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Extrahepatic cholestasis occurs with mechanical obstruction of the main extrahepatic or main intrahepatic ducts. The most common cause of extrahepatic cholestasis is common bile duct stones. This article describes hypertension in the bile ducts and acholysis developing in cholestasis, which cause serious functional and morphological changes in the liver and lead to the rapid growth of liver insufficiency. Thus, in the dynamics of extrahepatic cholestasis development there are significant shifts in blood serum of experimental animals, manifested by hyperfermentemia. These changes indicate the involvement of the liver in the pathological process, which naturally requires their correction.

The objective was to elucidate the effects of dietary guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) supplementation on broiler performance, serum enzymes, oxidative biomarkers, mitochondrial activities, carcase traits, gross lesion of cardiac muscle and liver histopathology in broilers challenged with T3-hormone. A total-of-192 one-day-old mixed sexed broilers were randomly assigned in a two factorial design, including two dietary treatments; control diet supplemented with or without T3-hormone (1.5 ppm) and GAA diet (0.06%) supplemented with or without T3-hormone (1.5 ppm). Each group was subdivided into eight replicates. Results showed interactions between GAAxT3-hormone. GAA diet significantly mitigated the negative effect of T3-hormone on serum total creatine kinase (CK), cardiac muscle (CK-MB), liver malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), mitochondrial activities of cardiac muscle and liver histopathological lesion. In conclusion, GAA at a rate of 0.06% may have the potential to mitigate the negative effect of dietary T3-hormone but could not reduce the ascites mortality at such inclusion rate.HIGHLIGHTS GAA protected heart muscle. GAA mitigated the oxidative radicals in T3-hormone challenged birds. GAA modulated the mitochondrial activities in T3-hormone challenged birds.

High altitude conditions cause changes in organism functions. Low oxygen concentration, low heat and exposure to ultraviolet rays for a long time trigger these changes. In our study, the effects of exercise at 1055m and 2500m on Malondialdehyde (MDA), Creatinine, Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) and Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Total Protein, Glucose, Cholesterol are tried to be determined. Twelve healthy individuals were included in the study. They exercised 3 hours a day for 5 days in both places. Blood samples taken into tubes with anticoagulants, both at the first day and on the fifth day, at 1055 m and 2500 m altitude before and after exercise, were centrifuged and separated into their plasma. It was found that glucose and AST (aspartate aminotransferase) increased at 2500 meters. MDA (malondialdehyde) decreased. At 1500 meters, glucose and creatinine were found to be released, while AST (aspartate aminotransferase) was decreased. Considering the samples taken 10 days after the volunteers returned from 2500 m to 1055 m, the results were found to approach 2500 m pre-exercise values. When the results of 1055 m and 2500 m were compared to the 1st and 5th days, glucose and creatinine were found to be increased both at 1050 m and at 2500 m. It is observed that LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) increased significantly at 5th of 2500m compared to 1st day. Our results showed that both exercise and high altitude affect muscle serum enzymes and glucose MDA values, but these changes do not pose a risk of disease that would require medical intervention.

Scarce data exists about serum enzyme in bariatric patients. We attempted to evaluate serum enzyme status in patients receiving Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG) and to identify related predictors. We retrospectively reviewed the patients receiving RYGB and SG in our center from January 2013 to January 2018. Anthropometric data and serum enzyme data were collected preoperatively and 6 and 12 months postoperatively. Five hundred patients (201 RYGB, 299 SG) were included. Serum enzyme abnormalities were common preoperatively, with 50.8% for elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT), 33.0% for elevated aspartate aminotransferase (AST), 36.6% for elevated γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (γ-GT), 17.6% for elevated creatine kinase (CK), 15.2% for elevated lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), 9.0% for elevated adenosine deaminase (ADA), 6.2% for elevated hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBDH), and 8.4% for decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD). After RYGB and SG, the prevalence of serum ALT, AST, γ-GT, LDH, and HBDH abnormalities reduced. The levels of ALT, AST, γ-GT, ADA, cholinesterase (CHE), LDH, CK, and HBDH reduced significantly, while amylase and SOD levels increased. Age and preoperative γ-GT level were independent predictors of ALT, AST, γ-GT, and LDH change 1 year postoperatively. Preoperative ALT, AST, ALP, LDH, and HBDH levels could predict postoperative change, respectively. Gender and surgical procedure could predict postoperative ALP change. Serum enzyme abnormalities are common in bariatric surgery candidates, with reduced prevalence of abnormalities postoperatively. RYGB and SG are related with reduced ALT, AST, γ-GT, ADA, CHE, LDH, CK, and HBDH levels, as well as increased amylase and SOD levels.

Macroenzymes are high molecular weight complexes that are formed by the binding of normal serum enzymes with circulating immunoglobulins - primarily IgG, IgA, and IgM. These high molecular weight complexes are difficult to clear through the kidneys, therefore they remain persistently elevated in the serum leading to inaccurate diagnoses and unnecessary workup. The prevalence of macroenzymes is relatively rare in the general population; however, it is an important phenomenon to be aware of when working up isolated elevations in serum enzymes. A quick and efficient test for the detection of macroenzymes is the polyethylene glycol precipitation test. Here, we present a case of macro-aspartate aminotransferase masquerading as an underlying hepatobiliary disease ultimately leading to an extensive evaluation before arriving at the correct diagnosis. This case highlights the importance of an accurate and efficient diagnosis of macroenzymes in the serum in order to prevent unnecessary healthcare utilization and also to decrease the psychological burden on the patient.

BackgroundCholesteatoma-related bone destruction is the cause of many complications due to chronic otitis media. This study aimed to evaluate osteoclastic activity in cholesteatoma-related bone destruction using tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b, an enzyme specific to osteoclastic activity.MethodSeventy-two patients diagnosed with chronic otitis media were included in this study and were divided into two groups: with and without bone destruction. The blood serum and tissue tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b levels from both groups were compared.ResultsThere were no significant differences in the level of serum enzymes between both groups. However, in tissue samples, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b levels were significantly lower in the bone destruction group than the group without bone destruction.ConclusionThis study determined that the level of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b, a specific enzyme for osteoclastic activity in cholesteatoma-related bone destruction, is locally decreased. This data suggests that osteoclastic activity may decrease in cholesteatoma-related bone destruction. However, further experimental and clinical studies are required to clarify this highly complex mechanism.

