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Dittrichia viscosa L., is a perennial plant belonging to the Asteraceae family, and this study was performed to investigate the chemical composition of its extract, using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Total phenol (TPC), flavonoid (TFC), and tannins contents (TTC), were quantified using colorimetric methods in two extracts (EtOH and ACE). The antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH scavenging, phosphomolebdenum test (TAC) and ferric reducing power assay (FRAP). The antimicrobial activity was determined against six nosocomial pathogens: Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, using disc diffusion method and microdilution assay. The ACE and EtOH extracts had similar TPC: 151.18 ± 1.57 and 127.09 ± 15,81 mg GAE/ g DW. TFC & TTC recorded were also closely matched. The chemical composition revealed the presence of 18 phytochemical compounds with a total of 99.91%, where trimethylsilyl-meso-inositol (20.54%) was the major compound, followed by 5(4H)-Thebenidinone (16.80%). Both extracts showed high radical scavenging activity with an IC50 equal to 12.54 ± 0.2 μg/mL for EtOH, and 7.84 ± 0.1 μg/mL for ACE in DPPH test. In the FRAP test, we recorded an EC50 of 6.37 ± 0,012 mg/mL for EtOH, and 6 ± 0.022 mg/mL for ACE. The ACE presented higher antioxidant capacity (253.52 ± 2.98 mg AAE/g) compared to EtOH (189.14 ± 4,86 mg AAE/g) in the TAC assay. The higher inhibition zone was observed on B. subtilus (13 ± 0.1 mm) for EtOH, and the ACE was more effective on S. enterica (13.3 ± 0.08 mm). All the microbial strains were sensitive for both extracts, with MICs ranging from 0.93 mg/mL to 15 mg/mL.

Background: Acne is a serious skin problem that affects mostly adolescents. The topical and systematic therapies are effective but could lead to several side effects and the emergence of antibacterial resistance of the acne-causing bacteria. Plant resources have been used as traditional medicine for centuries and can be the alternative therapies for acne treatment. Antioxidants are compounds that can prevent or delay the oxidation of substrates when present in low concentrations. Antioxidants are usually involved in several mechanisms of action, including the inhibition of free radical generation, enhancement of the scavenging capacity against free radicals, and reducing power. Methods: In this study, three antioxidant assays, DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP were used to evaluate the antioxidant properties of the ethanolic extracts of five plant extracts (A. bilimbi, M. nigra, O. stamineus, P. granatum, and E. longifolia). Furthermore, the study aimed to identify the most potent plant extracts and their combination which could provide better antibacterial activities against acnecausing bacteria. Ethanolic extracts of A. bilimbi, O. stamineus, M. nigra, P. granatum, and E. longifolia were prepared by the Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) technique. Their phytochemical contents were screened using several biochemical tests and GC-MS analysis. Results: The study found that only the extracts of P. granatum and O. stamineus exhibited good antioxidant activity using DPPH assay (82.37% and 81.72% μg/mL respectively) and in ABTS assay (87.25% and 88.85% μg/mL respectively); their observed FRAP values were 115.1667 ± 5.6182 and 41.3860 ± 2.4583 μg/mL, respectively. The preliminary antibacterial screening using the disc diffusion method showed that P. granatum and O. stamineus were the most potent extracts; hence, both extracts were combined at the ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1 to a total concentration of 400 mg/mL. Discussion: The antibacterial efficacy of the mixture was studied using the disc diffusion method and the MIC value was determined. Both S. aureus and S. epidermidis were sensitive to all the individual and combined extracts but C. acnes was resistant to all of them. Conclusion: The antibacterial activity of the combined extracts against S. aureus showed a synergistic effect at the ratio of 2:1 with the inhibitory zone diameter of 18.00 ± 1.00 mm and MIC value of 12.5 mg/mL; however, antagonistic effects were observed against S. epidermidis while no effect was noted against C. acnes. Therefore, all the selected plant extracts exhibited antibacterial activities against certain bacteria and their effects may be enhanced by combining the plant extracts.

Essential oils are complex mixtures of volatile compounds, primarily composed of terpenes and abundant aromatic plants. For example, Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) is an aromatic plant that produces a monoterpene-rich essential oil, and studies show that this essential oil has excellent antioxidant activity. Erythrocytes incubated under high sugar levels are constantly exposed to reactive oxygen species, which results in the oxidation of their membranes. Objective: The aim of this article is to investigate the antioxidant activity of lemongrass essential oil and its protective effect on erythrocytes exposed to high levels of glucose. Materials and Methods: The essential oil was obtained by steam dragging distillation; blood cell suspensions were incubated with glucose 5, 20, 50, and 100 mmol/L. The amount of TBARS produced was measured at 532 nm. In addition, the percentage of antioxidant activity was assessed by DPPH free radical assay. Results: Lemongrass essential oil showed an increase in the antioxidant activity up to 240 mg/ml, while ascorbic acid used as positive control showed a dose-dependent increase in antioxidant activity starting at 1 mmol/L up to 18 mmol/L. However, such a lemongrass dose prevented peroxidation in erythrocytes incubated under a high glucose media, whereas ascorbic acid showed a protective effect only at a concentration of 1 mmol/L. Conclusion: Lemongrass essential oil has high antioxidant activity compared to standard antioxidant as ascorbic acid, and also acts as a protective agent against erythrocyte lipoperoxidation due to hyperglycemia in vitro.

Strobilanthes glutinosus (family: Acanthaceae) is one of the important medicinal plants and the current research work was carried out to assess the phytochemical, biological, and in-silico evaluations of different solvent extracts of S. glutinosus. The phytochemical composition was assessed by determining qualitative phytochemical testing, total bioactive contents, and GC-MS analysis. For biological evaluation, antioxidant (DPPH and FRAP), antibacterial, and enzyme inhibition (urease) potential were determined. The methanol extract was found to contain the highest total phenolic (247.85 mg GAE/g extract), and flavonoid content (71.91 mg QAE/g extract), which can be correlated to the observed higher antioxidant potential of this extract. On the contrary, the n-hexane extract presented maximum anti-urease activity with IC50 value of 0.244 mg/ml, whereas, in the case of antibacterial assays, a dose-dependent activity was observed. Similarly, the GC-MS investigation of methanol extract and n-hexane fraction revealed the tentative identification of several important classes of secondary metabolites. Furthermore, the main compounds as identified by GC-MS were further studied for in-silico molecular docking studies in order to highlight any interactions between the compounds identified and the urease enzyme. Overall, the present investigation highlighted the studied plant extracts to be considered further for the isolation of bioactive compounds for the pharmaceutical and food industry.

Introduction: Bacterial resistance to multiple drugs is increasing at an alarming rate in current era and nanotechnology is one of the effective and novel approaches to overcome drug resistance. Methods: Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) has stronger antibacterial activity and is regarded as bio-safe nanomaterial. The aim of present study is to synthesize the ZnO NPs using Aloe vera leaves extract and to investigate the synergistic effects and antioxidant actions of bio-synthesized ZnO NPs against gram negative bacteria E.coli and K. pneumoniae. The synergistic effect of β-lactam antibiotics (meropenem and ciprofloxacin) was tested along with ZnO NPs by using Kirby’s disc diffusion assay. The antioxidant activity was investigated by α, α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Results: Results revealed that the antibacterial activity of the selected antibiotics was much enhanced by ZnO NPs than the antibiotics alone. The resistant antibiotic (ciprofloxacin) became sensitive when combined with ZnO NPs. The antioxidant activity reveals that biosynthesized ZnO NPs possess significantly higher (p Conclusion: The findings reveal that biosynthesized ZnO NPs have much more eco-friendly approach. It can act as a strong potentiator of β-lactam antibiotics and put forward the possibility to use them effectively in targeted drug delivery, pharmaceuticals and biomedical fields.

Discovering new medicinal sources from food wastes is a beneficial and valuable way instead of their disposal. Fruits and vegetables waste can be an inexpensive and readily available source of bioactive compounds to be used in pharmaceutical industries. The aim of this study is to highlight the in vitro antioxidant, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial activities of the total extracts of banana peels (Musa acuminate), carrot peels (Daucus carota) and golden berry husk (Physalis peruviana) besides evaluating their in vivo acute and chronic toxicity profiles as well as their antimutagenic activity. Also, we investigated their phenolic and flavonoid contents spectrophotometrically and by HPLC. Results showed that D. carota peels revealed the highest antioxidant activity (29.903 mg TE/g) using DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Cytotoxic outcomes (SulphoRhodamine-B method) showed that the highest cytotoxic activity of M. acuminate peels (IC50: 20.7 μg/mL) was exerted on HEPG2 cell line, where D. carota peels (IC50: 18.8 μg/mL) showed the highest cytotoxic activity on PC-3 cell line. In addition, pH. peruviana husk (IC50: 10.5 ± 1.0 μg/mL) showed a potent cytotoxic activity on HCT-116 that is non-significant from the standard Doxorubicin (IC50: 11.5 ± 0.8 μg/mL). For the antimicrobial activity (agar diffusion assay), most of the total extracts revealed notable activities against all tested pathogens relative to the standards; ciprofloxacin and ketoconazole, specially Ph. peruviana husk that showed a potent inhibitory activity (inhibition zone diameter of 29 mm.) against C. albicans even more than the standard ketoconazole (inhibition zone diameter of 28 mm.). These promising biological activities are mainly related to the high content of flavonoids and phenolic compounds identified and quantified in their total extracts. Moreover, the three extracts proved their in vivo safety on the short and long terms as well as their possible antimutagenic effect on the genotoxicity of the drug cyclophosphamide (CP) in both bone marrow cells and spermatocyte cells.

