Search

Contagious ecthyma (Orf) is a viral skin condition caused by a parapoxvirus. It results in cutaneous lesions that destroy the hides and skin of the infected host. In this study, the pathogenicity of Malaysian isolates of Orf virus (UPM 1/14 and UPM 2/14) was evaluated in a rat model using different inoculation sites with/without dexamethasone administration. A total of 50 rats were used in this study. For the first part of the study, 35 rats were divided into three groups; group 1 (n = 15) was inoculated with 0.5 mL of UPM 1/14 (tissue culture infective dose 50% (TCID50) 108.1/mL) while group 2 (n = 15) was inoculated with 0.5 mL of UPM 2/14 (TCID50 107.2/mL) each at the dorsum (n = 5), ear pinna (n = 5), and labial commissure (n = 5). Group 3 (n = 5) served as the control and was administered 0.5 mL of phosphate-buffered saline in all the sites mentioned above. In the second study, 15 rats were divided into three groups: a dexamethasone group (n = 5) which was given 10 mg/kg of dexamethasone once daily for 3 days, a non-dexamethasone group (n = 5), and a control (n = 5). Intradermal inoculation of 0.5 mL of UPM 1/14 was administered to each rat in the dexamethasone and non-dexamethasone groups at the dorsum, ear pinna, and labial commissure, respectively. Clinical signs and histopathological changes were evaluated for 14 days post inoculation for the first experiment and 7 days for the second experiment. Mild hyperemia was observed in the dorsum, ear pinna, and labial commissures of all inoculation groups. Group 1 (ORFV UPM 1/14) had a higher (P 0.05) in the mean thickness of the stratum basale of the ear pinna and labial commissure between the dexamethasone and non-dexamethasone groups. Orf virus was detected by PCR from the skin tissues of rats with lesions using F1L and B2L viral genes. In conclusion, Malaysian isolates of Orf virus were seen to be mildly pathogenic to rats. The difference in inoculation sites and the induction of immune suppression were observed to present varying pathological responses in rats.

Lead acetate (PbAC) toxicity can occur by either ingestion or inhalation from contaminated surfaces or from the environment. Nigella sativa is a natural product with immense pharmacological properties, which include antioxidant, antibacterial, and antianemia properties. It has been showed to counter the effect of PbAC-induced hematological and biochemical changes in short-term studies. This study hypothesized that the N. sativa (NS) administration will ameliorate the deleterious effects of chronic PbAC toxicity in rats. A total of 75 Sprague Dawley rats were divided into three groups of 25 rats, and each group was further sub-divided into five groups of five rats each. Group 1 rats (negative control) were given distilled water, group 2 (positive control; PC) were given 10 mg/kg of lead acetate (PbAC) daily, and groups 3 (T1), 4 (T2), and 5 (T3) were each given 10 mg/kg of PbAC followed by graded concentrations of powdered seeds of NS; 100, 150, and 200 mg/kg, respectively. Five rats in each group were euthanized at 30, 60, and 90 days for collection of whole blood and selected organs. Whole blood was collected after euthanized via cardio puncture and used to evaluate the complete blood profile, while plasma was used for biochemical analysis. Tissue samples of the liver and kidney were fixed with 10% buffered formalin, processed, and stained with H&E and periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) for the liver. Aggression and fear were increased in the PbAC-exposed group and absent in the T3 group. There was a lower (p

Apparently healthy male Nigerian Sahel goats (n = 125) aged 18–30 months old and weighing 10–25 kg were selected at slaughter by stratified quota sampling, into 5 groups of 25 each with varying testicular sizes, in order to investigate the occurrence of dyspermatogenesis. Testicular sizes were categorized as very small, small, medium, large and very large using gonadosomatic index values of 1–2, >2–3, >3–4 and >4 g/kg, respectively. Left testes and epididymides were homogenized with formalized normal saline for sperm cell count by manual cytometry. Right testes were fixed in 10% buffered formalin and processed for histopathological examination. Cauda epididymal sperm counts of zero and

Lead acetate (LA) is a toxic compound that has detrimental effects on the male reproductive system, such as decreased testicular size and function, low androgen hormone concentration, and altered testicular histology. While Nigella sativa (NS) has been shown to possess a handful of therapeutic benefits, few studies have shown its effect on damage caused by lead acetate toxicity in the male reproductive system. In this study, 75 Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups of 25 rats, which were further subdivided into 5 subgroups each. Group 1 (negative control) was given distilled water, group 2 (positive control (PC)) administered 10 mg/kg of lead acetate (LA) orally/daily, while groups 3 (T1), 4 (T2), and 5 (T3) were given LA 10 mg/kg and graded concentrations (100, 150, and 200 mg/kg) each of NS. One group each, comprising of 25 rats, was euthanized at days 30, 60, and 90 for collection of blood plasma, epididymis, and organ tissues fixed in 10 % buffered formalin at each time interval. The right caudal epididymis was homogenized and used for the determination of spermiogram. Plasma was used for the determination of testosterone (TS), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) and estradiol (EST) using radioimmunoassay kits. There was reduced number of spermatogenic cells and epididymal sperm reserves in the PC group in comparison to the treatment groups. The level of TS was lower (p

