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Background/aim This study was conducted to elucidate the effects of lutein/zeaxanthin isomers (L/Zi) on lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, NF-κB/Nrf2 pathways, and synaptic plasticity proteins in trained rats. Materials and methods Wistar rats were distributed into four groups: 1) control, 2) L/Zi: rats received L/Zi at the dose of 100 mg/kg by oral gavage, 3) exercise, 4) exercise+L/Zi: rats exercised and received L/Zi (100 mg/kg) by oral gavage. The duration of the study was eight weeks. Results Exercise combined with L/Zi reduced lipid peroxidation and improved antioxidant enzyme activities of muscle and cerebral cortex in rats (p < 0.001). In the Exercise + L/Zi group, muscle and cerebral cortex Nrf2 and HO-1 levels increased, while NF-κB levels decreased (p

The current work aimed to examine the properties of oral supplementation of niacinamide and undenatured type II collagen (UCII) on the inflammation and joint pain behavior of rats with osteoarthritis (OA). Forty-nine Wistar rats were allocated into seven groups; control (no MIA), MIA as a non-supplemental group with monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced knee osteoarthritis, MIA + undenatured type II collagen (UCII) at 4 mg/kg BW, MIA + Niacinamide at 40 mg/kg BW (NA40), MIA + Niacinamide at 200 mg/kg BW (NA200), MIA + UCII + NA40 and MIA + UCII + NA200. Serum IL‐1β, IL‐6, TNF-α, COMP, and CRP increased in rats with OA and decreased in UCII and NA groups (p p p

Osteoarthritis (OA) is an age-related joint disease that includes gradual disruption of the articular cartilage and the resulting pain. The present study was designed to test the effects of undenatured type II collagen (UC-II®) on joint inflammation in the monoiodoacetate (MIA) OA model. We also investigated possible mechanisms underlying these effects. Female Wistar rats were divided into three groups: (i) Control; (ii) MIA-induced rats treated with vehicle; (iii) MIA-induced rats treated with UC-II (4 mg/kg BW). OA was induced in rats by intra-articular injection of MIA (1 mg) after seven days of UC-II treatment. UC-II reduced MIA-induced Kellgren-Lawrence scoring (53.3%, P < 0.05). The serum levels of inflammatory cytokines [IL-1β (7.8%), IL-6 (18.0%), TNF-α (25.9%), COMP (16.4%), CRP (32.4%)] were reduced in UC-II supplemented group (P < 0.0001). In the articular cartilage, UC-II inhibited the production of PGE2 (19.6%) and the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-a, COX-2, MCP-1, NF-κB, MMP-3, RANKL (P < 0.001). The COL-1 and OPG levels were increased, and MDA decreased in UC-II supplemented rats (P < 0.001). UC-II could be useful to alleviate joint inflammation and pain in OA joints by reducing the expression of inflammatory mediators.

The current study aimed to investigate the effect of exercise combined with undenatured type II collagen (UCII) administration on endurance capacity, lipid metabolism, inflammation, and antioxidant status in rats. Twenty-one male Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups as follows: (1) Sedentary control, (2) Exercise (E), (3) Exercise + UCII (4 mg/kg BW/day, E + UCII). The findings showed that the exhaustive running time in the UCII group was significantly prolonged compared to that of the non-supplemented group (p &lt, 0.001). When compared to the control group, total serum cholesterol (TC, p &lt, 0.05) and triglyceride (TG, p &lt, 0.05) levels decreased, while creatinine kinase (CK) levels increased in the E group (p &lt, 0.001). Serum creatinine kinase levels were reduced in the E + UCII group compared to the E group (p &lt, 0.01). Serum lactate, myoglobin (p &lt, 0.01), and osteocalcin levels (p &lt, 0.01) increased significantly in exercised rats compared to sedentary control rats, while serum lactate (p &lt, 0.01) and myoglobin (p &lt, 0.0001) levels decreased in the E + UCII group compared to control. Additionally, UCII supplementation caused significant increases in antioxidant enzyme activities [SOD (p &lt, 0.01) and GSH-Px (p &lt, 0.05)] and decreases in malondialdehyde (MDA) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) levels (p &lt, 0.001). Muscle lipogenic protein (SREBP-1c, ACLY, LXR, and FAS) levels were lower in the E + UCII group than in other groups. In addition, UCII supplementation decreased muscle MAFbx, MuRF-1, myostatin and increased MyoD levels in exercised rats. Moreover, the E + UCII group had lower muscle inflammatory markers [TNF-α (p &lt, 0.0001) and IL-1β (p &lt, 0.01)] than the control group. These results suggest exercise combined with UCII (4 mg/kg BW/day) modulates lipid, muscle, and antioxidant status in rats.