The present work is carried out to evaluate biological activities of tubers extracts of Bunium mauritanicum. The methanol extract yield had higher (7.81%) tha n that of the aqueous extract (6.79%). The quantitative analysis of total phenols and flavonoid revealed that the highest concentration was recorded for the methanoic fraction with 89,442 ± 5,951μg EAG mg and 4.031 ± 0.141 μg EQ mg of extract respectively. In addition, the aqueous extract of tubers represents the most important antioxidant activity with an IC 50 of 0.14 mg ml against 2,2 diphenyl 1 picryl hydrazyl (DPPH Wherea s, the two extracts of the tubers have low reducing capacities compared to standard with EC 50 equal to 0.048 mg/ ml for the methanolic extract, 0.018 mg ml for t he aqueous extract and 0.009 mg/ ml for ascorbic acid. The methano l ic and aqueous extracts of Bunium mauritanicum reacted positively at least on one of the bacterial strains studied.

Wound healing is a dynamic process that occurs in the tissue under the skin. During this process, oxidative stress biomarkers are excessively produced, which finally lead to inflammation and cellular damage. In this study, efforts have been made to evaluate the antioxidant effect and wound healing activity topical formulation containing Heliotropium bacciferum Forssk extract. The in vitro antioxidant properties were evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activities and the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. The herbal ointments (2.5% w/w and 5% w/w) were prepared from the hydroalcoholic extract of H. bacciferum Forssk and administrated on the induced wounds in Wistar rats. The chromatic assay, percentage of wound contraction, and histopathological studies were used for evaluating the wound healing activity. For the evaluation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), catalase (CAT) activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione (GSH) levels were examined. The DPPH method showed tremendous radical scavenging activities at the corresponding concentrations with EC50 value of 80 μg/mL. Topical application of the ointment (5% w/w) showed the highest wound contraction in comparison to the positive control (treated with CICALFATE™) and the control group (treated with normal saline). Similarly, the histological study of the group treated with the extract ointment (5% w/w) showed full collagen tissue deposition with a complete epidermal regeneration. The results of the assessment of GSH levels as well as CAT and SOD activities in the treated group (5% w/w) confirmed the scavenging property of the extract ointment. Our findings indicated the proper wound healing impact of the topical formulation of H. bacciferum Forssk due to its notable antioxidant capacity.

This study investigated into the phenolic profile and biological properties of Mentha pulegium L. based on the antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were spectrophotometrically quantified. The phenolic profile was analyzed by RP-HPLC-PDA. Galvinoxyl radical (GOR), 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing activity, cupric reducing and β-carotene bleaching methods were performed to evaluate antioxidant potential. Enzyme inhibitory activity was tested towards alpha-glucosidase, alpha-amylase, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. The results indicated that ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the strongest antioxidant potential with its higher phenolic and flavonoid contents. This fraction also exerted the highest alpha-glucosidase (IC50 of 61.85 ± 1.69 μg/mL), alpha-amylase (IC50 of 16.37 ± 0.11 μg/mL), AChE (IC50 of 3.13 ± 0.05 μg/mL) and BChE (IC50 of 12.97 ± 0.20 μg/mL) inhibitory activities, its activity was higher than that of acarbose and galantamine used as standard drugs. Gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, naringenin and quercetin were identified in this fraction. Hence, these findings suggest that M. pulegium is a promising source of bioactive compounds, which could be helpful in the management of oxidative stress associated diseases including diabetes and Alzheimer's disease.

Background: Traditionally, Portulaca oleracea Linn. is used for treating abscesses, dysentery and liver diseases. In addition, recent studies have reported its efficacy as an analgesic, as neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, bronchodilatory, and anticancer agent, besides antioxidant, wound healing and other important pharmacological actions. Aim and Objective: For curing liver diseases, Chinese use juice from the fresh leaves of Portulaca oleracea Linn. Hence, to prove this claim, an in-vivo hepatoprotective study of extracts from Portulaca oleracea Linn. against carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxic rats was carried out. Methods: The in-vitro antioxidant activity by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay and hepatoprotective activity of extracts of Portulaca oleracea Linn. was assessed against the carbon tetrachloride-induced toxicity rat model. Results: The extracts of Portulaca oleracea Linn produced concentration-dependent percentage inhibition of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical and most significantly, by methanol extract. Among the extracts, methanol extract showed a significant decrease in Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels and a significant increase in total protein (TP) levels against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver toxicity Conclusion: From the results obtained, it was concluded that methanol extract of Portulaca oleracea Linn. possesses significant DPPH free radical scavenging and hepatoprotective potential.

Antioxidant biomaterials have attracted much attention in various biomedical fields because of their effective inhibition and elimination of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in pathological tissues. However, the difficulty in ensuring biocompatibility, biodegradability and bioavailability of antioxidant materials has limited their further development. Novel bioavailable antioxidant materials that are derived from natural resources are urgently needed. Here, an integrated multi-omics method was applied to fabricate antioxidant biomaterials. A key cysteine-rich thrombospondin-1 type I repeat-like (TSRL) protein was efficiently discovered from among 1262 adhesive components and then used to create a recombinant protein with a yield of 500 mg L−1. The biocompatible TSRL protein was able to self-assemble into either a water-resistant coating through Ca2+-mediated coordination or redox-responsive hydrogels with tunable physical properties. The TSRL-based hydrogels showed stronger 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging rates than glutathione (GSH) and ascorbic acid (Aa) and protected cells against external oxidative stress significantly more effectively. When topically applied to mice skin, TSRL alleviated epidermal hyperplasia and suppressed the degradation of collagen and elastic fibers caused by ultraviolet radiation B (UVB) irradiation, confirming that it enhanced antioxidant activity in vivo. This is the first study to successfully characterize natural antioxidant biomaterials created from marine invertebrate adhesives, and the findings indicate the excellent prospects of these biomaterials for great applications in tissue regeneration and cosmeceuticals., Graphical abstract Image 1, Highlights • A cysteine-rich TSRL protein was efficiently discovered from 1262 adhesive components. • The TSRL-based hydrogels exhibited significantly better protection for cells against external oxidative stress. • It is the first time to identify and characterize natural antioxidant biomaterials from marine invertebrate adhesives.

Background: Raphanus sativus is traditionally used as an anti-inflammatory agent. Objectives: The current study was designed to explore the in vivo anti-inflammatory and antiangiogenic properties of Raphanus sativus seeds oil. Methods: Cold press method was used for the extraction of oil (RsSO) and was characterised by using GC-MS techniques. Three in vitro antioxidant assays (DPPH, ABTS and FRAP) were performed to explore the antioxidant potential of RsSO. Disc diffusion methods were used to study in vitro antimicrobial properties. In vivo anti-inflammatory properties were studied in both acute and chronic inflammation models. In ovo chicken chorioallantoic membrane assay was performed to study antiangiogenic effects. Molecular mechanisms were identified using TNF-α ELISA kit and docking tools. Results: GC-MS analysis of RsSO revealed the presence of hexadecanoic and octadecanoic acid. Findings of DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP models indicated relatively moderate radical scavenging properties of RsSO. Oil showed antimicrobial activity against a variety of bacterial and fungal strains tested. Data of inflammation models showed significant (p < 0.05) anti-inflammatory effects of RsSO in both acute and chronic models. 500 mg/kg RsSO halted inflammation development significantly better (p < 0.05) as compared with lower doses. Histopathological evaluations of paws showed minimal infiltration of inflammatory cells in RsSO-treated animals. Findings of TNF-α ELSIA and docking studies showed that RsSO has the potential to down-regulate the expression of TNF-α, iNOS, ROS, and NF-κB respectively. Moreover, RsSO showed in vivo antiangiogenic effects. Conclusion: Data of the current study highlight that Raphanus sativus seeds oil has anti-inflammatory, and antiangiogenic properties and can be used as an adjunct to standard NSAIDs therapy which may reduce the dose and related side effects.