Iridovirus is the causative agent of grouper iridovirus infection (GIV), which causes severe epizootics resulting in large-scale mortalities and huge economic losses in cultured and marine fishes worldwide. The current study evaluated the gross and histopathological lesions, and molecular detection of GIV in naturally infected grouper farms in Malaysia. A total of 150 moribund fish showing different clinical signs, presented to the Aquatic unit were used for this study. The fish were necropsied and visceral organs (spleen, kidney, heart, liver, intestine, brain, eyes, gills, and some parts of skin with ulcer) were collected and fixed in 10 % buffered formalin for histopathological processing and evaluation. Molecular detection of the virus was done by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Grossly, the groupers had ulceration on the operculum and close to the caudal fin with hemorrhages on the margin of the caudal fin. In some fish, there was necrosis of the caudal fin, sloughing of the epidermis, dermal ulceration and popeyes Histological sections showed large basophilic cytoplasmic inclusions and vacuolations in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes. Basophilic or eosinophilic enlarged cells with the presence of mononuclear cellular infiltrations were seen in the kidney, liver, eye and gills, which is the distinctive feature of this disease. PCR detection showed positive amplification from 27 groupers. Based on the gross, histopathological and molecular detection GIV infection was established.

Background Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis biotype ovis is a bacterium that causes caseous lymphadenitis (CLA), a chronic disease of sheep and goats characterized by the formation of suppurative abscesses in superficial and visceral lymph nodes and internal organs of small ruminants. This study was designed to evaluate the reproductive hormonal changes (estrogen and progesterone) and histopathology in the reproductive organs and associated lymph nodes of does challenged with C. pseudotuberculosis biotype ovis and its immunogen; corynomycolic acid. A total of 12 healthy non-pregnant female goats were grouped into three: A, B and C consisting of four does each. Group A was intradermally inoculated with 2 mL of sterile phosphate buffered saline (PBS) pH 7 (negative control group); group B was intradermally inoculated with 2 mL of corynomycolic acid extract (CMAs), while group C was intradermally inoculated with 2 mL of 10⁹ colony-forming unit (cfu) of live C. pseudotuberculosis. Blood samples were also collected at predetermined intervals for estrogen and progesterone hormonal assays. The does were euthanized 90 days post challenge and tissue samples of the uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, cervix and associated lymph nodes were collected and fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for histopathological processing. The result showed various degrees of histopathological changes (hemorrhage, congestion, degeneration, necrosis, edema, leucocytic infiltrations) in the reproductive organs and associated lymph nodes of both inoculation groups. Increases in estrogen hormone concentration were observed in both inoculation groups in comparison to the control group. However, progesterone concentration was only increased in group C. This study highlighted that corynomycolic acid extract from C. pseudotuberculosis biotype ovis resulted in significant histopathology in the reproductive organs and associated lymph nodes of does and increase estrogen concentration.

Pasteurella multocida is responsible for one of the major animal diseases with economic importance in both developed and developing countries. P. multocida B:2 causes haemorrhagic septicemia (HS) in cattle and buffaloes, which result in heavy economic losses through direct effect, resulting in high mortality rates and indirect effects through impairment of the animal productivity. It is well known that HS affects mainly the respiratory and digestive tracts of host animals. However, involvement of the reproductive system in the pathogenesis of HS has not been reported previously. This study was designed to present detailed detection and histopathological changes of the reproductive system and mammary glands of buffaloes experimentally infected with P. multocida B:2. Briefly, nine healthy buffalo calves aged 8-month-old were divided into three groups of three calves each. Calves from groups 1 and 2 were inoculated subcutaneously and orally with 10 mL of 1 × 1012 cfu/mL of P. multocida B:2, respectively, while calves of group 3 were inoculated orally with 10 mL of phosphate buffer saline as a sham control. All the calves in group 1 had to be euthanized after 12 h post-infection, while calves in group 2 were euthanized after day 21 post-infection. Successful isolation and PCR confirmation of P. multocida B:2 was achieved from different parts of the reproductive system, including ovary, oviduct, uterine horn, uterine body and vagina as well as mammary glands and supramammary lymph nodes of the buffaloes in group 1 after 12 h post-infection. However, P. multocida B:2 was not detected in the reproductive organs of buffaloes in group 2 and group 3 after 21 days post-infection. Significant differences (P

Gonado-hypophyseal lesions and reproductive hormonal changes in Brucella melitensis-infected mice and its lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were investigated. Forty-eight mice (24 males and 24 females) were used as infection models in this study, and they were divided into three equal separate groups of eight mice based on their sex: M1, M2, and M3 and F1, F2, and F3 (M = Male, F = Female). Groups M1 and F1 were orally inoculated with sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and served as the negative control. Groups M2 and F2 were orally inoculated with 0.4 ml of 109 colony-forming units (cfu) of B. melitensis, while groups M3 and F3 were orally inoculated with 0.4 ml of LPSs from 109 cfu of B. melitensis. All the groups were observed for 10 days for changes in clinical signs or signs of mortality and then euthanized. Whole blood was collected via cardiac puncture, while tissues were fixed in 10 % formalin for histopathological processing. Histopathological lesions in the male and female reproductive tracts ranged from mild to moderate degenerative, inflammatory, and necrotic lesions. These changes were moderate in M2 than in M3 in males and in F3 than in F2 groups in females. Lesions in the pituitary gland ranged from mild to moderate inflammation and necrosis with astrogliosis. F2 and M2 groups had more lesion distribution in the pituitary gland than F3 and M3 groups. There was a 13 % decline in progesterone concentration in F2 and a 44 % decline in F3. Estradiol level declined by 33 % in F2 and slightly increased by 4.2 % in F3. Progesterone-estrogen ratio (P/E) increased by 31 % in F2 and declined by 46 % in F3. Testosterone concentration increased by 74 % in M2 and decreased by 56 % in M3. The study showed that oral administration of B. melitensis affects the pituitary gland and may alter the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.