This study aimed to investigate the properties of Salacia chinensis (Celastraceae, SC) and its molecular mechanism in the type 2 diabetic rats. Forty-two Wistar rats were divided into six groups (n = 7): control, SC (100 mg/kg, per os), high-fat diet (HFD), HFD + SC (100 mg/kg), HFD + streptozotocin (STZ, 40 mg/kg, i.p.), and HFD + STZ+SC. SC decreased serum glucose, insulin, triglycerides, free fatty acid, and malondialdehyde levels, but increased serum total antioxidant capacity (0.33 ± 0.02 versus. 0.79 ± 0.03), compared with the untreated group (p < .001). Additionally, SC elevated the expression of glucose-regulated proteins GLUT2, PPAR-ɣ, p-IRS, and Nrf2, but downregulated NF-κB in the liver and kidney (p < .001). In conclusion, SC could improve insulin resistance by modulation of glucose-regulated proteins and transcription factors in diabetic rats. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Present data has contributed to the current ethnomedicinal benefits of SC, through which the SC intake regulated the carbohydrate metabolism and increased the antioxidant capacity. The balance of transcription factors can mediate these efficacies partially and various key proteins involved in energy metabolism, along with oxidative stress and insulin sensitivity.

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of walnut oil (WO) on metabolic profile and transcription factors in rats fed high carbohydrate (HCD) and high-fat diet (HFD). Forty-two male rats were divided in to six groups: (a) Control, (b) WO (20 mg/kg BW), (c) HCD (20% of sucrose), (d) HCD + WO (e) HFD (42% of calories as fat), and (f) HFD + WO. HFD and HCD intake increased final body weights by 19% and 23% and visceral fat weights by 3- and 5-fold, respectively (p < .05 for all). In addition, serum glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and free fatty acids (FFA) insulin, leptin, and MDA levels increased in rats fed with HFD and HCD. WO supplementation improved these metabolic parameters (p < .05 for all). HFD + WO and HCD + WO treated groups had a significant reduction in serum and liver malondialdehyde (MDA) levels by 12% or 15% (p < .05 for both). In addition, WO supplementation lowered the levels of hepatic nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and NADPH oxidase subunit p22phox , whereas increased the endothelial-NO synthase (e-NOS), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2, and sirtuin-1 levels. In conclusion, WO supplementation could alleviate the adverse impacts of both HCD and HFD in the rats. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This study suggests that WO intake can modulate carbohydrate metabolism and increase antioxidant capacity. These properties might be partially mediated through the regulation of the transcription factors and some proteins involved in energy metabolism, as well as a balance of oxidative stress, and insulin sensitivity.

Kazim Sahin,1 Cemal Orhan,1 Mehmet Tuzcu,2 Nurhan Sahin,1 Oguzhan Ozdemir,2 Vijaya Juturu3 1Department of Animal Nutrition, Veterinary Faculty, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey; 2Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey; 3Scientific and Clinical Affairs, Research and Development, OmniActive Health Technologies, Inc., Morristown, NJ, USA Objective: Capsaicinoids (CAPs), most commonly found in chili peppers, have a multitude of pharmacological and physiological effects, such as anti-inflammation, antioxidant, and anticancer effects. In the present study, we set out to investigate the hypothesis that CAPs mitigate obesity in rats and the possible mechanisms thereof.Materials and methods: Rats were divided into six groups, including control (±10 mg CAPs/kg body weight [BW]), low-fat–high-sucrose diet (±10 mg CAPs/kg BW), and high-fat diet (±10 mg CAPs/kg BW). Blood samples and liver and aortic tissues were taken at the end of the study.Results: CAPs supplementation significantly reduced hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia (P