Blighia sapida (B. sapida) K.D. Koenig (Family Sapindaceae) is a branchless straight bole approximately 15 m long. The study evaluated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanol extract and fractions of B. sapida stem-bark using in vitro methods. Ethanol extract and its fractions were investigated for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and quantitative phenolic and flavonoid contents. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using albumin denaturation and membrane stabilization assays. The extract and its fractions exhibited radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory properties. The ethyl acetate fraction possessed maximum phenolic and flavonoid contents (136.67 ± 1.55 gallic acid mg/g and 75.76 ± 4.03 quercetin equivalent mg/g, respectively). Antioxidant studies revealed that the ethyl acetate fraction displayed superior activity with an IC50 = 0.09 ± 0.03 mg/mL DPPH, and values of 146.96 ± 3.81 and 359.20 ± 4.98 for FRAP and TAC respectively. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory activity was revealed by inhibition of heat-induced albumin denaturation and red blood cell membrane stabilization at concentrations of 200-1000 μg/mL and 50-250 μg/mL, respectively. The ethanol extract and fractions exhibited antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, with ethyl acetate fraction showing superior activity, which could be attributed to secondary metabolites, mainly phenolic compounds. Overall, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of B. sapida can be exploited by ethnomedicinal users.

In the present investigation, gold NPs (Au-NPs) were synthesized via seed decoction of Nigella sativa, in which, the aqueous seed extract of Nigella sativa acted as a reducing agent as well as coated on Au-NPs surface. Herein, an attempt was made to develop a rapid and biocompatible method to synthesize gold NPs by phytofabrication for anti-diabetic applications. The Nigella sativa seed extract and the Au-NPs synthesized using Nigella sativa exhibited a good antioxidant property, which was determined by the 2, 2- Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity assay. These Au-NPs exhibited 78 % of anti- diabetic property, which was confirmed by α- amylase method. The synthesized nanoparticle Au-NPs size was confirmed by using SEM and TEM. The functional groups (thymoqninone) present in the seed extract as well as Au-NPs were analysed by FTIR. The major functional group i.e. thymoquinone was confirmed by the anthraquinone test and it is responsible for the antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anticancer properties of the Au-NPs. The phytochemical based nanoparticle prepared in this work showed efficient anti-diabetic activities and it can be considered for the medical applications. In addition, phytochemical based nanoparticle synthesis is safe, eco-friendly, biocompatible, and cost effective.

Mangroves are widely used for the extraction of natural compounds for the purpose to be used in traditional medicine and the pharmaceutical sector. In this study, Avicennia marina leaves (gathered in Safaga, Red Sea, Egypt) were dried and extracted by ethanol, acetone and ethyl acetate. The antimicrobial activity of the three organic extracts was examined against different fish and human pathogens. The mangrove ethyl acetate extract (MEE) which gave the highest antimicrobial activity was further evaluated, as it exhibited a promising antioxidant activity determined by the DPPH test with IC50 of 50.3 µg/ml. Its total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined to be 109 and 23 mg/g, respectively. In addition, MEE antibiofilm activity was assessed by total biomass quantification using microplate assay and observed under light microscope. MEE showed a highly promising antibiofilm activity, where it succeeded not only in preventing initial cell attachment and biofilm formation by the fish pathogen Pseudomonas fluorescens, but also in disrupting the preformed biofilm with IC50 of 42.0 and 45.8 mg/ml, respectively. Furthermore, its chemical composition was determined by GC–MS analysis demonstrating that its major constituents are alcohol, fatty acids and their derivatives. Overall, the current study confirms the promising antimicrobial, antioxidant activities of MEE and reports biofilm inhibition and eradication activities of A. marina ethyl acetate extract against Pseudomonas fluorescens.

Objective The study aimed to assess the efficacy of formulated wound healing hydrogel based on a hydroalcoholic extract of Moringa oleifera seeds. Methods In vitro antioxidant (using DPPH method) and antimicrobial activity (using agar well diffusion method) was studied. Male Swiss albino mice of weight 20- 30g were used. The hydrogel containing 5% and 10% of hydroalcoholic extract of Moringa oleifera seeds was used, whereas Povidone-iodine (5%) was used as standard. The wound healing efficacy of formulated hydrogel based on a hydroalcoholic extract of Moringa oleifera seeds was studied using excision and incision wound models. Assessments were taken on the 1st, 4th, 6th, 9th, 12th, 13th and 14th day in the excision model and on the 8th day in the incision model. Histopathological assessments were also done to support the study. Results Hydroalcoholic extract of Moringa oleifera seeds showed significant scavenging of free radicals showing antioxidant activity. Plant extract showed significant antimicrobial activity using the agar well diffusion method. The formulated hydrogels using the hydroalcoholic extract of Moringa oleifera seeds showed significant wound healing activity compared to both control (p Conclusion The study presented here proved the hydrogels formulated using the hydroalcoholic extract of Moringa oleifera seeds could be used as an alternative therapy to manage wounds effectively.

Background: Anchusa azurea Mill. (AA) is a medicinal plant largely used traditionally in folk medicine in Algeria; it is locally named hamham. It is effective in the treatment of various diseases. Objectives: The aim of the present study is to determine the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti- hemolytic effects of phenolic fractions from Anchusa azurea Mill. Methods: In this study, various extracts from Anchusa azurea Mill. (AA) using solvents with increasing polarity were prepared. The quantification of polyphenols and flavonoids was determined. The anti-radical activity of the different extracts was evaluated using DPPH and by measuring the inhibition of the oxidative degradation of β-carotene. The In-vitro antihemolytic effect of the plant extracts is determined (CrE, ChE, AcE, and AqE). For each extract, four concentrations were tested: 10.59, 21.18, 42.37, 84.74 μg/ml. Vitamin C is used as a standard. The free-radical attack was measured by measuring the HT50 (Half-Hemolysis Time). The anti-inflammatory effect using PMA on mice of the methanolic extract (CrE) was evaluated. Results: The quantification of polyphenols and flavonoids showed that ethyl acetate extract (AcE) contains a higher amount of polyphenols. However, chloroform extract (ChE) presents a higher amount of flavonoids. AcE showed an important scavenging activity using the DPPH radical (IC50= 68.35 μg/ml). The results showed that AcE also exhibited asignificant inhibition effect on the oxidation of β-carotene/linoleic acid (84.33 %). All extracts increased the HT50 values (Half-Hemolysis Time) in a dose-dependent manner. The three highest concentrations (21.18, 42.37, and 84.74 μg / ml) of ChE caused a very significant delay (p ≤ 0.001) of hemolysis compared to the negative control and the positive control “VIT C”. The anti-inflammatory effect of using PMA on mice showed that the methanolic extract (CrE) of AA reduced the weight of the ear edema. Conclusions: This plant has a strong pharmacological power, which supports its traditional medicinal use.

Growing health concerns have led to a substantial increase in the demand for edible plants that provide health benefits over and above basic nutrition. As the demand for food with promising health benefits increases, search for wild edible plants having medicinal and nutritional properties also increases. In view of this, in the present study, Elaeagnus latifolia L., an underutilized wild edible fruit of Sikkim Himalaya, India, has been investigated for minerals, bioactive compounds, and biological activities. The outcomes of the study revealed that potassium (610.13 mg/100 g) is the most abundant mineral found in E. latifolia, followed by phosphorus (228.99 mg/100 g), calcium (46.67 mg/100 g), magnesium (42.82 mg/100 g), and sodium (5.58 mg/100 g) with traces of iron (17.27 mg/100 g), zinc (0.25 mg/100 g), copper (2.59 mg/100 g) and manganese (5.84 mg/100 g). Ascorbic acid, lycopene, and β-carotene were also present in adequate amount. The IC50 values in 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2, 2-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6 sulfonic acid (ABTS) assays were recorded as 2394.06 µg ml−1 and 58.41 µg ml−1, respectively, indicating the good antioxidant potential of this wild edible fruit. Further, fruit extract showed very good antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial pathogen and fungal phytopathogen with Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values of 170-410 µg ml−1 for bacteria and 30- 410 µg ml−1 for fungal pathogens. Three organic acids namely, tartaric, pyruvic, and oxalic acid and four polyphenols gallic, p-coumaric, ferulic, and catechin were quantified using HPLC-PDA analysis. As the fruit extract exhibited good antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, and contains bioactive compounds and minerals, it can be widely used by pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries for functional product development.