Postoperative (or postpancreatectomy) acute pancreatitis (PPAP) in the pancreatic remnant has recently been recognized as a distinct complication entity that may occur after both partial pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) and distal pancreatectomy (DP). However, it remains unclear what constitutes PPAP. Moreover, the pathophysiologic events leading to PPAP are not fully understood and no internationally accepted definition of PPAP exists. Recent studies mostly used an early postoperative increase of serum amylase above the institutional upper limit of normal to diagnose PPAP, but this resulted in exceptionally high PPAP rates exceeding 50% after PD and DP in those studies. To assume that more than 50% of those patients who had undergone PD or DP develop PPAP is at least questionable or may even be exaggerated. This article summarizes the current evidence on PPAP and on the diagnostic potential of postoperative pancreatic serum enzyme levels to identify patients suffering from PPAP.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the proteins, minerals, metabolites, and serum enzymes profile in Quarter Mile equines subjected to training for Team Penning competitions by comparing the results before and after training. The animals were from the Agricultural Exhibition Park of Uberlândia (CAMARU), in Uberlândia in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. These animals perform constant periodic training with an average duration of two and a half hours per training. Blood samples from twenty male and female equines were collected at the beginning and end of a 45-day interval and then analyzed. A 5 mL blood sample from each animal was collected before and after training by a jugular external venipuncture, and the samples were placed in a tube—without anticoagulant and containing separator gel—to obtain the serum. The components analyzed were: total proteins, albumin, globulins, albumin to globulin ratio (A:G), total and ionized calcium, phosphorus, calcium to phosphorus ratio (Ca:P), cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine, urea, alkaline phosphatase, ɤ-glutamyl transferase, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and creatine kinase (CK). Statistical differences were observed with higher values after exercise for total calcium, ionized calcium, Ca: P ratio, creatinine and ALT and decreased concentrations were found for globulins, phosphorus, cholesterol and triglycerides. Despite the changes observed in the serum concentrations of some elements after exercises, it was concluded that the animals were in adequate physical condition to perform the proposed physical exercises. O presente estudo objetivou comparar o perfil de proteínas, metabólitos, minerais e enzimas séricas em equinos Quarto de Milha submetidos a treinamento para provas de Team Penning no Parque de Exposições Agropecuárias de Uberlândia (CAMARU), Uberlândia-MG. Os animais realizavam treinos periódicos e constantes com duração de duas horas e meia em média. Foram analisadas 40 (quarenta) amostras de sangue de 20 (vinte) equinos, machos e fêmeas, coletadas em dois momentos com intervalo de 45 dias. Por meio de venopunção jugular externa, coletou-se 05 (mL) de sangue em tubo sem anticoagulante e contendo gel separador para obtenção de soro, antes e após o treinamento de cada momento. Os constituintes analisados foram proteínas totais, albumina, globulinas, relação albumina globulina (A:G), cálcio total e ionizado, fósforo, relação cálcio fósforo (Ca:P), colesterol, triglicérides, creatinina, ureia, fosfatase alcalina, ɤ-glutamiltransferase (GGT), lactato desidrogenase (LDH), aspartato aminotransferase (AST), alanina aminotransferase (ALT) e creatina quinase (CK). Sendo observado diferenças estatísticas com valores mais elevados após o exercicio para cálcio total, cálcio ionizado, relação Ca:P, creatinina e ALT e concentrações diminuidas para globulinas, fósforo, colesterol e triglicérides. Apesar das alterações observadas nas concentrações séricas de alguns elementos após a prática esportiva, conclui-se que os animais se encontravam em condicionamento físico adequado para realizarem os exercícios físicos propostos.

This study assessed the effects of galacto-oligosaccharides (Oligomate) on hematocrit, serum enzymes, total bilirubin levels, and serum electrolytes in controls and severely malnourished infants, with emphasis on gastrointestinal symptoms. Oligomate doses and phases did not affect stools frequency per day, indicating that prebiotic effect on stool may be due to the prebiotic type. The number of vomits per day during phases 2 and 3 were significantly reduced (p0.05). Moreover, prebiotics administration during phases 2 and 3 markedly improved hemoglobin levels (p

The records of 28 children whose first episode of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia occurred before 12 years (median age 10 months) were reviewed. There were 17 males and 11 females. In 17 cases the first attack occurred before the first year and in 11 of these it occurred after the first year. One case had congenital heart disease (ASD). The WPW syndrome was diagnosed in 3 cases. When first seen, most of the infants presented with signs of incipient or manifest congestive heart failure. In almost ninetenth fo cases rhere was an increased of serum enzymes (lactic dehydrogenase, creatinephosphokinase and glutamic oxaloaccetic transaminase. Digitals was effective against congestive heart failure and when continued, might prevent failure during subsequent attacks. Antiarrhythmic agents other than digitals were not used. It is recommended to continue digitalis treatment for at least one year in all patients with SVT, whether or not the first episode terminated spontaneously.

Background Anabolic–androgenic steroids (AAS) are synthetic drugs derived from testosterone, the uncontrolled usage of which may lead to serious side effects. Previous studies have shown that resistance training (RT) is the main exercise modality practiced by AAS abusers. Thus, this work was carried out to evaluate the hepatotoxic effects of sustanon (Su) as an example of AAS in trained male rats. Methods Rats were divided into sedentary/non-Su, sedentary/Su, RT/non-Su, and RT/Su. Su-administration groups received Su 10 mg/kg intramuscularly once a week for 8 weeks. In the 8-week RT, the rats climbed a vertical ladder 3 days/week. Results After Su administration, the mean values of serum parameters related to hepatic function were within normal ranges. Superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase activities were higher (P

Thirty children aged 3-10 years with clinically confirmed or suspected Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) were analyzed for chromosomal aberrations using cytological preparations, biochemical change...

Background: Acute Myocardial Infarction is the reduction of coronary flow to such an extent that supply of oxygen to the myocardium do not need the oxygen demand of myocardial tissues. The diagnosis of AMI cannot be fulfilled unless the elevated levels of serum cardiac enzymes particularly CK-MB iso-enzyme activity. The rate of release of cardiac enzymes is highly diagnostic. Aims and Objectives: Therefore, the present thesis aim is-in evaluating, whether the elevated levels of cardiac marker enzymes can be compared to the extent of the Myocardial infarction. Material and Methods: Therefore the present study was undertaken on 50 patients of MI and 50 patients of control. They were group according to the age and sex. The activity of different cardiac enzymes were studied. Result: The AMI patients had significantly elevated levels of 90% patients of high LDH values and 86% patients have elevated levels of AST. The significant elevation of serum enzymes as compared to the control. Conclusion: The magnitude of the elevated levels of enzymes can be compared to the extent of the myocardial infarction. Serum GGT can also be useful marker of oxidative stress in myocardial infarction. Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.8(2) 2017 34-37

The objective of the study was to assess the usefulness of acute-phase proteins (APPs) and serum enzymes in the evaluation of post-operative state after cartilage reconstruction in an animal model (Sus scrofa domesticus). Fifteen clinically healthy female pigs were evaluated during the first 30 days after the repair of experimentally induced articular cartilage defects using two types of biocement powders. Animals were divided into groups according to the type of biocement powder used: CAK&mdash, with amino acids (n = 6), C&mdash, without amino acids (n = 6) and the control group (Ctr) was without biocement (n = 3). The concentrations of selected APPs&mdash, serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin (Hp) and C-reactive protein (CRP), and the activities of some serum enzymes&mdash, creatine kinase (CK), alkaline phosphatase (AP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LD) were measured one day before the surgery and on days 7, 14, and 30 after the surgical intervention. The most significant changes during the evaluated period were observed in the concentrations of SAA (p &lt, 0.001) and Hp (p &lt, 0.001), with marked increase of values 7 days after surgery. There was a numerical, but not statistically significant, difference between CAK, C and Ctr groups (p &gt, 0.05). Marked variations were observed also in the activities of the evaluated enzymes, with the most significant changes in the activity of AP in the CAK group (p &lt, 0.001). Presented results suggest possible usefulness of some APPs and serum enzymes in the evaluation of post-operative inflammatory state after the reconstruction of articular cartilage defects.

