeding duration was associated with lower food responsiveness (B = −1.71,p = 0.003). Maternal uncontrolled eating was positively associated with child food responsiveness, emotional overeating and emotional undereating (B = 0.21,p B = 0.14,p = 0.005;B = 0.14,p = 0.005, respectively). Maternal emotional eating was associated with child emotional overeating and undereating (B = 0.27,p B = 0.29,p = 0.004, respectively).ConclusionNot breastfeeding and short breastfeeding duration may contribute to the development of obesogenic eating behaviours in children, alongside maternal eating behaviours including uncontrolled and emotional eating. These ‘food approach’ eating behaviours may increase risk of overweight/obesity as they are associated with increased energy intake, hence the importance of research surrounding eating behaviours.

The present study was performed to develop the Persian version of food craving inventory (FCI) (FCI-P) and to assess food craving in Iranian adult population. In addition, individual differences, including sex and body mass index (BMI) in food craving were assessed. Eight hundred and twenty subjects who participated in the same study Hill (Proc Nutr Soc 66: 277–285, 2007) were studied (540 women and 280 men). The FCI-P, International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ), and a questionnaire pertaining to demographic characteristics were completed for all participants. Good content, construct, and convergent validity was observed for the FCI-P. A good reliability was found for both aggregate scores of the FCI-P and scores of its five factors. Exploratory factor analysis showed a five-factor model including “sweets,” “high-fat foods,” “fast food fats,” “carbohydrates/starches” and “high-fat meats”. These five factors accounted for 47.31% of the total variance. The scores of “uncontrolled eating” and “emotional eating” of the TFEQ were significantly correlated with the scores of the FCI-P factors and its total score. A significant correlation was found between BMI and the FCI-P score (r = 0.199). Significant differences were observed in the mean age and physical activity score among normal weight, overweight, and obese participants. Normal weight and overweight groups were more active than obese group. Obese participants had higher FCI-P score (P

Background Stress-induced emotional eating is a risk factor for overweight and obesity. Previous research proposes both the human serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) and child's reactive temperament are promising candidates to help explain individual differences in stress-induced emotional eating and weight. Understanding the association between specific genotypes, reactive temperament factors, and stress-induced emotional eating may inform the development of personalized and effective treatment for children who may be at risk for overweight and obesity. Objective The current study explored the conditional indirect effect of genetic and environmental susceptibility (i.e., the interaction between 5-HTTLPR and reactive temperament) on weight (as measured by percent body fat) mediated by stress-induced emotional eating. Method One hundred and forty-seven children (4 to 6 years old; 50.3% female; 22.4% Hispanic), along with their primary caregiver, completed laboratory tasks and questionnaires that assessed the child's reactive temperament, stress-induced emotional eating, and percent body fat. Results The interaction between 5-HTTLPR and impulsivity as well as with negative affectivity significantly predicted percent body fat. The interaction between 5-HTTLPR and impulsivity as well as with negative affectivity significantly predicted both total calorie consumption and rate of total calorie consumption. However, the mediation aspect of this statistical model was not supported. Conclusions Child reactive temperament is an important indicator of how children approach eating when stressed. Mental health providers may consider prescribing strategies to reduce emotional eating among children with the SL variant and moderate to high impulsivity as well as children with the LL variant and high negative affectivity.

Uncontrolled eating (UE) showed important relationships with the development of obesity. Homeostatic regulations of feeding and energy balance, as well as hedonic eating, are regulated by leptin. The aims of this study were (1) to assess eating behaviors of Algerian adults as measured by the 51-item eating inventory; we also evaluate changes in the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) scores according to the body mass index (BMI) category; (2) to examine the association between the scores of the three TFEQ factors and the BMI values of the participants; and (3) to examine whether leptin concentrations are associated with eating behavior. Our hypothesis is that participants with obesity and high concentrations of leptin might display uncontrolled eating behavior. The subjects were 190 participants (60 obese, 60 overweight, and 70 lean subjects). The eating behavior was measured by using the 51-item eating inventory. Serum insulin concentrations were assessed by radioimmunoassay and were used to calculate homeostasis model assessment (HOMA). Serum leptin was quantified by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Obese and overweight subjects showed hyperphagic behavior, i.e., uncontrolled eating. The logistic regression analysis showed an effect of leptin, HOMA, uncontrolled eating, and emotional eating on BMI. Leptin levels were associated with the uncontrolled eating and influenced by insulin sensitivity. The uncontrolled eating reflects hyperphagic eating behavior in obese and overweight subjects. Coexistence of uncontrolled eating and high level of leptin demonstrates a state of leptin resistance resulting in an inability to detect satiety. High circulating leptin can be considered a potential biomarker of uncontrolled eating.

Background The effect of bariatric surgery on ‘emotional eating’ (EE) in people with obesity is unclear. This systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed to examine changes in self‐reported emotional eating behaviour after bariatric surgery. Methods Fifteen electronic databases were searched from inception to August 2019. Included studies encompassed patients undergoing primary bariatric surgery, quantitatively assessed EE, and reported EE scores before and after surgery in the same participants. Studies were excluded if they were not in English or available in full text. The systematic review and meta‐analysis were conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. Random‐effects models were used for quantitative analysis. Study quality was assessed using the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute quality assessment tool for before–after (pre–post) studies with no control group. Results Some 23 studies containing 6749 participants were included in the qualitative synthesis, with follow‐up of from 2 weeks to 48 months. EE scores decreased to 12 months after surgery. Results were mixed beyond 12 months. Quantitative synthesis of 17 studies (2811 participants) found that EE scores decreased by a standardized mean difference of 1·09 (95 per cent c.i. 0·76 to 1·42) 4–18 months after surgery, indicating a large effect size. Conclusion Bariatric surgery may mitigate the tendency to eat in response to emotions in the short to medium term., In this meta‐analysis involving 17 studies, self‐reported emotional eating scores decreased significantly by a standardized mean difference of 1·09 (95 per cent c.i. 0·76 to 1·42) at 4–18 months after bariatric surgery. This raises the possibility of a mitigating effect of bariatric surgery on emotional eating in the short to medium term. Little evidence of an effect beyond 12 months