OBJECTIVES: Curcumin, extracted from the rhizome Curcuma longa, has been shown to be beneficial for neuroprotection in previous studies. In a recent study, a novel formulation of curcumin resulted in an increased relative absorption by 46 times (CurcuWIN®) of the total curcuminoids over the unformulated standard curcumin form. However, the exact mechanisms by which curcumin demonstrates its neuroprotective effects are not fully understood. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of curcumin supplementation on the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a main component of the glial scar, and growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43), a signaling molecule in traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHODS: Brain injury was induced using a cold trauma model in male mice that were treated with curcumin (50 mg/kg) or vehicle via intraperitoneal administration just after TBI. Mice were divided into two groups: TBI + vehicle group and TBI + curcumin (CurcuWIN) group. RESULTS: The results show that curcumin treatment reduced the infarct volume in the brain. TBI induction increased inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-6), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and GFAP, and reduced BDNF, GAP-43, neural cell adhesion molecule (ICAM) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) levels in the brain. Interestingly, curcumin decreased the levels of NF-κB, IL-1β, IL-6, and GFAP, and increased BDNF, GAP-43, ICAM and Nrf2 levels in the brain. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, these results showed that curcumin could increase the levels of BDNF, GAP-43, ICAM, and Nrf2 and attenuate brain injury in the model of TBI. FUNDING SOURCES: This study was supported by OmniActive Health Technologies Inc. (NJ, USA). This work was also supported in part by the Turkish Academy of Sciences. SUPPORTING TABLES, IMAGES AND/OR GRAPHS

Background Retina photoreceptor cells are specially adapted for functioning over comprehensive ambient light conditions. Lutein and Zeaxanthin isomers (L/Zi) can protect photoreceptor cells against excessive light degeneration. Efficacy of L/Zi has been assessed on some G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), transcription and neurotrophic factors in the retina of rats exposed to incremental intense light emitting diode (LED) illumination conditions. Methods Forty-two male rats (age: 8 weeks) were randomly assigned to six treatment groups, 7 rats each. The rats with a 3x2 factorial design were kept under 3 intense light conditions (12hL/12hD, 16hL/8hD, 24hL/0hD) and received two levels of L/Zi (0 or 100 mg/kg BW) for two months. Increased nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP), and decreased Rhodopsin (Rho), Rod arrestin (Sag), G Protein Subunit Alpha Transducin1 (Gnat1), neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), growth-associated protein-43 (GAP43), nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) were observed in 24 h light intensity adaptation followed by 16 h IL and 8 h D. Results L/Zi administration significantly improved antioxidant capacity and retinal Rho, Rod-arrestin (Sag), Gnat1, NCAM, GAP43, BDNF, NGF, IGF1, Nrf2, and HO-1 levels. However, the levels of NF-κB and GFAP levels were decreased by administration of L/Zi. Conclusions According to these results, L/Zi may be assumed as an adjunct therapy to prevent early photoreceptor cell degeneration and neutralize free radicals derived from oxidative stress.

Curcumin, derived from Curcuma longa, exerts antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer and immunomodulatory properties. This study was conducted to determine the effect of dietary water-soluble curcumin (0, 200 or 400 mg kg−1) on growth performance and antioxidant status in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) rearing under normal (20 kg m−3) or high (100 kg m−3) stocking density conditions. A significant increase in body weight (FBW), feed intake (FI) and weight gain (BWG) was observed in fish fed with curcumin-supplemented diet at 200 mg kg−1 of diet levels of high stocking density conditions (P

Thirty-five healthy subjects were randomly assigned to different doses ofSalacia chinensisextract (200 mg, 300 mg, and 500 mg SCE) capsules and compared with placebo. It is a placebo controlled randomized crossover design study. Subjects were given oral sucrose solution along with capsules and plasma glucose and insulin responses were analyzed. Blood samples were collected at 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 minutes after administration. AUC insulin significantly lowered after ingestion of SCE. No significant adverse events were observed. Reducing glucose and insulin is very important in reducing postprandial hyperglycemia.