Dystocia or difficulty in parturition in a ewe may need veterinary assistance for the successful parturition. An adult ewe weighing 30 kg was presented to the Hospital of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia with the history of difficulty in giving birth. Physical examination of the ewe revealed that the animal was weak and in recumbent position. Head of a dead fetus was observed as protruding out from the vulva region. Through physical evaluation of the ewe by per vaginal examination, the condition was diagnosed as fetal dystocia. Treatment and management plans given to the ewe were episiotomy and manipulative delivery of the dead fetus via mutation and traction method. Post-operative treatment was given with Flunixin meglumine (dosed at 2.2 mg/kg bwt) for 3 days, and Norodine (dosed at 1 mL/16-kg bwt) once intramuscularly. The case was completely cured after 2 weeks. The risk of losing the lamb as well as the ewe increases with delay in treatment of dystocia.

Orf is a clinical manifestation of parapoxvirus infection often fatal in goats and sheep especially when they are under stress or influenced by unfavorable environment. This study investigated the pathogenicity of two Orf virus isolates (ORFV UPM1/14 and UPM2/14) and host response in mouse model by using different inoculation sites with/without prior exposure to dexamethasone. Treatments with dexamethasone served as an immunosuppressant that may mimic stress situation in affected animals. Groups of five mice were given intradermal injection of 0.2 mL of tissue culture infective dose 50 (TCID50) of UPM1/14 (Group 1) and UPM2/14 (Group 2) at the dorsum (Group 1A; Group 2A), ear pinna (Group 1B; Group 2B), and labial commissure (Group 1C; Group 2C). An inoculum 0.2 mL of UPM1/14 was administered to animals treated with dexamethasone (n=5; 5 mg/kg/day intraperitoneally) and nondexamethasone (n=5) groups at the dorsum, ear pinna, and labial commissure. No significant difference (p>0.05) was observed in the mean lesion scores among the groups of different inoculation sites or between dexamethasone-treated and nontreated groups. However, there was a significant difference (p

Oral infections of mice as animal model with Pasteurella multocida type B: 2 and its lipopolysaccharides is liable to cause detrimental alterations in the pituitary glands, which results in disruption of reproductive hormonal levels as well as organ functions in the male and female animals; thereby impeding the fertility of at risk animal population. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the histopathological modifications in the pituitary glands, reproductive organs and the associated hormonal levels in male and female mice inoculated orally with P. multocida type B: 2 and its lipopolysaccharides. Forty eight mice were divided into three groups consisting of sixteen mice each (8 male and 8 female in separate cages). Group 1 served as the control group and were inoculated orally with 0.4 mL Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS), group 2 were inoculated orally with 0.4 mL of 109 Colony Forming Unit (CFU) of P. multocida type B: 2 while group 3 were inoculated orally with 0.4 mL of LPS from 109 of colony P. multocida type B: 2. There were significant differences (p

Haemorrhagic Septicaemia (HS) is a fatal systemic disease of bovines typified by an acute, highly fatal septicaemic disease with high morbidity and mortality. In this study, sixty five adult ICR mice were used for the study. In the first phase, 5 mice each were inoculated with 109 cfu of P. multocida type B:2 through the intraperitoneal route. After development of classical signs of HS, the mice were euthanised and dropped into a tank of river waterfor 24, 48 and 72 h. Contaminated water from the tank were collected at the three different times (24, 48 and 72 h) and was used for intraperitoneal, oral and aerosol inoculation of 15 mice each with a dose of 1 mL-1 109 cfu (intraperitoneal and aerosol) and 0.4 mL-1 109cfu (oral). The control group (n = 5) was given phosphate buffered saline. All mice in the three groups and control were culled after 72 h post inoculation and the vital organs (liver, spleen, lung, kidney, heart, brain) were collected in 10% buffered formalin, procesed, sectioned and stained with H&E. Degeneration and necrosis, hemorrhage and infiltration of inflammatory cells were the most observed lesions in all the organs, while thrombosis and oedema were least observed. The lesion severity was moderate to severe using contaminated water at 72 h post contamination and mild to moderate when inoculated with water 24 and 48 h post contamination. Mice inoculated through the oral and intraperitoneal routes recorded more severe lesion compared with those inoculated through the aerosol route. However, using contaminated water at 24 h, mice inoculated through the aerosol route had the highest distribution of inflammatory cells in the lungs, which declined following inoculation with contaminated water at 48 and 72 h, respectively.This study has shown that contamination of water bodiesby carcasses of HS infected animals is a likely source of infection to heathy animals in the wild and that development of lesions severity is time dependant and significantly higher using contaminated water at 72 h than water contaminated for 24 and 48 h. This further indicates the danger of leaving decomposing carcasses in water bodies for prolonged periods.