Pometia pinnata is a plant belonging to the Sapindaceae family that spread in the tropics, including Indonesia, which can be used as antioxidants. It is known to contain flavonoid compounds. Flavonoid is a substance that has antioxidants in capturing free radicals because it contains a hydroxyl group which is a reducer and can be beneficial for hydrogen donors to free radicals. This study aims to determine the chemical content and antioxidant activity of Pometia pinnata skin using 1,1-Diphenyl-2-Picrylhidrazyl (DPPH). Sample extraction was conducted using a multilevel extraction method with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and ethanol as solvents. The results showed that Pometia pinnata skin extract contains Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Saponins, Tannins, Steroids, and Terpenoids. While the value of antioxidant activity showed the IC50 value of n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and ethanol extracts are 25, 5, 9, 4 µg/mL. The IC50 value indicates that the antioxidant activity is in an extremely strong category.

Diabetes is a worldwide public health disease. Currently, the most effective way to treat diabetes is to mitigate postprandial hyperglycemia by inhibiting carbohydrate hydrolysis enzymes in the digestive system. Plant extracts are rich in bioactive compounds, which can be used in diabetes treatment. This study aims to evaluate the polyphenols content in ethanolic extracts of avocado fruit and leaves (Persea americana Mill.). Additionally, their antioxidant activity using DPPH, while the inhibition ability of α-amylase was examined by reacting different amounts of the extracts with amylase compared to acarbose as standard inhibitor. The active compounds were detected in the extracts by LC/MS. The obtained results showed that the leaf extract recorded a significant content of total phenolic compounds compared to the fruit extract (178.95 and 145.7 mg GAE /g dry weight, respectively). The total flavonoid values ​​ranged from 32.5 to 70.08 mg QE/g dry weight of fruit and leaves extracts, respectively. Twenty-six phytogenic compounds were detected in leaf and fruit extract by LC/MS. These compounds belong to fatty acids, sterols, triterpenes, phenolic acids, and flavonoids. The antioxidant activity of extracts is due to the exist of phytogenic compounds, i.e., polyphenols and flavonoids. The antioxidant activity increased in a concentration dependant manner. Avocado fruit extract (1000µg/mL) scavenged 95% of DPPḢ while leaf extract rummaged 91.03% of free radicals compared with Vit C and BHT. Additionally, higher α-amylase inhibitory activity was observed in fruit extract than the leaf extract, where the fruit and leaf extract (1000 μg/ml) inhibited the enzyme by 92.13% and 88.95%, respectively. The obtained results showed that the ethanolic extracts of avocado had a significant impact on human health due to their high content of polyphenols.

Plant polyphenols have always attracted the attention of researchers with their excellent biological activity potentials. In this study, roots, leaves and seeds of Draba cemileae (Karaer) were evaluated for their chemical compositions and biological activities. Spectrophotometric analysis showed that phenolics and flavonoids were present in high quantities in leaf and seed extracts (22.84 mg GAEs/g and 23.32 mg REs/g, respectively). Chromatographic analysis showed that the p-hydroxybenzoic acid and chlorogenic acid contents of the extracts were significantly high. The seed extract also contained 550 mg/g of rosmarinic acid. While the leaf extract showed high activity in phosphomolybdenum, CUPRAC, FRAP and ferrous ion chelating activity tests (0.88, 2.23, 1.73 and 3.68 mg/ml, respectively), DPPH and ABTS scavenging activity tests resulted in the superiority of the seed extract (3.75 and 2.53 mg/ml, respectively). The leaf extract also showed the highest activity in α-amylase and tyrosinase inhibitory activity tests (1.78 and 4.99 mg/ml, respectively). On the other hand, the seed extract exhibited higher activity than the others in α-glucosidase, AChE and BChE inhibitory activity tests (7.14, 1.13 and 5.11 mg/ml, respectively). Correlation coefficients between the composition and the biological activities were over 0.9. It was concluded that D. cemileae could be a new and effective source of antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory phytochemicals in medicine, food and cosmetics industries.

In the current study the potential use of aqueous and methanolic extracts of Ephedra alata aerial parts as biological control agent against pathogenic bacteria and especially Staphylococcus aureus methicillin resistant isolated from auricular infections was evaluated. Chemical tests and spectrophotometric methods were used for screening and quantification of phytochemicals. The assessment of the antioxidant activity was accomplished by DPPH and ABTS radicals scavenging assays. Extracts were evaluated for their antibacterial efficacy by diffusion and microdilution methods. Biofilm inhibition was tested using XTT assay and the cytotoxicity of extracts was carried out on Vero cell line. The GC-FID analysis revealed that E. alata was rich in unsatured fatty acids. In addition, the aqueous extract had the highest flavonoid and protein contents (30.82 mg QE /g dry extract and 98.92 mg BSAE/g dry extract respectively). However, the methanolic extract had the highest phenolic, sugars and tannins. The antioxidant activity demonstrated that the aqueous extract exhibited the strong potency (IC50 ranged between 0.001 and 0.002 mg/mL). Both extracts displayed antimicrobial activity on Gram negative and positive strains. They were effective against S. aureus isolated from auricular infections. The tested extracts were able to inhibit biofilm formation with concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, no cytotoxic effect on Vero cells line was demonstrated for the extracts. Overall, our findings highlight the potential use of E. alata extract as a novel source of bioactive molecules with antioxidant, antibacterial and antiobiofilm effects for the control of infectious disease especially those associated to S. aureus methicillin resistant.

Background: Pyrrole compounds having a heterocyclic structure are the most researched and biological activities such as antioxidant and anticancer activities. Objective: Herein is a first effort to study the significance of heterocyclic compounds to include pyrrole and triazolidine-3,5-dion moiety, on the pharmacokinetic, antioxidant activity and cytotoxic activity on MCF-7 and MCF-12A cell lines. Method: The molecular structures of compounds I-XIV were simulated by the theoretical B3- LYP/DFT method. Pharmacokinetic studies of PhTAD-substituted heterocyclic compounds (IXIV) were analyzed to show Lipinski's rules via in-silico methods of Swiss-ADME. The drug likeness calculations were carried out in Molinspiration analyses. Some toxicity risk parameter can be quantified using Osiris. Antioxidant activities determined by DPPH, Fe+2 ions chelating and reducing. Cytotoxic activity measured by MTT and RTCA. Results: Compared with the DPPH activity, the metal chelating activity exhibited serious similar antioxidant effects by PhTAD substituted pyrrole compounds. The same compounds showed the highest activity among the two antioxidant activities. The IC50 values of the compounds are in the range of 12 and 290 μM in the MCF-7 cell line. In the MTT and RTCA assays, All compounds showed cytotoxic activity, but about half of the fourteen compounds showed high cytotoxicity. IC50 values of the compounds are in the range of 5 and 54 μM for MTT and range of 1.5 and 44 μM for RTCA. Conclusion: Data of the antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of PhTAD-substituted dihydropyrrole- derived compounds in MCF-7 and MCF-12A cell lines confirmed that the compounds are biologically active compound and are notable for anti-cancer researches.

This study investigated the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of three Spirulina extracts (methanol, acetone, and hexane) and the biological selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) fabricated by Bacillus subtilis AL43. The results showed that Spirulina extracts exhibited antimicrobial activity against tested pathogens. Besides, Spirulina extracts significantly scavenged ABTS and DPPH radicals in a dose-dependent manner. The methanolic extract had higher total phenolic content, antimicrobial activity, and antioxidant activity than other extracts. The selenium nanoparticles were synthesized by Bacillus subtilis AL43 under aerobic conditions and were characterized as spherical, crystalline with a size of 65.23 nm and a net negative charge of −22.7. We evidenced that SeNPs possess considerable antimicrobial activity against three gram-positive, three gram-negative bacteria, and three strains from both Candida sp. and Aspergillus sp. Moreover, SeNPs were able to scavenge ABTS and DPPH radicals in a dose-dependent manner. An association was found between the total phenolic content of Spirulina and SeNPs and their biological activities. Our results indicate that Spirulina and SeNPs with significant antimicrobial and antioxidant activities seem to be successful candidates for safe and reliable medical applications.

The aerial parts of Haplophyllum tuberculatum (H. tuberculatum) have traditionally been used by local communities to treat fever, gastrointestinal disorders, worms, malaria and fractures, however, the responsible ingredients of the selected medicinal plant have not been identified. In the present study, antibacterial and antioxidant ingredients were isolated and characterized from the plant parts of locally grown H. tuberculatum, and their biological activity was evaluated. The powder aerial parts were extracted with methanol and the extract was successively fractionated with different polarities of solvents. All polarities of extracts (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol, methanol and water) were used to determine their antibacterial and antioxidant activity by established in-vitro method. The disk diffusion and free radical scavenging 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) methods were used to evaluate antibacterial and antioxidant activities of the prepared extracts and pure isolated compounds at different concentrations against three strains of Gram-positive and three Gram-negative bacteria. The antibacterial activity results showed that all prepared fractions and isolated pure compounds of the plant species gave significant activity against all Gram (+ and –) bacterial strains with the range of inhibition 0–20 mm. The antioxidant activity of the prepared extracts at all concentrations also showed substantial activity. Based on the highest activity, ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts were selected for the separation and isolation of antioxidant and antibacterial compounds by thin layer chromatography (TLC), column chromatography (CC), and preparative thin layer chromatography (PTLIC). The structure of the isolated antioxidant and antibacterial compounds from the ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts were determined on the basis of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectra. The isolated pure compounds and active extracts could be used as a medicine for various infectious related diseases.