OBJECTIVES: To study the effect of exercise training alone and or in combination with marine phytoplankton (Oceanix, OCX) and undenatured type II collagen (UCII) supplementation on the endurance capacity, pro-inflammatory markers, and antioxidant defense markers in rats. METHODS: A total of 28 male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 7) (i) No exercise and no OCX (Control), (ii) Exercise, (iii) Exercise +OCX-I (2.55 mg d/rat) + UC-II (4 mg), iv) Exercise + OCX-2 (5.1 mg d/rat)+UC-II (4 mg). Levels of cholesterol, triglyceride, proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, COMP, CRP), lactate and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels activities of antioxidant enzymes were determined in all the groups. RESULTS: Run to exhaustion (minutes) improved in the OCX + UC-II treated groups. Levels of cholesterol, triglyceride, proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, COMP, CRP) decreased by OCX + UC-II supplementation. A significant decrease in lactate and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and an increase in activities of antioxidant enzymes were observed in the combination of exercise and OCX + UC-II groups. Exercise + OCX + UC-II treated had lower TNF-α and IL-1β levels in muscle than exercise and control rats (P

Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), a dietary phytochemical found in some cruciferous vegetables, is commonly used as an antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant agent. In the present study, we investigated the effects of AITC on insulin resistance and transcription factors in a diabetic rat model. A total of 42 Wistar rats were divided into six groups and orally treated for 12 weeks as follows: (i) control; (ii) AITC (100 mg/kg body weight [BW]); (iii) high fat diet (HFD); (iv) HFD + AITC (100 mg/kg BW); (v) HFD + streptozotocin (STZ, 40 mg/kg BW); and (vi) HFD + STZ + AITC. Administration of AITC reduced blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and creatinine levels, but increased (P < 0.001) total antioxidant capacity. In AITC-treated rats, the glucose transporter-2, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, p-insulin receptor substrate-1, and nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2 in the liver and kidney were increased while nuclear factor-kappa B was downregulated (P < 0.05). In conclusion, AITC possesses antidiabetic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities in HFD/STZ-induced T2DM in rats. These findings may further justify the importance of AITC in phytomedicine.

Mucuna pruriens, Ashwagandha, and Tribulus terrestris are known as the enhancers for sexual health, functional activities, vitality, and longevity. These herbs had been widely used in the Ayurveda medicine as aphrodisiacs through the ages, and their efficacy was also verified separately in our previous publication. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of Mucuna, Ashwagandha, and Tribulus complexes on sexual function in rats. Twenty-eight male rats allocated to four groups as follows: (i) negative control (C); (ii) positive control or sildenafil citrate treated group (5 mg/kg) (S); (iii) MAT1 (combination of 10 mg Mucuna (M) + 10 mg Ashwagandha (A) + 10 mg Tribulus (T)/kg BW); (iv) MAT 2 (20 mg Mucuna + 20 mg Ashwagandha + 20 mg Tribulus/kg BW). There was no significant difference found between the MAT1 and MAT2 groups while they showed significantly increased testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels when compared to the negative control. Significant increases in Nrf2/HO1 levels and decreases in NF-κB were detected in MAT groups similar to the decrease in serum and testis malondialdehyde (MDA) levels as compared to both controls. The sperm motility, count, and rate also significantly improved in both MAT groups, while ALT, AST, creatinine, ALP, and urea levels did not change in any of the groups. Oral consumption of MATs combination in male rats resulted in inhibition of NF-κB and MDA and also increased sex hormones with Nrf2-mediated HO-1 induction. MAT combinations may improve sexual functions by increasing levels of sexual hormones and regulation of NF-κB and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways.