Liver injury has great importance, especially the drug-induced type. To assess the protective effects of vitamin D3 in a model of acetaminophen-induced acute hepatic injury, 18 male rabbits were assigned to three groups equally. Group 1 received acetaminophen to induce acute hepatic injury by three spaced doses, group 2 received a single dose of vitamin D3 before the induction of hepatic injury, and group 3 was the control. Twenty-four hours after acetaminophen-induced injury, blood samples were taken to measure the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and albumin. Significant elevation (P ≤ .05) of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase was seen in groups 1 and 2 compared with the control. No significant variation was observed (P ≥ .05) between groups 1 and 2 regarding serum enzyme levels. In conclusion, although not statistically significant, vitamin D3 did lower the level of alanine aminotransferase, but this requires further evaluation. A new model of acetaminophen-induced acute hepatic injury was successfully achieved.

This study was designed to investigate the effects of Korean Lycii fructus water extract in Al (Aluminum) administered rats. Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into six groups: Control group, water extract group with 3% Lycii fructus, 1000 and 2000 ppm of Al groups, and 1000 and 2000 ppm of Al with 3% Lycii fructus water extract group. The Al content of rat tissue in the Al administered group was lower than that in rat tissue in the Al with 3% Lycii fructus water extract group. Plasma levels of renin and aldosterone activity was higher in the Al administration group, compared with the 3% Lycii fructus water extract group and Al administered group. Aspartate amino transaminase and alanine amino transaminase activities were elevated in the Al administered group and lower in the 3% Lycii fructus water extract group. Lactate dehydrogenase was lower in the 3% Lycii fructus water extract Al group than in the Al group. Choline acetyltransferase was higher in the 3% Lycii fructus water extract Al group than in the Al group.

Aflatoxins, toxic metabolic by-products produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, are unavoidable food contaminant and reducing their toxicity in animals is of great interest. The potential of licorice which exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties was evaluated for alleviating the AFB1-induced (Aflatoxin B1) hepatotoxicity in rat. Four experimental groups were used, each comprising 5 rats; control group (G1), licorice-received group (G2) (300mg/kg b.w intragastric daily for 7 days), AFB1-treated group (G3) (5 mg/kg b.w. one dose intrapretonial), and a group given licorice 7 days before AFB1 intoxication (G4) 24 hours later, the animals sacrificed. The activities of Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were measured in rat serum as well as histopathological examination of liver. Results revealed the following: AFB1 significantly elevated the serum ALT, AST and the liver showed diffuse necrosis, bile duct hyperplasia, congestion of the central vein and portal mononuclear cells infiltrations. Rats received licorice before AFB1, showed a significant amelioration in serum enzymes and improvement in liver tissues architecture. In conclusion, licorice was found to be safe and successful agent counteracting the toxicity induced by AFB1 in the liver of rat.

INTRODUCTION: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary malignant tumor of the liver. Hepatic metastasis occurs in 40-50% of adult patients with extrahepatic primary malignancies. The levels of enzymes alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) are deranged in pathological conditions. AIM: To study and compare the serum enzymes Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and Leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) in cases of hepatobiliary carcinoma. METHODOLOGY: 30 patients diagnosed with heptobiliary carcinoma were enrolled for the study and 50 healthy individuals of matched age and sex served as controls. Serum Leucine Aminopeptidase (LAP), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) and Gamma-glutamyl Transpeptidase (GGT) were determined and compared in study and control groups. RESULTS: The mean levels of serum ALP, GGT and LAP in the study group were 786.3±465.05 IU/L, 193.3±116.73 IU/L and 96.86±34.74 IU/L respectively. These values were significantly higher than in the control groups. Serum LAP showed abnormal levels in maximum number of cases (93.3%) followed by serum GGT in 83.3% and serum ALP in 76.6% cases. ALP, GGT and LAP levels were significantly higher in icteric and nonicteric groups as compared to control group. CONCLUSIONS: Serum ALP, GGT and LAP were significantly elevated in the patients with hepatobiliary carcinoma and the elevations were significantly higher in icteric as compared to nonicteric groups. Serum LAP is a better indicator of hepatobiliary carcinoma.

By setting up the exhaustive swimming rats model, the activity of myocardium SOD, the quantity of MDA and the serum GOT are all valued. The results indicates that after the rats took rosemary, their physical ability improved remarkably; the activity of myocardium SOD appeared superior to the control group; the quantity of MDA turned lower than the control group, which shows that rosemary enjoys much stronger influence on the anti- oxidation and anti-free-adical. Besides, their ability of counteracting the free radical of myocardium jumped to a high level. Furthermore, rosemary can also been used to protect the integrality of myocardium cell membrane; to reduce the escape of enzyme from the cell.

Many previous studies on reference intervals are hampered by the inclusion of only hospital-based populations of children and adolescents.This study included 694 children, evenly distributed from 6 months to 18 years of age. They were recruited as volunteers at child care units and schools. All subjects were apparently healthy. A questionnaire on diseases and medications was filled out by parents and by the older children.Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), albumin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), bilirubin, conjugated bilirubin, C-reactive protein (CRP), creatine kinase (CK), Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), HbA1c (mono S and IFCC calibrations), lactate dehydrogenase (LD), myoglobin and panceratic amylase were analyzed on Abbott Architect ci8200, and for HbA1c on Tosoh G7 and a mono S-system. Age- and gender-related 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles were estimated. For some analytes the differences to comparable studies were substantial.The study gives age- and gender-specific pediatric reference intervals, measured with modern methods for a number of important analytes. The results emphasize the importance to evaluate pediatric reference intervals in different populations and ethnic groups including only healthy subjects.

Present study was undertaken to elucidate the effect of Foot and Mouth Disease on the activity of different serum enzymes and hormone profile in indigenous cattle of Assam. The serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and alanine transaminase (ALT) activity did not show significant difference among the affected, recovered and control group. However, significant (P is less than 0.01) increase of aspartate transaminase (AST) activity was recorded in the affected group as compared to control. The level of T3 showed a significant (Pis less than 0.05) increase during FMD infection. T4 and cortisol hormones were also found to be increased significantly (Pis less than 0.01) in FMD affected than recovered and control group. From the present study, it can be concluded that during FMD, there is a significant increase of AST , T3, T4 and cortisol. However, no significant change was recorded in the activity of ALT and ALP during FMD infection and recovered group..