Epidemiological evidence indicates that plant antioxidants activity can treat or help to prevent the development of various diseases. One species with great potential as an antioxidant is Curcuma longa. However, different extraction techniques can influence isolated chemical compounds. This study investigated chemical composition and antioxidant activity of two rhizome extracts of C. longa: hydroethanolic, obtained by exhaustion (HECLex); and dried by a spray dryer (HECLsd). The phytochemical composition was evaluated by GC/MS. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. Total phenolic compounds and soil analyses were performed. The main components of HECLex were ar-turmerone, γ-curcumene, α-turmerone, and β-sesquiphellandrene. The main components of HECLsd were 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, 2,3-bis([trimethylsilyl]oxy)propyl ester, verrucarol, and 1-monolinoleoylglycerol trimethylsilyl ether. HECLsd had significantly higher levels of phenolic compounds and higher antioxidant capacity compared with HECLex. In conclusion, processes of the preparation of C. longa rhizomes alter the chemical components and consequently their biological activity.

Medicinal plants constitute valuable sources of chemical substances with potential therapeutic effects. In this study, phenolic pools have been extracted using MeOH from leaves of jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) and moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) and twelve phenolic compounds have been identified. Invitro antioxidant activities (DPPH, NO•, ORAC, metal chelating, FRAP, and CUPRAC) and enzyme (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) inhibitory effects of total phenolics have been evaluated. The amount of total phenolics was significantly higher in jujube (18.12±1.92 mg/g DW) than in moringa (3.09±0.25 mg/g DW).Separated compounds were also more abundant in jujube excepted for chlorogenic acid that was present at higher level (0.41±0.09 mg/g DW) in moringa than in jujube (0.03±0.00 mg/g DW). Among the major compounds, rutin was the most represented one in both species with 65% (11.80±1.43 mg/g DW) and 50% (1.56±0.11 mg/g DW) respectively in jujube and moringa. Concomitantly, methanolic extracts from jujube leaves displayed greater potential biological capacities against free radicals, chelating/reducing of iron or cupric forms and inhibitory enzymes as rescued by the lowest IC50 and EC50 values. The recorded data treated by PCA and Bi-plot analysis highlighted a positive correlation between phenolic pools and antioxidant activities particularly in jujube specie. Besides, statistic clustering of scored results on the inhibiton of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes, showed a strong contribution of phenolic and flavonoid pools in anti-diabetic activity. All these data suggest the importance of Z. jujuba specie as a source of bioactive compounds, especially against diabetic diseases.

A series of (E)-3-(3-(5-chlorothiophen-2-yl)-1-(furan-2-carbonyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1-(substituted)prop-2-en-1-one derivatives (5a-c)) was synthesised from the reaction of 3-(5-chlorothiophen-2-yl)-1-(furan-2-carbonyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde (2) with various substituted acetophenes by the use of TiO2-ZnS in ethanol under reflux conditions. All are structurally supported by IR spectrum and the basic testing and screening, and find that compounds 5a are potential antioxidants for their in vitro-antioxidant activity against DPPH. The results in vitro were compared with the results of the molecular docking, ADMET, QSAR and bioactivity study and it was found that the results were observed in good correlations with in vitro anti-oxidant results in silicon binding affinities. The analysis of molecular dockings revealed the interactions between the synthesised ligands and protein tyrosine kinase (2HCK) amino acid residues and has a strong hydrogen connexion to this enzyme.

Background: Peganum harmala is traditionally used to manage rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other inflammatory conditions. However, its use against RA has not been scientifically evaluated. The current study was designed to assess the anti-arthritic and anti-inflammatory activities of the methanolic extract of P. harmala leaves by in vitro and in vivo methods. Methods: The in vitro assays were carried out to determine the effect of plant extract on inhibition of egg albumin denaturation and human red blood cell membrane (HRBC) stabilization. Moreover, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity was performed to determine the antioxidant potential. In vivo anti-arthritic activity was performed by determining the curative effect against Complete Freund’s adjuvant (0.1 ml). The plant extract was administered to rats orally at 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg/day for 21 days. Results: The values of IC50 of plant extract in protein denaturation, stabilization of HRBC and DPPH assays were 77.54 mg/ml, 23.90 mg/ml and 58.09 µg/ml respectively. Moreover, the plant extract significantly attenuated the poly-arthritis and weight loss, anemia and paw edema. The plant extract restored the level of C-reactive protein, rheumatoid factor, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase and alkaline phosphatase in poly-arthritic rats. Moreover, the plant extract restored the immune organs weight in treated rats. Treatment with P. harmala also significantly subdued the oxidative stress by reinstating superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione, catalase and malondialdehyde in poly-arthritic rats. The plant extract notably restored the prostaglandin-E2 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in the serum of poly-arthritic rats. Conclusion: It was concluded that P. harmala extract had potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic activities which primarily might be attributed to alkaloids, flavonoids and phenols.

Pandanus, a traditional medicinal plant is used for the ailment of several diseases in India. The extract prepared from leaves was tested for its secondary metabolites and also to phenolics, alkaloids, saponins and flavonoids. Subsequently, the antioxidant activity was observed using DPPH, reducing power, FRAP, metal chelating activity and total antioxidant assays. It is evident that more secondary metabolites were present in ethyl acetate and methanol solvents enriched in free radicals scavenging ability compared with other solvents. Further, the extracts were tested and observed for potential presence of anti-diabetic activity with strong inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase which suggests that the absorption and digestion of carbohydrates would possibly reduce the blood glucose levels and hence help management of type-2 diabetes. Though the ethyl acetate and methanol extract exhibited cytotoxicity and apoptosis activity on human HT-29 colon cancer cell line via MTT, AO/EtBr and DAPI staining assays that inhibits cancer cell line which in turn prevents cancer.

Curcuma-based drinks consist of temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza, CX) and turmeric (Curcuma longa, CL) rhizome extracts are widely consumed in the Asian community for health maintenance and beauty. However, the physicochemical and antioxidative properties of Curcuma-based drinks has not been reported. Thus, this study aims to develop and obtain the best ratio of CX and CL rhizome mixture and to analyze its physicochemical and antioxidant properties. The physicochemical properties including total soluble solids (TSS), viscosity, pH and colour of the drinks were analyzed while total phenolic content (TPC) was determined using standard method Folin-ciocalteu assay, total flavonoid content (TFC) using colorimetric assay of aluminum chloride and antioxidant activity using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Four formulations of CX:CL ratios (F1 = 4:1, F2 = 3:2, F3 = 2:3, F4 = 1:4) were developed while other ingredient was kept constant. Sensory analysis with 21 panelists was done to determine the sensory acceptability. The results of the physicochemical properties for all formulations were obtained and compared. Formulation F4 has the highest total soluble solid (11.83 %). The pH range of the Curcuma-based drink was between 3.37 and 3.46. F1 has the darkest colour with the Lab value of 0.81 ± 0.1, 1.60 ± 0.30 and 8.15 ± 1.57, respectively. F4 obtained the highest mean score (4.81 ± 0.52) for overall sensory acceptability. The antioxidant properties of F3 had the highest total phenolic content (0.4422 ± 0.01 mg GAE / ml) and percentage of DPPH inhibition (56.61 %) and F4 has the highest flavonoids content (0.82 g GAE / ml). Thus, formulations with a higher content of CL have better sensory acceptability and higher antioxidant activity.

Free radical-caused oxidative stress can be reduced by various antioxidants. A new and promising type of antioxidants is mono-substituted Meldrum`s acids. Herein first dendritic architectures with 1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione units as surface groups are presented. The compounds were synthesized through alkylation of phenol, the Knoevenagel condensation and sequential reduction. The antiradical activity (AA) against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hidrazyl (DPPH) for all compounds is 80-90%, IC50 varies from 10-35 μM. These data are comparable with vitamin C, t-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) or vitamin E. AA against galvinoxyl (GO) increased with the number of surface groups. The AA was comparable with butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) for compounds with at least two moieties of 1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione. The structure with flexible glycerol core is highlighted among all derivatives. Although the AA against DPPH for the glycerol derivative is comparable to those with aromatic cores it is more effective against GO (AA = 95%, IC50 = 60 μM): the AA is greater than for vitamin C and BHT. Thus, flexible structure seems to be a promising core for elaborating powerful antioxidants with Meldrum`s acid surface groups.