Graphical abstract, Highlights • Capsaicinoids (CAPs) are active compounds in Capsicum fruits. • CAPs have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. • CAPs with regular exercise may enhance lipid metabolism. • CAPs down-regulate muscle SREBP-1c, LXRs, ACLY, FAS in exercised rats., The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of capsaicinoids (CAPs) on lipid metabolism, inflammation, antioxidant status and the changes in gene products involved in these metabolic functions in exercised rats. A total of 28 male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 7) (i) No exercise and no CAPs, (ii) No exercise + CAPs (iii) Regular exercise, (iv) Regular exercise + CAPs. Rats were administered as 0.2 mg capsaicinoids from 10 mg/kg BW/day Capsimax® daily for 8 weeks. A significant decrease in lactate and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and increase in activities of antioxidant enzymes were observed in the combination of regular exercise and CAPs group (P < 0.0001). Regular exercise + CAPs treated rats had greater nuclear factor-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) levels in muscle than regular exercise and no exercise rats (P < 0.001). Nevertheless, regular exercise + CAPs treated had lower nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and IL-10 levels in muscle than regular exercise and control rats (P < 0.001). Muscle sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c), liver X receptors (LXR), ATP citrate lyase (ACLY) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) levels in the regular exercise + CAPs group were lower than all groups (P < 0.05). However, muscle PPAR-γ level was higher in the regular exercise and CAPs alone than the no exercise rats. These results suggest CAPs with regular exercise may enhance lipid metabolism by regulation of gene products involved in lipid and antioxidant metabolism including SREBP-1c, PPAR-γ, and Nrf2 pathways in rats.

In the present study, we evaluated the effects of M. pruriens administration on metabolic parameters, oxidative stress and kidney nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathways in high-fructose fed rats. Male rats (n = 28) were divided into 4 groups as control, M. pruriens, fructose, and M. pruriens plus fructose. All rats were fed a standard diet supplemented or no supplemented with M. pruriens (200 mg/kg/d by gavage). Fructose was given in drinking water for 8 weeks. High fructose consumption led to an increase in the serum level of glucose, triglyceride, urea and renal malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Although M. pruriens treatment reduced triglyceride and MDA levels, it did not affect other parameters. M. pruriens supplementation significantly decreased the expression of NF-ҡB and decreased expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 proteins in the kidney. This study showed that the adverse effects of high fructose were alleviated by M. pruriens supplementation via modulation of the expression of kidney nuclear transcription factors in rats fed high fructose diet.

The aim of this experiment was to determine the effects of β-cryptoxanthin (BCX) on the cardiometabolic health risk factors and NF-κB and Nrf2 pathway in insulin resistance induced by high-fat diet (HFD) in rodents. Twenty-eight Sprague-Dawley rats were allocated into four groups: (1) Control, rats fed a standard diet for 12 weeks; (2) BCX, rats fed a standard diet and supplemented with BCX (2.5 mg/kg BW) for 12 weeks; (3) HFD, rats fed a HFD for 12 weeks, (4) HFD + BCX, rats fed a HFD and supplemented with BCX for 12 weeks. BCX reduced cardio-metabolic health markers and decreased inflammatory markers (P < 0.001). Rats fed a HFD had the lower total antioxidant capacity and antioxidant enzymes activities and higher MDA concentration than control rats (P < 0.001 for all). Comparing with the HFD group, BCX in combination with HFD inhibited liver NF-κB and TNF-α expression by 22% and 14% and enhanced liver Nrf2, HO-1, PPAR-α, and p-IRS-1 by 1.43, 1.41, 3.53, and 1.33 fold, respectively (P < 0.001). Furthermore, in adipose tissue, BCX up-regulated Nrf2, HO-1, PPAR-α, and p-IRS-1 expression, whereas, down-regulated NF-κB and TNF-α expression. In conclusion, BCX decreased visceral fat and cardiometabolic health risk factors through modulating expressions of nuclear transcription factors.