A 350kg Friesian cross was presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University Putra Malaysia with a complaint of a bulging vagina one month after paturition. On physical examination, there was evidence of a grade I vaginal prolapse with presence of a yellowish mucoid secretion from the vulva. All the vital parameters were normal. Blood workout showed leucocytosis accompanied by neutrophilia with left shift, lymphocytosis and monocytosis. Creatine kinase was elevated ten folds, while serum globulin was only slightly elevated. There was a slight decline in calcium level in the blood. The prolapse was corrected surgically by applying Buhner's suture. Systemic analgesic, antibiotic, multivitamin and calcium infusion were administered to minimize pain, prevent bacterial complication and normalize the calcium level in the blood, respectively. The prognosis was good and the prolapse regressed completely after a week. Prompt and timely management of vaginal prolapse is necessary in order to avoid serious complications that may predispose to uterine infections, infertility and death due to septicemia. Keywords: Vaginal prolapse; Diary cow; Buhner's suture; Calcium

The study of pathological conditions of the male reproductive system is paramount to understanding reproductive inefficiency in the Sahel goat. In this study, 1048 Sahel bucks presented for slaughter at the Maiduguri metropolitan abattoir were evaluated for the presence of various pathological abnormalities of the reproductive system. A total incidence of 15.08% was recorded for various pathological conditions, with testicular, penile, and scrotal conditions having incidences of 7.82%, 4.80 and 2.50%, respectively. Bilateral testicular hypoplasia and atrophy and unilateral cryptorchidism accounted for incidences of 4.10%, 2.38%, and 1.24%, respectively, while paraphimosis and scrotal laceration had incidences of 1.72% and 1.05%, respectively. Age specific incidence of pathological conditions were not significant(P>0.05)between bucks aged (P<0.05)incidence of pathological conditions than other age groups. Histopathological evidence of inflammation, degeneration, and atrophy was observed in the testes, while inflammatory changes were observed in the prepuce.

Colibacillosis is one of the major cause of mortality among young calves due to severe diarrhoea associated with calf scour and septicaemia. A two weeks old male Friesian cross calf weighing about 50 kg was presented to the large animal clinic of the University Veterinary Hospital with complains of yellowish-watery diarrhoea for the past two days, lethergy and recumbency. The calf was dull and depressed, diarrhoeic, dehydrated with bilateral sunken and congested eyes. Three other calves had recently died of recurring similar symptoms in the same herd. Antibiotic and fluid therapy with analgesic as adjunct treatment plan, but the calf died while being treated.The blood biochemical analysis revealed hyperkalaemia, hypocalcaemia, slightly elevated urea, creatinine and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Necropsy findings were congestion and haemorrhage in the abomasum, jejunum and colon with sloughing off of the mucosa. The liver was pale, kidneys and heart were congested and haemorrhagic. Bacteriological examination revealed that E. coli was consistently isolated in biopsy samples of the visceral organs. Improved sanitation and provision of adequate colostrum to new-born calves have forestalled the occurrence of the disease in the herd.

Shaymaa Fadhel Abbas Albaayit,1,2 Yusuf Abba,3 Rasedee Abdullah,4 Noorlidah Abdullah1 1Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; 2Department of Biology, Collegeof Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq; 3Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, 4Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Abstract: Clausena excavata is a natural herb with both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It has been used for decades in folkloric practice for the amelioration of various ailments. In this study, the gastroprotective activity of methanolic extract of C. excavata leaves (MECE) was determined in the Sprague Dawley rat ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model. Rats were pretreated with a single dose of vehicle (5% Tween 20), 20 mg/mL omeprazole, 400 and 200 mg/mL of MECE dissolved in 5% Tween 20. Ulcer was induced with 5 mL/kg of ethanol and stomach tissue was obtained after 1 hour. Histological examination was done on hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid-Schiff, and immunochemically stained gastric mucosal tissues. Prostaglandin E2, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and lipid peroxidation levels of the gastric tissue homogenates were also determined. Significantly (P

Background Hemorrhagic septicemia is a fatal disease of cattle and buffaloes caused by P. multocida. Although the pathogenesis of the bacteria has been well established in literature, there is a paucity of information on the possible role of the bacteria and its immunogens; lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and outer membrane proteins (OMPs) on the reproductive capacity of buffalo heifers. Methods In this study, twenty one healthy prepubertal female buffaloes aged 8 months were divided into seven groups of 3 buffaloes each (G1-G7). Group 1 (G1) served as the negative control group and were inoculated orally with 10 mL sterile Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS), groups 2 (G2) and 3 (G3) were inoculated orally and subcutaneously with 10 mL of 1012 colony forming unit (cfu) of P.multocida type B: 2, while groups 4 (G4) and 5 (G5) received 10 mL of bacterial LPS orally and intravenously, respectively. Lastly, groups 6 (G6) and 7 (G7) were orally and subcutaneously inoculated with 10 mL of bacterial OMPs. Whole blood was collected in EDTA vials at stipulated time points (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 120, 168, 216, 264, 312, 360, 408, 456 and 504 h), while tissue sections of the pituitary glands were collected and transported to the histopathology laboratory in 10% buffered formalin for processing and Hematoxylin and eosin staining. Plasma levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), progesterone (PG), estradiol (EST) and gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) were determined. Results The histopathological lesions observed in the pituitary gland included hemorrhage, congestion, inflammatory cell infiltration, hydropic degeneration, necrosis and edema. These changes were higher (p

This study was designed to evaluate the uteri of camels and cows slaughtered in north-eastern Nigeria with the aim of determining the reproductive efficiency of these species. Three hundred and twenty-two (322) camelids and 180 bovine uteri were examined bacteriologically and pathologically using standard protocols. The result showed that there were 86 bacteria isolated from camels with Staphylococcus aureus (46.5 %), Escherichia coli (33.8 %), and other coliform species (18.6 %) being the most prominent isolates; while in the cow, there were 92 isolates, with E. coli (57.6 %), S. aureus (15.2 %), and Streptococcus pyogenes (12.0 %) being the most frequently isolated. The major isolates from both species were similar, but higher isolation rate (p

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosiscauses caseous lymphadenitis (CLA), which is a contagious and chronic disease in sheep and goats. In order to assess the histopathological changes observed in the reproductive organs of nonpregnant does infected with the bacteria, 20 apparently healthy adult Boer does were divided into four inoculation groups, intradermal, intranasal, oral, and control, consisting of five goats each. Excluding the control group, which was unexposed, other does were inoculated with 107 CFU/1 mL of liveC. pseudotuberculosisthrough the various routes stated above.Thirty days after infection, the ovaries, uterus, and iliac lymph nodes were collected for bacterial recovery and molecular detection, as well as histopathological examination. The mean changes in necrosis, congestion, inflammatory cell infiltration, and oedema varied in severity among the ovaries, uterus, and iliac lymph nodes following different inoculation routes. Overall, the intranasal route of inoculation showed more severe (p<0.05) lesions in all the organs examined. The findings of this study have shown thatC. pseudotuberculosiscould predispose to infertility resulting from pathological lesions in the uterus and ovaries of does.