The article presents the results of serum enzymes study in endurance sports. 311 elite athletes were investigated in swimming, biathlon, cycling, cross country skiing, rowing and kayaking. Capillary blood examination was performed on training camps during ten years. We included in statistical analysis 6950 CK tests, 5904 - AST and 5667- ALT. They were analyzed depending on kind of sport, training stage preparation and gender. The physiological serum enzyme ranges of elite athletes were estimated in view of sport, gender differences and stage of preparation. Serum enzyme activity trend was found in endurance sports at various preparation stages of the annual cycle of training. The high individual variation of CK activity was in endurance sports (variation coefficient 65,0-102,9% for men and 44,0-128,8% for women). It revealed the significantly higher CK activity in men compared to women. The trend of CK activity decrease was found from preparatory to competitive period. We examined the excess frequency enzyme activity higher upper limit of reference ranges for healthy individuals. It was 29,0% for CK, 23,2% - AST and 9,3% - ALT.

Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic pain syndrome with number of symptoms that present challenge in terms of diagnosis and treatment. Patients with FM show abnormal profile of purines in plasma. In this work, we measured serum activities of enzymes involved in purine metabolism, namely total adenosine deaminase (ADE) and its isoforms (ADE1 and ADE2), ecto- ATPase, and 5′- nucleotidase (5′-NT). We also measured activity of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) and prolyl endopeptidase (PEP). Spectrophotometric and fluorometric methods were used for enzyme activity determinations. Enzyme activities were measured in sera of 24 patients with FM that were not undergoing pharmacological treatment during the study. Control group comprised 32 healthy control subjects. Significantly higher activities of total ADE (P = 0.025) and ADE2 (P = 0.011) were observed in FM patients, while no significant differences in ADE1, ecto-ATPase, and 5′-NT activities (P > 0.05) were found when compared to healthy controls. Moreover, increase in the activity of DPPIV (P = 0.015) and lower activity of PEP (P = 0.011) were also found in the FM group. ROC analysis pointed to different diagnostic sensitivities/specificities for individual enzyme activities measured as follows: ADE (50.0/87.5), ADE2 (41.7/90.6), DPPIV (62.5/71.9), and PEP (83.3/62.5). ADE2 and PEP were shown to be independent predictors of FM, while combination of the two gives AUC of 0.786 (95 % confidence interval of 0.656–0.885, P < 0.05). Our results are showing that serum activities of ADE2 and PEP could be useful as biomarkers for FM diagnosis. However, relatively low diagnostic sensitivity of ADE2 and specificity of PEP must be taken into account.

The effect of trans fatty acids on some serum enzymes and immunological parameters in male albino Wistar rats was evaluated in this study. Fifty (50) male Wistar albino rats weighing between 100-140g were divided into five groups of ten rats each. The animals were fed varying proportions of trans fatty acids (15% and 25%) respectively using margarine and thermoxidised palm oil as sources.The control received palletized grower’s feed. The feeding experiment lasted for eight (8) weeks after which the animals were sacrificed and sera collected for analyses. Results showed significant decrease/increase in levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) respectively.CD4+ levels and basophils count were increased in the test groups except group 3 compared to the controls. Lymphocytes showed significant decreases (P

The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of the oral administration of Jatropha curcas seed meal (JCSM) on serum biochemical parameters and histopathology of skin, liver, and kidney of rabbits experimentally infested by Hyalomma marginatum marginatum. Thirty healthy mixed-breed rabbits were randomly divided into five equal groups. The first group was kept as a control and fed soya bean meal. The remaining groups were fed diets containing 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, or 10% JCSM. At the sixth week, each group was divided into two subgroups. Ticks were introduced to all members of one subgroup, the other subgroup being kept as control. Blood samples were collected and analyzed for biochemical parameters before (zero time) and after the treatment, on the 6th and 8th weeks. Histopathological studies were conducted 8 weeks after the treatment. The results revealed that JCSM could be used in the treatment of ectoparasites at levels of less than 10% in the diet without any serious effects on liver and...

Zusammenfassung In 4 Versuchen wurden je 4 Mastkalber bei der Einstellung (1. Transport) und nach sechswochiger Mastzeit (2. Transport) je einem anstrengenden Kraftfahrzeugtransport unterworfen. Die mittleren Gewichtsverluste beim Transport betrugen 4,6–7,8%. — Vor, wahrend und nach den Transporten wurden pro Kalb 30 Bestimmungen der Serumenzyme GOT, GPT, LDH und CPK durchgefuhrt. Im Vergleich zu den im Herkunftbestand und im Institutsstall ermittelten Normalwerten stieg die Aktivitat der Serumenzyme beim 2. Transport in allen Fallen, beim 1. Transport nicht regelmasig, signifikant an. Die Steigerung betrug fur GOT 7–38%, GPT 29–83%, LDH 14–42%, CPK 30–308%. Geschwindigkeit und Grad der Aktivitatssteigerung war bei CPK am hochsten, die Dauer der Erhohung am geringsten. Erkrankungen hatten bei 2 Kalbern eine erheblich starkere Aktivierung der Serumenzyme zur Folge als die Transporte; der Anstieg betrug fur GOT 176% bzw. 501%, GPT 287% bzw. 607%, LDH 60% bzw. 129% und CPK 493% bzw. 1250%. Auf dem erhohten Niveau reagierte ein erkranktes Kalb auf die Transportbelastung mit einer weiteren Steigerung der Enzymwerte. Summary The influence of transport stress on the activity of GOT, GPT, LDH and CPK in the serum of calves In 4 experiments, using each time 4 fattening calves, the animals were exposed initially (1st transport) and again after 6 weeks fattening (2nd transport) to a stressful journey by lorry. The mean loss of weight resulting from the transport was 4.6–7.8%. Before, during and after the journey the serum levels of GOT, GPT, LDH and CPK were determined in each calf by 30 measurements of these enzymes. In comparison to the values found in the housing from which the animals came and in the Institute housing, the serum enzyme activity rose in all the calves at the 2nd transport and after the 1st transport in some animals, in all cases significantly. The rise for GOT was 7–38%, GPT 29–83%, LDH 14–42% and CPK 30–308%. The rate and degree of the rise was greatest for CPK, but the duration of the rise was least. Disease in two calves produced a much more marked activity of serum enzymes than did transport — for GOT 176 and 501%, GPT 287 and 607%, LDH 60 and 129% and CPK 493 and 1250%. At the peak level a sick calf exposed to transport stress showed a still further rise in the enzyme values. Resume Influence du stress de transport sur l'activite de TGO, TGP, LDH et CPK dans le serum sanguin chez des veaux On a soumis lors de 4 essais et a chaque fois 4 veaux d'engrais a un transport eprouvant par camion lors de leur installation (ler transport) et apres 6 semaines d'engraissement (2eme transport). La perte de poids moyenne lors du transport alla de 4,6–7,8%. On a procede a 30 determinations des enzymes seriques TGO, TGP, LDH et CPK par veau avant, pendant et apres les transports. L'activite des enzymes seriques augmente de facon significative dans tous les cas lors du 2eme transport, mais pas regulierement lors du ler transport si on la compare aux valeurs moyennes normales relevees dans l'etable d'origine et a l'institut. L'augmentation est de 7–38% pour TGO, 29–83% pour TGP, 14–42% pour LDH et 30–308% pour CPK. La rapidite et le degre d'augmentation fut le plus eleve avec CPK alors que la duree de l'augmentation fut la plus faible. Des maladies provoquerent une activite des enzymes seriques nettement plus elevee que celle relevee lors des transports chez deux veaux; l'elevation fut de 176 et 501% pour TGO, 287 et 607% pour TGP, 60 et 129% pour LDH, 493 et 1250% pour CPK. Un veau malade reagissait au stress d'un transport et au plus haut niveau avec une nouvelle augmentation des valeurs enzymatiques. Resumen Influjo del sobrecargo de transporte sobre la actividad de GOT, GPT, LDH y CPK en el suero sanguineo de los terneros En 4 ensayos se sometieron, cada vez, 4 terneros de engorde con ocasion de la alta (primer transporte) y tras un periodo de engorde de seis semanas (2° transporte), a una traslacion fatigosa con camiones. Las perdidas medias de peso a raiz del transporte eran del orden de 4,6–7,8%. Antes, durante y despues de los transportes se realizaron por ternero 30 valoraciones de las enzimas sericas GOT, GPT, LDH y CPK. En comparacion con el efectivo ganadero de origen y los valores normales hallados en la vaqueria del Instituto aumento la actividad de las enzimas sericas durante el 2° transporte en todos los casos de forma significante, mientras que en el primer transporte no lo hizo de forma regular. El incremento importo para GOT 7–38%, GPT 29–83%, LDH 14–42%, CPK 30–308%. La velocidad y el grado de aumento de la actividad era maximo en CPK, siendo minima la duracion del aumento. Las enfermedades ocasionaron en 2 terneros una activacion mucho mas considerable de las enzimas sericas que los transportes; el aumento alcanzo para GOT 176% resp. 501%, GPT 287% resp. 607%, LDH 60% resp. 129% y CPK 493% resp. 1.250%. En el nivel elevado, reacciono un ternero enfermo al sobrecargo del transporte con un aumento nuevo de los valores enzimaticos.