Objectives: CNM (CNM) polyphenol has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, we hypothesized CNM decrease heart disease risk factors and may enhance anti- inflammatory properties in rats fed a diet containing CNM. In this study, we evaluated the effects of CNM polyphenol on insulin resistance (IR), hyperlipidemia, hepatic transcription factors expressions [sterol regulatory element-binding protein1c (SREBP-1c), liver X receptor-α (LXR-α), nuclear factor kappa B p65 (NF-κB p65), nuclear factor-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2)] in rats fed high fat diet (HFD). Method: Twenty-eight Wistar rats were allocated into four groups; (i) normal control; animals fed with normal chow (C ) (ii) CNM (C+CNM 100 mg/kg b.wt.), (iii) HFD (42% of calories as fat, high fat diet [HFD]), and (iv) HFD + CNM for 12 weeks. Blood analysis for triglycerides (TG) and cholesterol (CHOL), glucose, insulin, malonaldehyde (MDA a marker of oxidative stress [OS]) were estimated. Body weight, visceral fat and liver weight recorded and liver MDA assessed. SREBP-1c, LXR-α, ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY), fatty acid synthase (FAS), NF-κB p65 expressions and decreased the PPAR-α, p-IRS-1, Nrf2, HO-1 proteins were evaluated by Western blotting. Results: HFD rats of the liver had increased SREBP-1c, LXR-α, ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY), fatty acid synthase (FAS), NF-κB p65 expressions and decreased the PPAR-α, p-IRS-1, Nrf2, HO-1 expressions compared to control group. CNM supplementation decreased body weight (8.4%), visceral fat (36.6%), liver weight (17.7%), serum glucose and insulin concentrations, lipid profile ( P < 0.05), and serum and liver MDA (23.3% and 25.4 %) concentration compared to HFD rats ( P < 0.05). CNM decreased hepatic SREBP-1c (18.1 %), LXRα (27.9%), ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY, 22.7 %), fatty acid synthase (FAS, 15.8 %), NF-κB p65 (23.3%) and enhanced the PPAR-α, IRS-1 (72.7 %), Nrf2 (111.7 %) and HO-1 (72.1 %) proteins in HFD rat livers ( P < 0.05). Discussion: These results suggest CNM supplementation reduces hyperlipidemia, inflammation, and oxidative stress through activating transcription factors (SREBP-1c, LXR-α, NF-κB, and Nrf2) and anti-oxidative defense signaling pathway.

We evaluated the effects of cinnamon polyphenol extract on hepatic transcription factors expressions including SREBP-1c and LXR-α in rats fed high fat diet (HFD). Twenty-eight Wistar rats were allocated into four groups: (i) normal control: animals fed with normal chow; (ii) cinnamon: animals supplemented with cinnamon polyphenol; (iii) HFD: animals fed a high-fat diet; and (iv) HFD + cinnamon: animals fed a high-fat diet and treated with cinnamon polyphenol. Obesity was linked to hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and oxidative stress as imitated by elevated serum glucose, lipid profile, and serum and liver malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations. Cinnamon polyphenol decreased body weight, visceral fat, liver weight and serum glucose and insulin concentrations, liver antioxidant enzymes, and lipid profile (P<0.05) and reduced serum and liver MDA concentration compared to HFD rats (P<0.05). Cinnamon polyphenol also suppressed the hepatic SREBP-1c, LXR-α, ACLY, FAS, and NF-κB p65 expressions and enhanced the PPAR-α, IRS-1, Nrf2, and HO-1 expressions in the HFD rat livers (P<0.05). In conclusion, cinnamon polyphenol reduces the hyperlipidemia, inflammation, and oxidative stress through activating transcription factors and antioxidative defense signaling pathway in HFD rat liver.

OBJECTIVES: Lutein/zeaxanthin isomers (L/Zi), the major carotenoids, have demonstrated potent antioxidant and antiinflammation. This study was conducted to clarify the effects of L/Zi on brain transcription and brain-derived neurotrophic factors and synaptic proteins combined with exercise training in rats. METHODS: Wistar rats (age: 8 wks) were allocated into four groups: (i) Control: no treatments (ii) L/Zi: Rats treated with L/Zi (100 mg L/Zi/kg BW); (iii) Exercise: Rats with regular exercise only, (iv) Exercise + L/Zi: Rats with combined treatment of L/Zi (100 mg L/Zi/kg BW) and regular exercise. The exercise practice was carried out on a motor-driven rodent treadmill at 25 m/min, 45 min/day, 5 d/week for 8 wks. RESULTS: Rats with combined treatment of L/Zi (100 mg L/Zi/kg BW) and regular exercise. The exercise practice was carried out on a motor-driven rodent treadmill at 25 m/min, 45 min/day, 5 d/week for 8 wks. Brain nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), and heme oxygenase-1(HO-1) levels increased and nuclear factor (NF-κB) reduced in the combined group. In addition, L/Zi supplementation increased cerebral cortex brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), synapsin I, synaptophysin (SYP) and growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43) levels both control and exercised rats (P < 0.001 for all). The highest cerebral cortex BDNF, synapsin I, SYP and GAP-43 levels were detected in the combined group. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that regular exercise training with L/Zi may improve brain function by regulating transcription and brain-derived neurotrophic factors and synaptic proteins in rats. FUNDING SOURCES: This study was supported by the Omniactive Health Technologies (NJ, USA) and partially supported by the Turkish Academy of Sciences (Ankara, Turkey).