Shaymaa Fadhel Abbas Albaayit,1,2 Yusuf Abba,3 Rasedee Abdullah,3 Noorlidah Abdullah1 1Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University ofMalaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; 2Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq; 3Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty ofVeterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Abstract: Clausena excavata is a well-known plant used in folkloric medicine for the treatment of different ailments. This study aimed to determine the in vitro cytoxicity of its leaf solvent extracts as well as the in vivo wound healing and antioxidant activities of the methanolic extracts of C. excavata (MECE). HaCaT (keratocyte) and Vero cell lines were used for evaluation of the in vitro cytotoxic effects, while the in vivo wound healing and antioxidant activities were determined in skin wounds inflicted on rats. Twenty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups of four animals each. Approximately 3.14 cm2 excisional wound was inflicted on the nape of each rat following anesthesia. The treatment groups received topical application of MECE at 50 mg/mL (MECE-LD [low dose]), 100 mg/mL (MECE-MD [medium dose]), and 200 mg/mL (MECE-HD [high dose]), while the negative control group was treated with gum acacia in normal saline and the positive control group with intrasite gel. Wound contraction was evaluated on days 5, 10, and 15 after wound infliction, and tissue from wound area was collected at day 15 post-wound infliction for antioxidant enzyme evaluation and histopathological analyses. Generally, Vero cells were more resistant to the cytotoxic effects of the solvent extracts as compared with HaCaT cells. Chloroform (CH) and ethyl acetate (EA) extracts of C. excavata were toxic to HaCaT cells at 200 and 400 µg/mL, but the same concentrations showed higher (P

A two year old Australian Feral male goat weighing 30 kg was presented to the large animal unit of Universiti Putra Malaysia Veterinary Hospital with the clinical signs of conjunctivitis and corneal ulceration with purulent ocular discharge. A sterile swab was taken from the eyefor bacteriological culture and the culture yielded a mixed growth of Pseudomonas aeroginosa and Moraxella caprae.The conditionwas diagnosed as pink eye disease. The goat was administered 3ml of 20mg/kgoxytetracyclinesubconjunctival injection of 0.4ml, intravenous injection of 2.2mg/kg Flunixin meglumine (antipyretic) agent, topical application of terramycine eye ointment and infusion of 2L of 0.6% Nacl solution. The signs of conjunctivitis and corneal ulcersof the eye had substantially reduced five days post treatment. Quarantine of infected animals, good quality feeding and fly control wasrecommendedas preventive measures. Keywords: Pink eye, goat, Moraxella caprae, bacteriology

A five years old Sambar deer was presented to the University Veterinary Hospital of Universiti Putra Malaysia. The deer was physically diagnosed with clinical signs of depression, lethargy, teeth grinding, pallor of mucous membranes, the vital parameters showed pyrexia (40.90C), increase in pulse (197beats/min.) and respiratory rates (42 circles/min.). Laboratory examination of the Buffy coat by micro haematocrit centrifugation technique revealed the presence of motile flagellates. Buffy coat smear examination confirmed the presence of Trypanosome spp. The disease was diagnosed based on clinical signs and laboratory finding. Diminazene Aceturate at a dose rate of 3.5mg/kg bodyweight was administered intramuscularly, coupled with multivitamin and fluid therapy proves effective in treating the condition. This report shows the significance of wild ruminants in maintaining the transmission cycle of this parasite and timely treatment could resolve the disease condition.

The biological cycles of milk production and reproduction determine dairy profitability thus making management decisions dynamic and time-dependent. Metabolic diseases pose significant risk on net earnings of a dairy enterprise. We report a case of clinical hypocalcaemia (milk fever). A 7-year-old Jersey cross cow weighing 500 kg was presented with left lateral recumbency with the neck curved towards the flank. The case history indicated that the animal had calved two months ago and was semi-intensively managed. There was no history of vaccination and deworming. The daily production of milk was about 13 liters.

Pasteurella multocida type B: 2 is responsible for major animal diseases of economic importance in both developed and developing countries. Haemorrhagic Septicaemia (HS) could inflict devastating effects on blood tissues and organs in the host animal. Therefore, the current study aims to investigate the haematological and clinico- pathological responses in mice following oral inoculation of graded doses of Pasteurella multocida type B: 2 and its lipopolysaccharide. Sixty healthy Balb c mice were placed in twelve plastic cages each one containing five mice. The mice were divided into three major groups (A, B and C). Group A is the control group (n=10) and these were inoculated with 0.4 ml of PBS pH 7.4 orally. The treatment groups (B; n=25 and C; n=25) were inoculated with P. multocida type B: 2 and its lipopolysaccharide respectively. The mice in group B and C were further divided into five subgroups. The subgroups were designated based on the graded doses as B101, B103, B105, B107 and B109 for Pasteurella multocida and C101, C103, C105, C107 and C109 for LPS respectively. The mice were observed for 120 hours post- inoculation. The clinical signs (Ruffled fur, Ocular discharges, Level of alertness and Laboured breathing) were significantly different (p