The goal of this research is to develop an environmentally safe and effective material for heavy metal adsorption from polluted water. The ability of chitosan (CS) that synthesized from the shells of fish as an adsorbent to remove the ions of Mn (II) from aqueous solution was investigated. The antioxidant property with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals scavenging of chitosan and adsorbed Mn (II) ion were calculated at different concentrations of Mn (II) ions from (0.01–0.03) M. The CS- Mn (II) adsorbed materials gave the highest antioxidant activity than chitosan, also 0.03 CS-Mn gave the highest activity than others.

In this study, Centaurea sivasica Wageitz (Asteraceae) methanol extract was examined regarding phytochemical composition, in vitro antioxidant properties, ability to inhibit tyrosinase, α-amylase, α-glucosidase enzymes, and antimicrobial effects. Also, possible binding and interactions of phytochemicals with enzymes by molecular docking were determined. The extract's phenolic amount was 21.42 mg GAE/g extract, and the extract was determined to be rich in flavonoids (19.73 mg RE/g extract). Due to the results of liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) analysis, the main components of the methanol extract was scutellarin (27843.91 μg/g), quercimeritrin (3629.85 μg/g), chlorogenic acid (2519.68 μg/g) and baicalin (920.49 μg/g). The methanol extract was found to show remarkable activity in all antioxidant activity tests and had a high potential to inhibit the enzymes examined. The extract was radical scavenging on (DPPH and ABTS), reducing power (FRAP and CUPRAC), phosphomolybdenum assays were measured as 2.72, 69.58, 44.78, 141.18, 109.25 mg TE/g extract, respectively. Tyrosinase, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities were 36.81 mg KE/g extract, 252.60 and 279.40 mg AKE/g extract, respectively. Scutellarin inhibited the tyrosinase enzyme very effectively, and its effect was found as 43.32 µM or 20.38 µg/mL. The extract showed different inhibition zones (16.3, 16.0, 15.0, 15.6 mm) and MIC values (500–1000 µg/mL) on the microorganisms examined (B. cereus, S. aureus, E. coli, C. albicans). In molecular docking studies, the most abundant scutellarin in the extract was shown to affect both tyrosinase and α-glucosidase inhibition significantly.

Background: Marine fungi are considered as a promising source of pharmacologically important extracts and compounds owing to the new chemical structures that they can synthesize due to the environmental conditions of their habitat. The aim of this work is to evaluate the free radical scavenging capacity of methanolic extracts from marine fungi and their relationship to their total phenolic content. For this, the radical tests ABTS, DPPH, and Galvinoxyl were used, comparing these results with the antioxidant Trolox as reference. The total phenol content was quantified using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. All data were analyzed by ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc tests (p

South African rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) tea is globally consumed for its health benefits and caffeine free nature, but no information is available on the neuroprotective capacity of (unfermented) green rooibos. Our aim was to investigate the cytoprotective activity of green rooibos in neuronal cells, including probing antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory properties that could explain observed effects in these cells. We also investigated the anxiolytic potential of green rooibos using zebrafish larval models. Green rooibos extract (Green oxithin (TM)) was assessed for its neuroprotective potential in Neuro-2a cells treated with different concentrations of the extract (12.5-25-50-100 mu g mL(-1)) and different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (250 or 125 mu M) as oxidizing agent. Cell viability (MTT) and redox status (intracellular ROS) were also quantified in these cells. Antioxidant properties of the extract were quantified using cell-free systems (DPPH, ORAC and xanthine/xanthine oxidase), and potential neuroprotection evaluated in terms of its potential to inhibit key enzymes of the CNS (monoamine oxidase A (MOA-A), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and tyrosinase (TYR)). Results demonstrated that green rooibos extract exerted significant cytoprotective properties in Neuro-2a cells, particularly when exposed to lethal 250 mu M hydrogen peroxide, increasing cell survival by more than 100%. This may be ascribed (at least partially) to its capacity to limit intracellular ROS accumulation in these cells. Data from cell-free systems confirmed that green rooibos was able to scavenge free radicals (synthetic and physiological) in a dose dependent manner with a similar profile activity to vitamins C and E. Green rooibos also acted as a moderate MAO-A inhibitor, but had no significant effect on AChE or TYR. Finally, zebrafish larvae treated with lower doses of green rooibos demonstrated a significant anxiolytic effect in the light-dark anxiety model. Using the PTZ excitotoxicity model, green rooibos was shown to rescue GABA receptor signalling, which together with its demonstrated inhibition of MAO-A, may account for the anxiolytic outcome. Current data confirms that green rooibos could be considered a functional brain food and may be a good option as starting ingredient in the development of new nutraceuticals.

Allium cepa L. is a commonly consumed vegetable that belongs to the Amaryllidaceae family and contains nutrients and antioxidants in ample amounts. In spite of the valuable food applications of onion bulb, its peel and outer fleshy layers are generally regarded as waste and exploration of their nutritional and therapeutic potential is still in progress with a very slow progression rate. The present study was designed with the purpose of doing a comparative analysis of the antioxidant potential of two parts of Allium cepa, i.g., bulb (edible part) and outer fleshy layers and dry peels (inedible part). Moreover, the inhibitory effect of the onion bulb and peel extracts on rat intestinal α-glucosidase and pancreatic α-amylase of porcine was also evaluated. The antioxidant potential of onion peel and bulb extracts were evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl- 1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP), 2,2’-azino-bis- 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging assay, H2O2 radical scavenging activity and Fe2+ chelating activity. Total flavonoids and phenolic content of ethanolic extract of onion peel were significantly greater as compared to that of onion bulb. Ethanolic extract of onion peel also presented better antioxidant and free-radical scavenging activity as compared to the ethanolic extract of bulb, while the aqueous extract of bulb presented weakest antioxidative potential. Onion peel extract’s α-glucosidase inhibition potential was also correlated with their phenolic and flavonoid contents. The current findings presented onion peel as a possible source of antioxidative agents and phenolic compounds that might be beneficial against development of various common chronic diseases that might have an association with oxidative stress. Besides, outer dry layers and fleshy peels of onion exhibited higher phenolic content and antioxidant activities, compared to the inner bulb. The information obtained by the present study can be useful in promoting the use of vegetable parts other than the edible mesocarp for several future food applications, rather than these being wasted. Resumo Allium cepa pertence à família Liliaceae e é rica em nutrientes e antioxidantes. Apesar das expressivas aplicações alimentares do bulbo da cebola, sua casca e outras camadas externas são geralmente consideradas resíduos, e seu potencial nutricional e terapêutico ainda é pouco explorado. O presente estudo foi delineado com o objetivo de investigar comparativamente o potencial antioxidante de duas partes de Allium cepa, por exemplo o bulbo (parte comestível) e camadas externas e cascas secas (parte não comestível). Além disso, o efeito inibitório dos extratos do bulbo de cebola e casca sobre a α-glucosidase intestinal de ratos e α-amilase pancreática suína também foi avaliado. O potencial antioxidante dos extratos da casca de cebola e bulbo foi avaliado utilizando-se 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazil (DPPH), método de poder antioxidante de redução do ferro (FRAP), método 2,2'-azino-bis-3-etilbenzotiazolina-6-ácido sulfônico (ABTS) de eliminação de radicais, atividade de eliminação de radicais H2O2 e atividade quelante do Fe2+. Os flavonoides totais e os teores fenólicos do extrato de etanol da casca de cebola foram significativamente maiores quando comparados ao do bulbo. O extrato de etanol da casca de cebola também apresentou melhor atividade antioxidante e eliminação de radicais livres quando comparado ao extrato de etanol do bulbo, enquanto o extrato aquoso de bulbo apresentou menor potencial antioxidante. O potencial de inibição da α-glicosidase dos extratos de casca de cebola correlacionou-se com seus teores fenólicos e de flavonoides. Os resultados encontrados identificaram que a casca de cebola é uma possível fonte de agentes antioxidantes e compostos fenólicos que podem ser benéficos contra o desenvolvimento de várias doenças crônicas que estão associadas ao estresse oxidativo. Além disso, as camadas externas secas e as cascas da cebola exibiram maior conteúdo fenólico e atividades antioxidantes, em comparação com o bulbo interno. As informações obtidas pelo presente estudo podem promover o uso de outras partes vegetais além do mesocarpo comestível para futuras aplicações em alimentos, ao invés de serem desperdiçadas.