Background: Salacia Chinensis (SC) is herbal medicine in Ayurvedic medicine. The extract of Salacia chinensis showed preventive effects on various metabolic health disorders. Objective: The aim of this study was to elucidate the therapeutic efficacy of the extract of Salacia chinensis extract (SCE) and modulation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in in vitro and in vivo models. Methods: In vitro studies were conducted to study the effect of Salacia chinensis extract (SCE, OmniLeanTM) on alpha-glucosidase, pancreatic lipase and HMG-CoA reductase. The activity of α-glucosidase was assessed using mammalian α-glucosidase extracted from rat intestinal acetone powder (Sigma) and p-nitrophenyl L-D glucopyranoside (PNPG) as an artificial substrate. Pancreatic lipase activity was assessed using pancreatic porcine lipase and 4-methylumbelliferyl oleate (MU Oleate) as substrate. Lipase activity was measured using a fluorescence kinetic assay. HMG-CoA reductase was the rate-limiting step in cholesterol synthesis. The activity of HMG-CoA reductase was assessed using HMG-CoA reductase assay kit (Sigma CS1090). Nutrigenomics study was conducted to study the effect of SCE on fatty acids, PPAR gamma and C/EBP α. In an in vivo model, fifty-six (56) male C57BL/6 mice were purchased from Charles River Labs, at the age of 5 weeks. The mice were housed individually in mouse cages in a temperature-controlled room with a 12-hour light and dark cycle and free access to regular rodent chow and water. After a week of adaptation, the mice were divided into 3 groups with 8 mice in each group. All mice were fed a high-fat diet (60% energy from fat) to induce obesity. One of the group was administered with low (100mg/kg/d) and high (500mg/kg/d) doses of SCE suspending in 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose, respectively for 7.5 weeks (52 days). One group was used as the obese control (N=24) and gavage with the vehicle control. Body weights were obtained daily and food intake was recorded thrice every week. Body weights and food intake were recorded thrice every week. Fecal samples were collected during week 6 and 7. Serum lipid analysis, glycerol, free fatty acids, hormonal assays (ghrelin, adiponectin, leptin, insulin, glucose and GLP), fecal crude lipids and histopathology changes were assessed. Results: Salacia chinensis extract (SCE) showed a significant inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase. SCE demonstrated a significant inhibitory effect against pancreatic lipase, compared to orlistat. SCE inhibited HMG-C0A only at higher concentration (1mg/ml). In nutrigenomics model, SCE upregulated C/EBP alpha and down regulated ACC, PPARG and SCD-1. SCE at the dose of 500mg/kg/d significantly slowed body weight gain, reduced food intake, increased adiponectin, decreased fat pads mass and increased fecal fat excretion in animal model. SCE significantly decreased significantly serum glycerol levels (by 69%) and free fatty acids levels (by 77%) compared to control group. Treatment with SCE decreased by 20% leptin levels and by 21% insulin levels and increases by 16% adiponectin but did not affect glucose or GLP-1 levels. Conclusions: In vitro results suggest the effects of SCE in modulating gastrointestinal carbohydrate and lipid digestion and absorption, may be advocated as a candidate for obesity-diabetes prevention and phytotherapy. Animal study (in vivo) results suggest the inhibition of fat absorption slows weight gain and reducing effects of metabolic risk factors with SCE. More experiments need to be performed to optimize the optimal concentration that has an effect in vivo on body weight or food intake.