Foetal membranes are said to be retained when they fail to be expelled within 3-4 hours after parturition. Retained foetal membranes are often complicated by septic metritis and toxaemia within 2-3 days postpartum if not promptly treated. In this case report, a 4 year old female Jamnapuri goat weighing 60kg was presented to the large animal clinic of the Universiti Veterinary hospital, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) with the complaint of difficulty in breathing, coughing, in appetence, dehydration and recumbency a few days after kidding. Following physical examination, haematological and biochemical analysis, a tentative diagnosis of septicemia with concomitant diarrhoea was made. The initial treatment instituted was aimed at stabilizing the patient through intravenous fluid (IVF), non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) and antibiotics therapies. Unfortunately the doe died and necropsy examination revealed a pneumonic lung, mastitis, pin point ecchymotic haemorrhages on the abomasal mucosa with moderately pale and mottled liver and pieces of macerated placenta in an inflamed uterus. The cause of death was fulminant septicemia arising from the retained foetal membranes, with complications of pneumonia, enteritis and mastitis. Prompt implementation of herd health program is paramount in reducing mortalities in goat farms.

This case reports bacterial co-infection in a dead albino python ( Python bivittatus ). The snake was brought in dead to the Universiti Veterinary Hospital, Universiti Putra Malaysia. Necropsy was conducted and organ samples were sent for virus and bacterial isolation, as well as histopathology. Gross pathological lesions include congestion of the heart, spleen and liver and presence of superficial whitish circumscribed spots in the lungs. Bacterial culture showed the presence of Salmonella enterica ssp arizona, Plesiomonas shigelloides and Enterobacter cloacae . Histopathological evaluation showed evidence of necrosis, degeneration and heterophil infiltration in the liver, kidney, heart and lungs. The snake was diagnosed to have died of bacterial septicemia. Keywords : Bacterial isolation, Captive snake, Histopathology, Python bivittatus, Septicemia

Milk fever is a condition where the animal’s body fails to maintain the calcium homeostasis following an upsurge demand of calcium during gestation or lactation. This case reports the clinical management of suspected stage II milk fever with retained placenta in a Friesian cow after parturition of twin calves. A four-year-old Friesian cow weighing 400kg was presented with primary complaint of weakness and inability to stand a day after parturition of two calves. Physical examination revealed that the cow was on sternal recumbency and unable to stand, while the placenta was seen hanging from the vulva region. All vital parameters were normal but the cow was having a weak cardiac rythm. The differential diagnoses at this point of time were milk fever, downers’ cow syndrome and hypophosphatemia. The cow was diagnosed with suspected milk fever based on the history of parturition of two calves and thus leading to hypocalcaemia. The cow was treated with flunixin meglumine 1.1mg/kg once intravenously as anti-inflammatory, anti-pyrexic and analgesic. Then, 500mL of calcium borogluconate (23%) was administered intravenously slowly at the rate of 1drop/second as a source of calcium. The cow responded well to treatment after 10 minutes of administration. In addition, 0.9% normal saline was lavaged into the uterus to irrigate the retained placenta. Subsequently, 20mL of oxytetracycline (20mg/kg) was infused into the uterine body as the final lavage. Finally, broad spectrum long acting oxytetracycline (20mg/kg) antibiotic was given once intramuscularly to prevent secondary bacterial infections. Therapeutic treatment to restore the calcium level in the blood should be the main focus during the management of milk fever.

This case report describes the clinical management of a severe gangrenous mastitis in a 35 kg adult doe. The doe was presented to the Universiti Putra Malaysia Veterinary hospital with a complaint of lack of milk production four days after kidding. Clinical examination revealed anorexia, increased body temperature, pulse rate and response to pain upon palpation of the udder. There was exudation of blood-tinged foul smelling exudates when the mammary gland was expressed. Clinical laboratory findings revealed the presence of anemia, neutrophilia with a left shift and monocytosis. Serum biochemistry showed hypophosphatemia, hypocalcaemia, hypocreatinemia, hyperuricemia and hyperproteinemia. The doe was administered with Benacillin (1 ml/25 kg) intramuscularly 3/7, flunixin meglumine (2.2 mg/kg) intravenously 7/7, 23% calcium borogluconate (15 ml) subcutaneously and oxytetracycline (20 mg/kg) once intramuscularly. Medical management of this case was not successful and bilateral mastectomy was opted and performed. the doe recovered as was discharged. To prevent mastectomy due to gangrenous mastitis, early intervention is critical and paramount.

A pregnant Saanen doe aging 1.5-year and weighing 40 kg was presented to the Large Animal Unit of Universiti Putra Malaysia Veterinary Hospital with history of inability to stand up. Transabdominal ultrasonography of the animal revealed two live fetuses at late pregnancy. Blood examination revealed decreased lymphocyte numbers, and increased monocytes count. Biochemical analyses showed marked decrease in glucose level and elevated level of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and creatine kinase (CK). The goat was administered with 200 mL 20% Dextrose (G-20), NaCl solution (at 1.3 mL/animal), Flunixine meglumine (at 2.2 mg/kg bwt), and Vitavet multivitamin (at 1 mL/10 kg bwt). The prognosis of the case was grave, and the goat was sacrificed in order to save the fetuses. However, the fetuses were died within 10 min. Necropsy of the doe showed pale, yellow and friable liver and congested lungs, while histopathological evaluation of the liver showed diffuse hepatic lipidosis. Pregnancy toxemia in doe can be prevented by providing proper nutrition. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/javar.2015.b78