The present study was aimed to evaluate the antioxidant potential and inhibitory effect ofCannabis sativa and Morus nigra against lipid peroxidation in goat brain and liver homogenates. The formation of free radicals, highly reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) is a normal metabolic process for cellular signaling and countering the antigens. However, they may cause serious damage if they produced at amplified tolls. In addition, metabolic disorders also serve as sources of these reactive species. Although the issue can be addressed through supplements and other phytochemicals. In this study, two plant species were evaluated for their biological potential by employing a spectrum of antioxidant assays. The antioxidant activity was performed by lipid peroxidation assay. The water extract prepared from leaves of Cannabis sativa and Morus nigra showed significant (P

This work reports the preparation of nano lignin-rich fraction material via green technology from the holistic use of lignocellulosic biomass bamboo. The bamboo is first chemically treated, followed by acid precipitation to extract bamboo-derived macro lignin-rich fraction material. The nano lignin-rich fraction material was then prepared via ultrasonication technique from the extracted bamboo-derived macro lignin-rich fraction material. The confirmation of the distinct lignin functional groups in the extracted lignin-rich fractions has been done by FTIR. Surface morphology by FESEM and TEM revealed spherical nano-lignin-rich fraction materials from extracted bamboo-derived macro lignin-rich fraction materials. DPPH assays indicated that both the obtained fractions depict beneficial antioxidant characteristics. They were found to be effective in terms of their antibacterial activity against both gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) and gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (E.coli), using the disc diffusion method. These fractions have UV blocking property, and nano-lignin-rich fraction material acts as a more potential UV blocking agent than others. Thus, the nano-lignin-rich fraction material has great potential as a high antioxidant, antibacterial, and UV blocking agent useful in biomedical applications. HighlightsExtraction of macro-lignin rich fraction material using chemical treatment of lignocellulosic biomass bamboo via refluxing followed by acid precipitation.Preparation of nano-lignin rich fraction material from extracted bamboo-derived macro-lignin rich fraction material via ultrasonication technique as a green technology.Structural and surface morphology of the extracted macro-lignin & nano lignin-rich fraction materials have been analyzed by XRD, FTIR, EDX, SEM and TEM.The macro lignin & nano lignin-rich fraction materials showed good antioxidant, antibacterial activity and UV-blocking properties, but the nano-lignin rich fraction material exhibited more efficient properties. Extraction of macro-lignin rich fraction material using chemical treatment of lignocellulosic biomass bamboo via refluxing followed by acid precipitation. Preparation of nano-lignin rich fraction material from extracted bamboo-derived macro-lignin rich fraction material via ultrasonication technique as a green technology. Structural and surface morphology of the extracted macro-lignin & nano lignin-rich fraction materials have been analyzed by XRD, FTIR, EDX, SEM and TEM. The macro lignin & nano lignin-rich fraction materials showed good antioxidant, antibacterial activity and UV-blocking properties, but the nano-lignin rich fraction material exhibited more efficient properties.

Species of the genus Cordia have shown biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, antiviral, and antifungal activities. The species Cordia glabrata (MART) A.DC. Has no information concerning its phytochemical profile and possible biological activities. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate this profile in ethanolic extracts of young, adult and senescent leaves, as well as their antioxidant, photoprotective, antimicrobial, and virucidal potentials. Phytochemical analysis was performed by TLC (thin-layer chromatography) and showed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, and terpenes. The evaluation by UPLC-MS/MS (Ultra performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometer) evidenced the presence of caffeic (3.89 mgL-1), p-cumaric (6.13 mgL-1), and ferulic (0.58 mgL-1) acids, whilst, in GC/MS (Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry) analysis there was a greater amount of palmitic (51.17%), stearic (20.34%), linoleic (9.62%), and miristic (8.16%) fatty acids. The DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS+ (2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) radicals were used to verify the potential antioxidant activity, observing a better activity for the leaf extract in the adult phenological stage: 54.63 ± 1.06 µgmL-1 (DPPH) and 44.21 ± 1.69 mM (ABTS). The potential photoprotective activity of the extracts was determined by spectrophotometry and the in vitro values of SPF (Sun Protection Factor) in young and adult leaves (5.47 and 5.41, respectively) showed values close to the minimum SPF of 6.0 required by ANVISA (Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency). It was not observed an antimicrobial activity for Staphylococcus aureus with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 2000 μgmL-1, however the anti-herpetic assay against the Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) showed a potent virucidal activity at the tested concentrations with CV50 value

Bioactive compounds in medicinal plants are believed to be an important in the folk of medicine. Many efforts have been done to discover the safe medical treatment instead of chemical drugs which have a harmful effect on the human body. In the present study the crude extracts of Pluchea dioscoridis were tested to evaluate their bioactive compounds (total phenolic and flavonoid compounds) and their effects as antiurolithiasis of human stones (calcium triphosphate (CTP), cholesterol and calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) besides, their antioxidant activities. The measured total phenolic compounds content in the methanol, ethyl acetate, and water extracts of Pluchea dioscoridiswere found to be equal to 11.842, 9.047, and 8.126 mg/g, respectively. Also, the contents of the total flavonoid compounds (total phenol) were 19.018, 15.312, and 14.022mg/g for methanol, ethyl acetate, and aqueous extracts of P.dioscoridis, respectively. The results showed that all extracts of P. dioscoridis have a significant inhibitory effect on the dissolution of the three investigated types of formed stones (CTP, cholesterol, and COM). The inhibition effect was in the order methanol > ethyl acetate > water extract. Also, it was found that all extracts for P.dioscoridis were exhibited 2, 2, diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazil (DPPH) radical, reducing power, ABTS∙+ radical, Nitric oxide radical scavenging activity. Methanol extract of P. dioscoridis exhibited the highest scavenging activity compared to ethyl acetate and water extracts. Refaat Ahmed Saber

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Research to find functional food from new natural sources has caught the attention of many researchers through the characterization of phytochemicals and biological activities. One potential source of natural ingredients is the red alga Eucheuma spinosum, which has been used as a daily source of natural food. The purpose of this study was to obtain a prospective new source of natural antioxidants from various extracts of tropical red alga (E. spinosum) through several tests, which were used as determinants of whether the alga can be used as a functional food source. MATERIALS AND METHODS Algal sample was extracted with organic solvents (methanol, n-hexane, ethyl-acetate and water) and purified by a combination of normal and reverse phase chromatography methods. RESULTS The algal extracts had antioxidant compounds based on free radical scavenging activities using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The ethyl acetate extract of E. spinosum scavenged DPPH and SOD free radicals, so that this extract was indicated contained powerful antioxidants. The result of the isolation of the antioxidant compound showed the presence of pure compound 3-(3-methoxyphenyl) propanal. CONCLUSION This study concluded that red algae E. spinosum contained natural antioxidants which have the potential to be developed as a functional food and disease prevention and treatment. In addition, the components of these antioxidant compounds from the algae have the potential to be used as natural sources of new functional ingredients.

Background and objective Bulung Sangu, like many other macroalgae, is a source of beneficial phytochemical for health. This study was aimed to determine the anti-inflammatory effect of bulung sangu ethanol extract cream. Materials and methods The compounds of bulung sangu ethanol extract were identified by using gas chromatography. The antioxidant activity of the extract was examined by the DPPH assay. The anti-inflammatory effect was analyzed in vivo against ultraviolet B (UVB) induction through variables of epidermal thickening and epidermal erosion scores. Results Our results showed that bulung sangu ethanol extract contained 18 compounds, in which, 11 compounds considered active as antioxidant and/or anti-inflammatory. Cream extract in both concentrations showed scavenging for more than 50%, with a concentration of 10% cream extract exhibited higher antioxidant activity compared to 5%. The in vivo assay showed a reduction of epidermal thickness and epidermal erosion in the application of both concentrations. The concentration of 10% cream extract showed higher reduction compared to 5% with results produced resembling normal. Conclusion It can be concluded that bulung sangu displayed a potential source for being developed for the health and medicine aspect, especially for various activities supported by antioxidants and anti-inflammatory.