Summary The serum enzyme activity of 26 cows showing clinical signs of paresis (post parturient recumbency, downer cow syndrome) was determined. The sera of affected cows revealed a significant decrease in inorganic phosphorus. Levels of glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, serum pyruvic transaminase and alkaline phosphatase were significantly higher than in cows with normal delivery. Cows with normal delivery showed physiological levels of the enzymes. Zusammenfassung Die Aktivitat einiger Serumenzyme bei Kuhen mit Festliegen Bei 26 Kuhen, welche klinisch Paresesymptome (Festliegen nach der Geburt, „downer-syndrom“) aufwiesen, wurde die Aktivitat einiger Serum-enzyme bestimmt. In den Seren war der Gehalt an anorganischem Phosphor vermindert. Die Aktivitat der Glutaminsaure — Oxalessigsaure — Transaminase, der Pyruvat-Transaminase und der alkalischen Phosphatase war bei den Patienten signifikant hoher als bei gesunden Kuhen. Tiere mit Normalgeburten wiesen normale Enzymwerte auf. REsume L'activite de quelques enzymes seriques chez de vaches paraplegiques On determine l'activite des enzymes seriques chez 26 vaches presentant les symptomes cliniques d'une paresie (paraplegie post-partum, «downer-syndrom»). Les serums des vaches atteintes revelent une diminution significative du phosphore inorganique. Les activites de la transaminase glutamique oxalacetique, de la transaminase pyruvique et de la phosphatase alcaline sont significativement plus Elevees que chez les vaches avec mise-bas normale. Chez ces dernieres, les activites enzymatiques sont normales. Resumen Actividad de algunas enzimas sericas en vacas con paresia En 26 vacas que presentaban sintomas clinicos de paresia (fiebre vitularia, «sindrome de abatimiento») se valoro la actividad de algunos fermentos sericos. En los sueros se hallaba disminuido el contenido en fosforo inorganico. Las actividades de la transaminasa glutamico-oxalacetica, transaminasa piruvica y fosfatasa alcalina eran significativamente mayores en los pacientes que en las vacas sanas. Los animales con partos normales presentaban niveles enzimaticos fisiologicos.

Summary From 35 spastic and 31 normal calves, blood samples were taken for enzymological investigation. Serum GOT, CPK and LDH (total and isoenzymes), remain within normal limits. The significantly higher (P < 0.01) differing serum GOT and CPK values in spastic animals probably only reflect the secondary effect of prolonged muscle spasm in spastic animals. From 35 spastic and 22 normal animals biopsies of the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle were taken and histologically compared. These investigations failed to reveal any etiological factor responsible for bovine spastic paralysis. Zusammenfassung Spastische Parese des Rindes Eine vergleichende Untersuchung der Serumenzyme und Biopsien des M. gastrocnemius Von 35 Kalbern, die an spastischer Parese erkrankt waren und 31 gesunden Kalbern wurden Serumenzyme untersucht. Die Aktivitaten der GOT, CPK und LDH (Total- und Isoenzyme) kranker Tiere bewegten sich zwar noch innerhalb der normalen Schwankungsbreiten. Die GOT- und CPK-Aktivitaten waren aber bei den erkrankten Tieren signifikant hoher als bei den gesunden. Die totale LDH-Aktivitat zeigte keinen Unterschied zwischen den beiden Tiergruppen. Immerhin waren die LDH3-Werte bei den spastischen Tieren signifikant kleiner als bei den gesunden. Die abweichenden GOT- und CPK-Werte bei den spastischen Tieren durften wahrscheinlich lediglich durch die lange dauernden Muskelspasmen verursacht sein. Fur die Abweichung der LDH3-Werte kann keine Erklarung gegeben werden. Von 35 erkrankten und 22 gesunden Tieren wurden Biopsieproben des lateralen Kopfes des M. gastrocnemius histologisch untersucht. Bei den erkrankten Tieren waren die Muskelzellkerne etwas kleiner. Diese Erscheinung durfte lediglich auf die allgemeine Atrophie des M. gastrocnemius zuruckzufuhren sein. uber die atiologie der Krankheit ergeben sich aus den Untersuchungen keine neuen Erkenntnisse. Resume Parese spastique du veau Etude comparative des enzymes seriques et de biopsies du muscle gastrocnemien Les enzymes seriques ont ete recherchees chez 35 veaux atteints de paresie spastique et chez 31 veaux en bonne sante. Les activites de TGO. CPK et LDH (enzyme totale et isoenzyme) des animaux malades varierent a l'interieur d'une marge normale. Les activites de TGO et CPK furent plus elevees chez les animaux malades. L'activite totale de LDH n'a presente aucune difference entre les deux groupes d'animaux. La valeur de LDH3 fur toutefois significativement plus faible chez les animaux spastiques. La deviation des valeurs de TGO et CPK chez les animaux malades a ete probablement provoquee par les spasmes musculaires de longue duree. Aucune explication n'a ete trouvee pour la deviation de la valeur de LDH3. Des echantillons de biopsie de la tete laterale du muscle gastrocnemien ont ete examines histologiquement chez 35 animaux malades et 22 sains. Les noyaux des cellules musculaires etaient un peu plus petits chez les animaux malades. Cette donnee morphologique devrait etre certainement en rapport avec l'atrophie avec la tendance vers l'atrophie du muscle gastrocnemien. Ces recherches n'ont rien apporte de nouveau concernant l'etiologie de la maladie. Resumen Paresia espastica de los vacunos Un estudio comparativo de las enzimas sericas y biopsia del m. gastrocnemio Se examinaron las enzimas sericas de 35 terneros enfermos de paresia espastica y de 31 terneros sanos. Las actividades de la GOT, CPK y LDH (total e isoenzimas) de los animales enfermos se mantenian aun dentro de los limites normales. Pero las actividades GOT y CPK eran significantemente superiores en los animales dolientes a las de los sanos. La actividad LDH total no presentaba ninguna diferencia entre los dos grupos animales. Sin embargo, los valores LDH3 eran significantemente menores en los animales espasticos que en los sanos. Resulta probable que los valores GOT y CPK divergentes en los animales espasticos solo se debieran a los prolongados espasmos musculares. No se puede ofrecer explicacion alguna por la desviacion de los valores LDH3. Se examinaron histologicamente muestras biopsicas de la cabeza lateral del m. gastrocnemio de 35 animales enfermos y 22 sanos. En los animales dolientes eran algo menores los nucleos miofibrilares. Tal vez se deba este fenomeno solo a la atrofia general del m. gastrocnemio. De los resultados obtenidos no se desprenden conocimientos nuevos sobre la etiologia de la enfermedad.