This paper reports how a 4-year old Friesien-Sahiwal cross cow weighing 380 kg with horn gore injury on the left labia of the vulva was managed at the Large Animal Clinic, University Putra Malaysia. The lacerated wound measuring about 4-cm long was originated as a result of horn goring from another cow two weeks prior presentation of the cow to the clinic. Physical examination of the cow incidentally revealed urticaria on the left ventro-lateral aspect of the neck suspected to be sequel of hypersensitivity. The wound was treated by topical application of a mixture of Iodine, Benacillin LA, Biomectin 1% and Ilium Dermapred made into cream. While the uticaria was treated by intramuscular injection of Chlorpheniramine maleate at 0.5 mg/kg bwt. Animal management, housing design and presence of sharp horns are some of the factors that can lead to physical traumatic injuries in dairy cows. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2015; 2(3.000): 366-368]

A 4 years old Jamnapari cross buck weighing 50 kg was presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Universiti Putra Malaysia, with a primary complaint of dry crusty and alopecic skin lesions on the ventral neck, thoracic, abdominal, scrotal, perianal, and interdigital regions. The animal was physically sound with normal appetite and was managed intensively for breeding purposes. Hematological analysis showed a marked leucocytosis characterized by eosinophilia and netrophilia with degenerative left shift. Skin scrappings taken showed no ectoparasites and the vital parameters were within the normal range. Other systems appeared normal except the integumentary system which showed crusty and alopecic skin lesions on different parts of the body. The case was first tentatively diagnosed as dermatitis and effectively managed following a gradual change of feed and the administration of a single intradermal injection of 50 mg (10 mg/kg) chlorpheniramine maleate, 50 mg of long acting oxytetracycline hydroxide (20 mg/kg, I.M) repeated four days later and multivitamin injection, 10 mg/kg for five days. This report highlights the significance of atopic dermatitis among goats and the need for its early and effective management in breeder farms and to provide a simple systematic approach for veterinarians and animal scientists in diagnosing and managing the condition.

An intensively managed five days old female Friesian cross breed calf weighing approximately 30kg was presented to the University Veterinary Hospital, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM). The complaint was that the calf had swollen navel and joints and had not been able to stand up properly and frequently fell down. But the calf was alert and the appetite was normal at the time of presentation. On physical examination, body condition score was 2.5 out of 5 and and temperature was 39.3 °C (slight pyrexia), pulse and respiratory rates were within the normal range. The navel was swollen with dark necrotic tissues within the navel opening with presence of foul smelling odour. Both the carpal joints of the forelimbs and the hock joints of the hind limbs were swollen. Arthrocentesis and Jugular venipuncture were performed to collect samples for synovial fluid cytology, haematology and blood chemistry. Based on the history, physical examination and laboratory findings, the calf was diagnosed to have navel ill with associated joint ill. Treatment was performed by umbilical debridement and cleaning of necrotic tissues and debris with subsequent application of povidone of iodine. Flunixin meglumine, 1.1 mg/kg, 0.7 mL, was given intramuscularly, twice daily for 3 days as analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic agent. A combination of penicillin and dihydrostreptomycin (1.2mL) at a dosage of 1 mL/25 kg body weight was administered intramuscularly, once daily for 5 days. Remarkable progressive improvement was observed 3 days after commencement of treatment. The umbilical care by debridement of necrotic tissues and debris and topical antisepsis, coupled with systemic antibiotic therapy using combination of penicillin and dihydrostreptomycin was effective in the treatment of navel ill and/or joint ill.

This case report describes a case of suspected omphalitis in a female two-week-old Katjang cross kid. The kid was weak and on lateral recumbency. It had hypothermia, bradycardia and shallow breathing with thumping sound at the end or expiration. The kid died and post-mortem examination revealed multiple hepatic abscesses, fibrin attachment between the liver and the diaphragm, cloudy yellow fluid in the peritoneal cavity and severe generalized congestion of the small intestine. The findings suggest the kid had died of a septic shock.

This clinical case reports the prompt actions taken to diagnose clinical case of endometritis in a cow where prompt treatments were able to solve the case successfully. A 3 year-old, Friesien-cross cow weighing 400kg with body condition score of 2 out of 5 was presented to the University Veterinary Hospital, Universiti Putra Malaysia with primary complain of inappetance. Clinical evaluation revealed that the heifer was pyrexic, dull and depressed with pale mucous membrane. The most prominent abnormality observed was the yellowish mucopurulent discharged from the vulva opening. As for diagnostic work-ups, rectal examination was performed where the uterus was having a doughy consistency during palpation. Mucopurulent discharged from the vulva was collected for bacteria isolation and antibiotic sensitivity test. The bacterial isolated from the pus were Arcanobacterium pyogenes which was resistant to streptomycin and sulfadiazine-trimethoprim and Eschericia coli that was resistant to streptomycin. Blood was also collected through jugular venipuncture for complete hematology and biochemistry analysis where the cow was having monocytosis, slightly elevated AST, hyperglobulinemia and hypoalbuminemia. Based on the history, clinical examination and laboratory findings the cow was diagnosed with clinical endometritis. For the treatment, Flunixin meglumine 1.1mg/kg was administered twice a day intramascularly for 3 days as anti-inflammatory, anti-pyrexic and analgesic. Broad spectrum long acting oxytetracycline 20mg/kg antibiotic was also given once intramascularly to treat current infections and to prevent secondary bacterial infections. In addition, Fercobsang 1ml/10kg was administered intramuscularly once as iron supplement. Furthermore, intrauterine wash was performed with 0.9% NaCL using a modified intravenous line where it was passed through the vulva into the uterine body. All the mucupurulent discharge was then irrigated by continuous flushing of 0.9% NaCL. Finally 20ml of Oxytetracycline 20mg/kg was flushed into the uterine body as the final lavage.