The content of active compounds in methanol extract of kesambi stem bark ( Scheleicera oleosa ) is known to have good antioxidant activity. Methanol extract of kesambi stem bark contain flavonoid and fenolic compounds. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the methanol extract of kesambi in inhibiting the oxidation of crude palm oil (CPO). In this study, the extraction of kesambi stem bark was carried out with methanol solvent. Antioxidant activity test of methanol extract of kesambi using the DPPH method. The parameters observed were free fatty acids (FFA) values, acids value, and DOBI (Deterioration of Bleachability Index). The used concentration of natural antioxidant were 200; 400; 600; 800 and 1000 ppm. Based on the results of this study, the natural antioxidant of methanol extract of Kesambi stem bark ( Schleichera oleosa ) can reduce levels of free fatty acid numbers, acid value, and DOBI value. Actioxidant activity methanol extract of kesambi stem bark shown IC50 42.092 ppm. The lowest FFA levels and acid numbers were obtained from samples with addition of 1000 ppm natural antioxidants with free fatty acid (4.1%), acid value (7.7 mg KOH/g) while the DOBI value increased to 1.331. Furthermore, FFA value meets the CPO quality standard, according to SNI-01-2901-2006. Keywords: Crude palm oil, antioxidant, free fatty acid (FFA), acid value

This study aimed to investigate the phytochemical compositions and biological activities of the Thymus cariensis and T. cilicicus. The phytochemical compositions were identified by HPLC-DAD. Luteolin, rosmarinic acid, and coumarin were the major compounds in the extracts of T. cariensis while rosmarinic and vanillic acids were the dominant compounds in the extracts of T. cilicicus. The methanol extract of T. cilicicus exhibited the highest antioxidant activity in β-carotene-linoleic acid (IC50: 9.65 ± 0.81 µg/mL), and CUPRAC (A0.50: 24.79 ± 0.02 µg/mL) assays while the methanol extract of T. cariensis were found to be active in DPPH• (IC50: 17.90 ± 0.15 µg/mL) and ABTS•+ (IC50: 12.71 ± 0.40 µg/mL) assays. The methanol extracts of T. cariensis and T. cilicicus showed the best cytotoxicity against MCF-7 with IC50 values of 27.65 ± 0.96, 83.57 ± 1.20 µg/mL, respectively. The methanol extract of T. cariensis was the most efficient extract against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), urease and tyrosinase enzymes whereas the hexane extract of T. cariensis was active against α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. Moreover, a significant correlation was found between phenolic compounds and biological activities. These results show that Thymus species could be considered as a valuable resource for the food pharmaceutic and cosmetic industries due to their significant biological effects.

This study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics and mineral contents of dried extract of Averrhoa bilimbi and its antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Dried extracts leaves powder of A. bilimbi were analysed for its physicochemical properties and mineral compositions. The antioxidant and antibacterial capacities of extracts were determined by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and the disc diffusion method respectively. The functional groups from active compounds were identified by Fourier Transforms Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR). Physicochemical characteristics of A. bilimbi dried extracts, including pH and total acids dissolved in water and ethanol solvents, showed negligible differences. The dried leaves powder of A. bilimbi was rich in carbohydrate, protein, and ash contents. It also exhibited essential minerals in which potassium was the highest content. Compared to water, ethanol extract showed more scavenging property against DPPH (82.82 mg GAE/ g DW) and gave a more inhibitory effect on the growth of Salmonella sp., Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. The FTIR spectra showed phenolic compounds might be associated with the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of this extract. A. Bilimbi leaves are promising a source for the development of functional food to prevent diseases related to stress oxidative and bacterial infections.

The Indian sarsaparilla (Hemidesmus indicus) is a commonly used plant in Indian traditional medicine of Ayurveda for the preparation of various non-alcoholic beverages. However, limited studies are available on the essential oil of H. indicus roots (HRO); therefore, the study evaluated the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic activities of H. indicus root essential oil as well as insecticide potential against the common pests of stored food materials (Sitophilus oryzae, Callosobruchus maculatus and Tribolium castaneum). The repellant efficacy of HRO was found to be high against S. oryzae (8.21 ± 0.55 μg/mL). Likewise, the fumigant potential was also observed for HRO against these pests; the higher activities were observed against S. oryzae and C. maculatus (32.46 ± 1.42 and 35.18 ± 1.62 μg/L). Besides, the essential oil was also found to be active as a contact poison, however, against all the three pests, the toxicity was above 100 μg/mm3, being the highest against C. maculatus (122.8 ± 3.57 μg/mm3). To analyze the possible effect of the essential oil on grains, the different grains were allowed to germinate and compared to that of normal; thus, the non-toxic nature of HRO against the stored products is also confirmed. The essential oil shown to have DPPH hydrogen peroxide and ABTS radical scavenging, nitric oxide scavenging potential, and inhibition of lipoxgenase, alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase. Overall, the present study concludes that the H. indicus may be a suitable repellant and fumigant agent against different pests of stored products and a possible antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic agent.

In this study, it was aimed to determine the in vitro antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities of methanol (MeOH) extracts isolated from Onosma gracilis (Trautv.) and O. oreodoxa (Boiss. & Heldr.). O. oreodoxa was found to be richer in both phenolics and flavonoids than O. gracilis. The amounts of total phenolics and flavonoids in O. oreodoxa were 53.76 mg GAEs/g and 25.29 mg QEs/g, respectively. In addition to spectrophometric analysis, in chromatographic analyzes, twenty-four and twenty-six compounds were identified in O. gracilis and O. oreodoxa, respectively. High amounts of hesperidin (6647.2 and 5260.75 µg/g extract, respectively), hyperoside (7153.26 and 10216.74 µg/g extract, respectively) and rosmarinic acid (21824.33 and 87493.19 µg/g extract, respectively) were found in O. gracilis and O. oreodoxa. While O. oreodoxa showed higher activity in cupric reducing antioxidant power (CUPRAC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), phosphomolybdenum, 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, and ferrous ion chelating assays (324.22, 175.41, 719.50, 125.60 mg TEs/g extract and 25.11 mg EDTAEs/g extract, respectively), ABTS radical scavenging activity of O. gracilis (164.55 mg TEs/g extract) was higher than that of O. oreodoxa. O. gracilis also exhibited higher inhibitory activity on acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) (2.57 mg GALAEs/g extract) and α-glucosidase (1674.24 mg ACEs/g extract). On the other hand, the sample showing the most effective inhibition on α-amylase and tyrosinase was O. oreodoxa (417.34 mg ACEs/g extract and 136.18 mg KAEs/g extract, respectively). As a result of the molecular docking analysis performed to determine the contribution of hesperidin, hyperoside and rosmarinic acid to the enzyme inhibitory activity, the binding affinity and inhibition constant of hyperoside to all enzymes were quite high and therefore it was concluded that it may be the compound that contribute to the activity.

The genus Salvia is regarded as an important medicinal plant and also as spice worldwide. Current report might be counted as one of the first investigations to reveal the enzyme inhibitory and antiglycation activities, together with phenolic and antioxidant profiles of 80% methanolic extract prepared from the aerial parts of S.virgata (SVM). Furthermore, the bioavailability parameters of major phenolic compounds in SVM were evaluated. An in vitro human digestion simulation model composed of both gastric and intestinal phases was used for this purpose. Total phenolic, phenolic acid and flavonoid components of each of these phases were calculated in order to assess the phenolic profile of the samples. In addition, quantitative analysis of major bioactive compounds (rutin and rosmarinic acid), before and after the simulation, was practiced by employing High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) system. Moreover, the potential of non-digested (ND) and bioavailable (IN) phases on the inhibition of diabetes-related enzymes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) was determined. Also, the inhibitory effect of the samples on the advanced glycation end products (AGEs), formed due to hyperglycemia, was detected. In addition, cholinesterase enzyme inhibition activity of both ND and IN samples was determined. Since, the role of oxidative stress on diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases is well-known, the antioxidant potential of the samples was also estimated by different methods: DPPH and DMPD tests for free radical scavenging activity, FRAP and CUPRAC tests for metal reducing activity and total antioxidant capacity test, as well. The results showed that total phenolic contents, antioxidant potential and diabetes-related and cholinesterase enzymes inhibition of the bioavailable phase were lower than non-digested sample. Besides, in vitro human digestion simulation system had a declining influence on the concentrations of the major bioactive metabolites (rutin and rosmarinic acid).

Organic extracts of aerial parts from Tricholaena teneriffae L. (Poaceae), a wild grass largely distributed in the arid regions, were screened for their phenolic compounds, antioxidant and antibacterial activities. LC-ESI-MS analysis resulted in the identification of 21 compounds distributed into 8 phenolic acids and 13 flavonoids. Phenolic acids represented 80% of the identified compounds in alcoholic extracts. In fact, quinic acid was the major compound (11.68 mg/g) followed by 4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (3.72 mg/g) measured in the methanol extract. The methanol extract presented the highest total antioxidant capacity (617 mg AAE/g) followed by the ethyl acetate extract (437 mg AAE/g). In addition, these extracts also showed the highest DPPH• scavenging activity as evidenced by the lowest IC50 values (IC50 = 0.10–0.11 mg/ml). The ferric reducing power was also measured and the better results (EC0.5 = 0.25–0.32 mg/ml) were obtained for ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts. The methanol extract (3 mg/well) was found to be the most potent (11–16 mm) againt most tested strains and Micrococcus luteus was the most vulnerable bacteria with MIC value of 2.5 mg/ml.