Summary 1 The hepatotoxicity of chloramphenicol in normal goats after i. v. injection of a therapeutic dose (40 mg./kg. b. wt.) was studied by measuring CHE, GPT, GOT and γ-GT activities in serum. 2 CHE and γ-GT activities significantly declined 1–48 hours after medication. The most pronounced fall was observed after 24 hours with CHE and 4 hours with γ-GT. 3 Both transaminase activities rose; GPT values were higher than GOT. The activity of GPT was raised between 1 and 48 hours after chloramphenicol treatment and its maximum level occurred after 4 hours. GOT activity increased between 4 and 72 hours and its maximum was at 48 hours. 4 Through calculation of the ratios GOT/GPT and γ-GT/GOT, as a further diagnostic aid in hepatotoxicity, there is an indication that chloramphenicol when injected i. v. in normal goats induced liver damage. Zusammenfassung Enzymatischer Nachweis der Hepatotoxizitat von Chloramphenicol bei Ziegen 1 Durch Bestimmung der Aktivitat von CHE, GPT, GOT und γ-GT wurde die Hepatotoxizitat von Chloramphenicol (therapeutische Dosen von 40 mg/kg. Kgew. i. v.) bei gesunden Ziegen untersucht. 2 Die Aktivitat von CHE und γ-GT zeigte innerhalb der ersten 48 Stunden nach der Medikation eine signinkante Senkung. Die groste Abnahme wurde bei der CHE nach 24 Stunden und bei der γ-GT nach 4 Stunden gefunden. 3 Die Transaminase-Aktivitaten erhohten sich, und zwar die GPT starker als die GOT. Die GPT-Aktivitat stieg wahrend der 1.–48. Stunde nach der Chloramphenicol-Behandlung an und erreichte den hochsten Wert nach 4 Stunden. Die GOT-Aktivitat stieg zwischen der 4.–72. Stunde an und erreichte das Maximum nach 48 Stunden. 4 Die Berechnung des GOT/GPT- und γ-GT/GOT-Quotienten, welche ein weiteres Diagnostikum fur eine Hepatotoxizitat darstellt, zeigt, das i. v. Applikation von Chloramphenicol bei gesunden Ziegen eine Leberschadigung hervorruft. Resume Mise en evidence enzymatique de la toxicite hepatique du chloramphenicol chez des chevres 1 On a examine la toxicite hepatique du chloramphenicol chez des chevres saines (doses therapeutiques de 40 mg/kg de poids i/v) en determinant l'activite de CHE, TGP, TGO et γ-TG. 2 L'activite de CHE et γ-TG s'est abaissee significativement dans les premieres 48 heures qui ont suivi le traitement. La plus forte diminution a ete trouvee apres 48 heures por CHE et apres 4 heures pour γ-TG. 3 Les activites des transaminases ont augmente et plus fortement pour TGP que pour TGO. L'activite de TGP a augmente entre 1 et 48 heures apres les traitement au chloramphenicol et a atteint la valeur la plus elevee apres 4 heures. L'activite de TGO augmenta entre 2 et 72 heures pour atteindre un maximum apres 48 heures. 4 Le calcul des quotients TGO/TGP et γ-TG/TGO, qui representent un diagnostic supplementaire pour une toxicite hepatique, a montre qu'une application i/v de chloramphenicol chez des chevres en bonne sante provoque une lesions hepatique. Resumen Identificacion enzimatica de la hepatotoxicidad de cloramfenicol en cabras 1 Mediante la valoracion de la actividad en suero sanguineo de CHE, GPT, GOT y γ-GT se estudio la hepatotoxicidad del cloramfenicol (dosis terapeuticas 40 mg./kg. peso corporal iv.) en cabras sanas. 2 Las actividades de CHE y γ-GT mostraban un descenso significante durante las 1–48 horas primeras despues de la medicacion. El descenso mas pronunciado se observo en la CHE tras 24 horas y en la γ-GT al cabo de las 4 horas. 3 Aumentaron las actividades de las dos transaminasas, siendo mayores los valores de GPT que los de GOT. La actividad de GPT crecia durante la 1° a la 48° hora tras el tratamiento con cloramfenicol, alcanzando su nivel maximo tras 4 horas. La actividad de la GOT aumentaba entre la 4° y la 72° hora, alcanzando el maximo despues de 48 horas. 4 Muestra el calculo de los cocientes GOT/GPT y γ-GT/GOT, que son una ayuda diagnostica mas en la hepatotoxicidad, que la administracion iv. de cloramfenicol a cabras sanas induce una lesion hepatica.