Pneumonic pasteurellosis caused by Mannhaemia haemolytica (M. haemolytica) is a common disease with high prevalence in sheep and goats. This clinical case reports the occurrence of pneumonic pasteurellosis in two of Boer-crossed kids. Two Boer-crossed kids age 1-week old, were presented with complain of in appetence and weakness. The farm had previous history of sudden death among the kids. Clinical examination findings revealed that the kids were having harsh lung sound with present of bilateral serous nasal discharges. Nasal swabs and fecal samples were collected as diagnostic work-ups and both kids were diagnosed with pasteurellosis. The kids were treated with dextrose fluid, penicillin-streptomycin antibiotic and flunixin meglumine non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. After third day of hospitalization, both kids showed positive response to the treatments. The prognosis of this case was good where accurate and prompt treatment were able to resolve the case.

A cross-sectional study was carried out in 5 selected cattle farms in Selangor, Malaysia to determine the occurrence of Theileria spp., and to assess the relationship between the rate of parasitemia and hematological profiles of infected cattle. A total of 50 young and adult cattle (male and female) were randomly selected for the study. Blood was collected aseptically from the jugular veins in EDTA vacutainers and thin blood smears was made on glass slides which were stained with Giemsa-stain for examination of Theileria spp and its piroplasms. The occurrence of Theileria spp. infection within the population was 68% and 72% for both young and adult cattle respectively. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) between the presence of the parasite andage groups of affected cattle. The hematological profiles of 35 cattle with Theileriosis was divided into 2 subgroups based on different parasitemia levels (

The effect of clinical mastitis (unilateral, n=10 and bilateral, n=90) on the morphometry of mammary glands of Sahel goats was evaluated in comparison with those of apparently normal glands (n=20). The mammary glands were examined at slaughter and glandular measurements such as; glandular weight (GW), glandular mid circumference (GMC), glandular longitudinal length (GLL) and glandular teat lengths (GTL) were measured using a measuring tape. Tissue samples of the mammary gland were collected preserved in 10% buffered formalin, processed, embedded, section and stained with H&E and observed under light microscope at various magnifications for presence of pathological lesions. The mean GW was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in normal glands relative to the unilateral and bilateral mastitis. Mean GLL was significantly higher (p

A three year old cross breed Brahman bull weighing 450kg was presented to the large animal unit of Universiti Putra Malaysia Veterinary Hospital with swollen and protruding penis. Physical examination of the penis revealed an inflamed glans penis (balanitis). The condition was effectively managed with the administration of anti-inflammatory agent and antibiotic until complete healing ensured. Therefore, it is pertinent that prompt and timely intervention of such condition is important in order to avoid prolonged prolapse of the glans penis, which will result in excessive swelling, ischemia, necrosis and permanent fibrous adhesions of the penis to the prepuce.

Retained placenta is one of the complications associated with parturition in dairy cows. A 4- year old Friesian-kedah cross cow weighing 400kg was presented to the large animal unit University Veterinary Hospital, Universiti Putra Malaysia, with the complain of retained placenta 9 days prior to presentation. Clinical findings were pyrexia, congested mucous membranes and serosanguineous discharge with fetid odour from the vulva. Haematology and biochemistry findings showed an increase in packed cell volume, monocytosis, hyperglobulinaemia, hyperproteinemia, hypernatremia, hyperchloridaemia and increased level of creatine kinase. Bacterial culture from the swab samples of the vaginal discharge revealed growth of Escherichia coli. The retained placenta was manually removed by gentle traction and the uterus was lavaged using normal saline (0.9% NaCl) followed by an intrauterine infusion of Oxytetracycline hydrochloride L.A (20mg/kg). Systemic intramuscular injections of Oxytetracycline hydrochloride (20mg/kg Stat), Flunixine meglumine (1.1mg/kg) and multivitamin (10mg/kg) were administered. The prognosis was good after a follow up visit one week later. Retention of placenta following parturition is usually associated with bacterial pathogens. Therefore, prompt intervention in cases exceeding 24 hours post partum is important in order to avert the incidence of uterine infections that will threaten heard fertility.

A poultry farmer reported a case of abnormal growth among 17 to 25 days old broilers chicks in his farm to the poultry Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Malaysia Kelantan. The housing system was a modified closed type with a total of 130,000; 10,000 birds per house. The clinical signs observed were damp feathers which are poorly developed, stunted growth, watery droppings containing undigested feeds and unequal sizes of chicks. Post mortem examination was conducted on thirty culled chicks and the gross lesions observed were; corrugated intestines (83.3%) with some being thin and translucent with poorly digested feed within the lumen, atrophied pancreas (70.0%) and liver (66.7%), slightly atrophied thymus (33.3%), dilated proventriculus (50.3%) and enlarged gall bladder (43.3%). Histopathological evaluation of the intestine and pancreas showed lesions such a cystic dilation and degeneration of intestinal crypts, degeneration of the pancreas with vacuolation in the paranchyma and atrophy of the acinar cells. Based on the clinical signs observed, post mortem lesions and the histopathological findings, the case was diagnosed as Runting Stunting Syndrome (RSS). There is no treatment for this syndrome and it can only be prevented through good management practices