Summary Thirty-four foals with muscular dystrophy and twelve control foals were studied. Clinical course, serum activity of aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) and creatin kinase (CK), muscle biopsies and postmortem changes were investigated. Most cases were seen within the first three days of life. There was no sex or breed predilection. Foals with the acute stage of muscular dystrophy showed difficulties in standing up, had stiff and swollen muscles, and tachycardia. The serum activity of ASAT and CK was increased in all diseased foals. Myofibrillar degeneration, necrosis, phagocytosis and muscle fibre regeneration was evaluated by repeated muscle biopsies which gave a good picture of the muscular changes at various stages of the disease. The morphology of the biopsies was correlated with the levels of serum enzymes. Myofibrillar damage was the earliest change seen at ultrastructural examination. Very young foals showed only slight pallor or no changes in affected muscles at necropsy. This indicates the importance of histopathological exmination of skeletal muscle in foals with clinical signs of muscle disease without macroscopic lesions. Zusammenfassung Muskeldystrophie beim Fohlen Bei 35 Fohlen mit Muskeldystrophie und 12 Kontrolltieren wurden folgende Kriterien untersucht: Klinischer Verlauf, Serumaktivitat der Aspartataminotransferase (ASAT) and der Kreatinkinase (CK), Muskelbiopsien und postmortale Veranderungen. Die meisten Falle wurden innerhalb der ersten 30 Lebenstage beobachtet. Es bestand keine Pradisposition bezuglich Geschlecht oder Rasse. Im akuten Stadium der Erkrankung zeigten die betroffenen Fohlen Schwierigkeiten beim Aufstehen, steife und geschwollene Muskeln und Tachykardie. Bei allen erkrankten Tieren waren ASAT und CK erhoht. An wiederholten Muskelbiopsien wurden die myofibrillare Degeneration, die Phagozytose und die Regeneration der Muskelfasern beurteilt, so das ein gutes Bild uber die Muskelveranderungen wahrend der verschiedenen Stadien der Krankheit entstand. Die morphologischen Veranderungen in den Biopsien korrelierten mit den Konzentrationen der Serumenzyme. Die fruhesten myofibrillaren Schaden wurden bei der ultrastrukturellen Untersuchung erkannt. Sehr junge Fohlen zeigten bei der Sektion nur eine leichte Aufhellung oder gar keine Veranderungen an den betroffenen Muskeln. Dies unterstreicht die Notwendigkeit von histopathologischen Untersuchungen an Skelettmuskeln von Fohlen mit klinischen Anzeichen einer Myopathie ohne makroskopisch erkennbare Lasionen. Resume Dystrophie musculaire chez le poulain Les criteres suivants ont ete examines chez 35 poulains atteints de dystrophie musculaire et chez 12 animaux de controle: evolution clinique, activite serique, aspartataminotransferase (ASAT) et creatinkinase (CK), biopsies musculaires et lesions post mortem. La plupart de ces cas ont ete observes dans les 30 premiers jours de vie. Il n'y pas eu de predisposition par rapport au sexe ou a la race. Au stade aigu de la maladie, les poulains atteints ont presente des difficultes en se levant, des muscles raides et enfles et un tachycardie. ASAT et CK furent augmentes chez tous les animaux malades. La degenerescence myofibrillaire, la phagocytose et la regenerescence des fibres musculaires ont ete examinees sur des biopsies musculaires repetees, si bien qu'une bonne image des lesions musculaires pendant les stades differents de la maladie est ressortie. Les lesions morphologiques dans les biopsies furent en correlation avec les concentrations des enzymes seriques. Les degâts myofibrillaires precoces ont ete reconnus par un examen ultrastructurel. Les tres jeunes poulains n'ont montre a l'autopsie qu'une legere decoloration ou pas de lesions du tout sur les muscles atteints. Ceci soligne la necessite de proceder a des examens histopathologiques sur les muscles du squelette des poulains presentant des signes cliniques d'une myopathie sans lesions macroscopiques visibles. Resumen La distrofia muscular en potros En 34 potros con distrofia muscular y 12 animales testigos se estudiaron los criterios siguientes: Curso clinico, actividad serica de la aspartatoaminotransferasa (ASAT) y creatinaquinasa (CK), biopsias musculares y modificaciones postmortales. La mayoria de los casos se observaron en los 30 dias primeros de vida. No existia predisposicion alguna con respecto a sexo o raza. En el estadio agudo de la enfermedad mostraban los potros afectados dificultades al levantarse, musculos rigidos y tumefactos y taquicardia. En todos los animales se hallaban incrementadas ASAT y CK. En biopsias musculares repetidas se evaluaron las degeneraciones miofibrilares, la fagocitosis y la regeneracion de las fibras musculares, de manera que se obtuvo una imagen buena de las modificaciones en le musculo durante los estadios diferentes de la enfermedad. La morfologia de las biopsias fue corelacionada con los niveles de enzimas sericas. Las lesiones miofibrilares fueron el cambio mas precoz visto al examen ultraestructural. Los potros muy jovenes mostraban solo en la necropsia una decoloracion ligera o incluso ningun cambio en los musculos afectados. Esto indica la importancia de examenes histopatologicos en los musculos del esqueleto de potros con signos clinicos de una miopatia sin lesiones macroscopicas visibles.

The investigation was conducted on 35 clinical cases of hepatic insufficiency in buffaloes. The cases for study were selected on the basis of clinical symptoms and results of liver function tests. All these cases were anorectic and non-febrile. Non-hepatic causes of inappetance were also ruled out before selecting a case for study. Twenty apparently healthy buffaloes from same areas from where the animals were brought were kept as controls for comparison. Liver function tests like Serum aspartate amino transferase (AST/ SGOT), Serum alkaline phosphatase (SAP), enzyme Serum gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), Serum total proteins and Serum total bilirubin were performed in all the diseased as well as control animals. Results of the study indicated significantly higher activities of serum enzymes AST, SAP and GGT along with significantly higher levels of serum total bilirubin in diseased buffaloes while serum total protein values were found to be significantly lower compared to healthy controls. It was concluded that these liver function tests can be reliable indicators of hepatic insufficiency in buffaloes.

The use of petroleum samples as medicaments either due to poverty or ignorance is becoming a source of worry. Unfortunately, the elderly and children are most vulnerable. Crude petroleum is usually given to some children when they convulse as anticonvulsant. Incidentally, the liver is the site where most drugs and other ingested substances are metabolized and detoxified. It was based on this, that some liver function enzymes such as the transaminases and alkaline phosphatase activities were employed to assess the state of the liver in albino rats after exposure to crude petroleum (Bonny light). The rats were placed in four groups and were intraperitoneally administered 6.0, 12.0 and 30.0gkg -1 of crude petroleum (Bonny light) respectively, for 2 phase periods of 1and 2 months. .At the end of each period, rats were withdrawn from each group for analysis. The control rats were similarly treated with normal saline. Blood samples were taken for serum enzymes aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The results revealed significant increases in the activities of AST and ALP in rats exposed to crude petroleum in a dose-dependent manner, compared with control (P

The present study draws attention to a late rise in SGPT following acute myocardial infarction (AMI) beginning about 4 days after the SGOT max. This observation is illustrated by an investigation of 7 patients, selected because of this finding, and 7 controls, also with an AMI, but without this enzyme pattern. Peak SGOT and LDH enzyme levels during the acute phase were similar in the two groups. The late SGPT rise was associated with high serum alkaline phosphatases 2 weeks after the AMI, but not 5–9 months later. Two weeks after onset of symptoms BSP excretion was commonly impaired but failed to separate the two groups. In contrast to the controls, BSP excretion was significantly improved at reinvestigation 5–9 months after the AMI in the group with the SGPT rise. 17) and can at times jeopardise the serum enzyme diagnosis of AMI (4, 5). The present investigation of patients with AMI was initiated by repeated observations of a late rise in SGPT beginning about a week after onset of symptoms and exceeding simultaneous SGOT values. This rise was usually not accompanied by a rise in SGOT and was therefore assumed not to reflect reinfarction, nor was there any clinical evidence of this being the case. In an attempt to clarify this enzyme rise a further evaluation was made of hepatic function in 14 patients with AMI, 7 with and 7 without this enzyme rise.

The relationship between manganese (Mn) treatment and changes in the activities of serum, liver, and brain high and low molecular weight alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was investigated. Results obtained showed that every other day intrapritoneally injection of 175 µmol kg−1 Mn to male rats for two consecutive weeks produced decreased levels of liver and brain ALP activity, while a serum enzyme activity was significantly elevated. Chronic exposure to 68.7 µmol kg−1 Mn produced a significant fall in liver and brain levels of ALP activity and a rise in serum activity. Using gel filtration chromatography technique with sephacryl S300 showed that, in comparison to control, serum and liver homogenate from Mn-treated groups displayed a significant level of high molecular weight ALP, which might be considered as a potential biomarker for Mn toxicity.

Summary This study determined the normal enzyme levels in horses, cattle, and dogs for a group of 10 enzymes. The enzyme tests were then evaluated under clinical conditions, and case histories are presented to illustrate the useful applications of these tests. Following clinical evaluations, the tests were grouped into profiles for the study of disease syndromes. Each profile contained the tests of greatest value in evaluating a specific organ or tissue. Sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) and glutamic dehydrogenase (GLDH) are enzymes found primarily in the liver and are combined with the less tissue specific glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT) to monitor hepatocellular degeneration. Aldolase (ALD) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) are enzymes found primarily in skeletal muscle. Elevations of ALD, CPK, and GOT can assist in the diagnosis of skeletal muscle degeneration. Not only are the newer enzyme tests relatively organ specific but also offer greater sensitivity than has previously been obtained.

Twelve patients with polymyositis or dermatomyositis were examined repeatedly during the course of the illness by muscle strength tests, serum enzyme determinations, frequency analysis of the electromyographic signal, and estimations of the spontaneous activity. All methods can be used to follow the course of the disease. Increasing muscle strength was correlated to decreasing serum enzyme values, decreasing spontaneous activity, and decreasing proportion of high-frequency components in the EMG signal, except during the initial period of treatment, when a temporary increase in high-frequency components was recorded.

We diagnosed exertional myopathy (EM) in a grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) that died approximately 10 days after capture by leghold snare in west-central Alberta, Canada, in June 2003. The diagnosis was based on history, post-capture movement data, gross necropsy, histopathology, and serum enzyme levels. We were unable to determine whether EM was the primary cause of death because autolysis precluded accurate evaluation of all tissues. Nevertheless, comparison of serum aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase concentrations and survival between the affected bear and other grizzly bears captured by leghold snare in the same research project suggests EM also occurred in other bears, but that it is not generally a cause of mortality. We propose, however, occurrence of nonfatal EM in grizzly bears after capture by leghold snare has potential implications for use of this capture method, including negative effects on wildlife welfare and research data.

Serum enzymes were studied in 377 apparently healthy sheep from three indigenous sheep breeds of Ethiopia. The effect of breed, age, sex and season on alanine aminotransferase (ALT)/glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST)/glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and acid phosphatase (AcP) levels was assessed. The mean serum enzymes levels of the indigenous Menz, Tukur and Wello sheep breeds ranged from 17.2–17.7 IU l−1, AST/GOT from 50.4–56.6 IU l−1, ALP from 93.2–103.9 IU l−1, and AcP from 2.47–2.56 IU l−1, were within the normal range for sheep elsewhere. Season had significant influence on all serum enzymes except for the AcP in Menz breed. Sex had significant effect on AST/GOT for Menz and on ALP for all sheep breeds, with consistently higher values in males than in females. Age was significant only on ALP in the Menz and Tukur breeds. The serum enzyme levels of these indigenous sheep breeds can be used as normal reference values for Ethiopian sheep breeds adapted to similar agro-ecology and production system.

Serum enzymes were studied in 163 apparently healthy goats from three indigenous goat breeds of Ethiopia. The effect of breed, age, sex and season on alanine aminotransferase (ALT) / glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) / glutamic oxalacetic transaminases (GOT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and acid phosphatase (AcP) levels was assessed. The mean serum enzymes levels of the indigenous Arsi-Bale, Central Highland and Long-eared Somali goat breeds ranged from 14.0-20.2 iu L(-1) for ALT/GPT, from 43.2-49.3 iu L(-1) for AST/GOT, from 83.7-98.8 iu L(-1) for ALP, and from 2.99-4.23 iu L(-1) for AcP, were within the normal range for goats elsewhere. Breed had significant influence on AST/GOT values. Sex had significant effect on ALT/GPT for Arsi-Bale goats with higher values in males than females. Age was significant on all serum enzymes studied in the Arsi-Bale goats and on ALP in the Central Highland goats. Season had significant influence on all serum enzymes except for ALT/GPT in the Arsi-Bale goats. The serum enzyme levels of these indigenous goat breeds can be used as normal reference values for Ethiopian goat breeds adapted to similar agro-ecology and production system.

Total creatin kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) serum levels depend on age, gender, race, muscle mass, physical activity, and climatic conditions. High CK serum levels in athletes following rest and without any further predisposing factors should prompt a full diagnostic workup, with special regards to signs of muscle weakness or other signs not always evident. In subjects who have silent myopathy, repeated intense prolonged exercise may produce negative effects, because given the continuous loss of muscle proteins, it does not induce the physiological muscle adaptations to physical training. Serum total LDH and specific isozyme activities change with the training status of the athlete. Variation in LDH isozymes profile might have a role in studying muscle response to training.

Piroxicam is one of the important therapeutic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory class of drugs used mainly to suppress pain and inflammation in arthritis and other musculoskeletal disorders. Besides being anti-inflammatory, these drugs are analgesic and antipyretic often used for the relief of nonspecific fever condition. Recently, piroxicam has also gained attention as an effective therapy for tumors, colorectal, and invasive bladder cancers. The objective of the current study is to evaluate the protective effects of the alcoholic leaf extract of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (AEH), Malvaceae, against piroxicam-induced toxicity in mice. Sixty adult Swiss albino mice ( Mus musculus) were divided into four groups ( n = 10), which included a control group, a group treated orally with AEH (30 mg kg–1 b.w.) for 15 days, a group treated orally with piroxicam (6.6 mg kg–1 b.w.) for 15 days, and another group treated orally with piroxicam and AEH for 15 days. The results indicated that treatment with piroxicam alone resulted in a significant increase in the activities of serum marker enzymes, namely, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase with profound hepatic lipid peroxidation as evidenced by a marked increment in the level of thoibarbituric acid reactive substances along with a distinct diminution in reduced glutathoine content and various antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase in the liver. However, treatment with AEH during piroxicam treatment retrieved or partially antagonized the effects induced by piroxicam toward the normal values of controls. Histopathological observations also corroborate with the above findings. It can be concluded that AEH exhibited a protective action against piroxicam toxicity and effective in combating oxidative stress-induced hepatic damage.

Purpose: to discuss the biologic and chemical mechanism of the influence on the organisms' health exerted by different athletic loads. Method: experimental method is adopted to observe the influence of different athletic loads for six weeks continuously on such indices as IgG, CK, LDH, GPT-ALT and so on in the rats' blood. Results: The IgG in the rats' serum of 15 normal exercise rats in this test significantly rises with significant difference compared with the control group (P