1. To examine the molecular mechanism of capsaicinoid supplementation from capsicum extract, laying Japanese quail (n = 180, 5 weeks old) were reared either at 22°C for 24 h/d (thermoneutral, TN) or at 34°C for 8 h/d (heat stress, HS) and fed on one of three diets containing 0, 25 or 50 mg of capsaicinoids per kilogram for 12 weeks (2 × 3 factorial arrangement). 2. The results revealed that exposure to HS decreased feed consumption by 10.7% and egg production by 13.6%, increased serum and ovary malondialdehyde (MDA) levels by 66.9% and 88.1%, respectively, and reduced ovary superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities by 28.3%, 48.7% and 43.8%, respectively. 3. There were magnifications in the ovary nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell (NF-κB) levels by 42.4% and suppressions in nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), protein kinase B (Akt) and haem-oxygenase 1 (HO-1) levels by 29.2%, 38.2% and 30.7%, respectively, in heat-stressed quail. 4. With increasing supplemental capsaicinoids, there were linear increases in egg production, antioxidant enzyme activity, linear decreases in ovary MDA and NF-κB levels and linear increases in ovary Nrf2, Akt and HO-1 levels at a greater extent in quail reared under TN condition than those reared under HS condition. Two-way treatment interactions showed that the degree of restorations in all response variables was more notable under the HS environment than under the TN environment as supplemental capsaicinoid level was increased. 5. In conclusion, capsaicinoid supplementation alleviates oxidative stress through regulating the ovary nuclear transcription factors in heat-stressed quail.

Mesozeaxanthin (MZ) is able to protect against chronic and cumulative eye damage and neutralize free radicals produced by oxidative stress. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the protective potential of MZ against retinal oxidative damage and growth and transcription factors of the retina in rats fed with high-fat diet (HFD).Twenty-eight Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into the following 4 groups: (1) Control, (2) MZ (100 mg/kg bw/d), (3) HFD (42% of calories as fat), and (4) HFD+MZ (100 mg/kg bw/d) group rats were administered daily as supplement for 12 weeks.Consumption of HFD was associated with hyperglycemia and oxidative stress as reflected by increased serum MDA concentration (P 0.001). No measurable zeaxanthin (Z)+MZ and lutein (L) could be detected in the serum of control and HFD rats, whereas they were observed in the serum of MZ-administered rats. Retinal antioxidant enzyme [superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT)] activities were significantly decreased in the HFD group compared to the normal group (P 0.01). However, retinal antioxidant enzymes were restored close to normal levels in HFD+MZ-treated rats (P 0.05). The retina of rats fed with HFD had increased levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), inducible nitric oxide (iNOS), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) levels and decreased nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme-oxygenase 1(HO-1) levels compared to the healthy rat retina (P 0.001). Rats treated with MZ partially alleviated the inflammation as reflected by suppressed VEGF, iNOS, ICAM, and NF-κB levels and increased Nrf2 and HO-1 levels in the retina of rats fed (P 0.05).Results from the present study suggest that MZ has protective effects on the retina and the ability to modulate oxidative stress of retina in rats fed an HFD by suppressing retinal lipid peroxidation and regulating growth and transcription factors.

A single center, open-label, dose-finding adaptive study was conducted in twelve healthy overweight female subjects. The study was to evaluate the safety and tolerability of the capsaicinoids (CAPs) fromCapsicumextract in a beadlet form compared to placebo in a healthy overweight population. The investigational product capsaicinoids (CAPs) fromCapsicumextract in a beadlet form (Capsimax®) a proprietary encapsulated form ofCapsicumextract in beadlet form supplemented at 2 mg, 4 mg, 6 mg, 8 mg and 10 mg of CAPs. An ascending dose protocol evaluated a total dose of 10 mg daily given in five divided doses (2 mg, 4 mg, 6 mg, 8 mg and 10 mg of CAPs). Each dose was given for a week. Safety and tolerability were assessed. Primary outcomes were tolerability assessments and reports of adverse events. Tolerability assessments were observed on skin color and any changes in skin, bowel movement, digestion, mouth or throat, hair color or changes in hair color, urination includes frequency and burning sensations, breathing, any changes in their health. Secondary outcomes were body weight, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure (SBP/DBP), vital signs, electrocardiograms, clinical chemistry parameters including liver function tests, lung function tests and kidney function tests and complete blood count (CBC). No dose effective changes were observed. The escalating dose levels of CAPs in a beadlet form product found was tolerable and safe for weight management studies. Tolerability assessments and safety blood markers showed no significant changes from baseline. No significant serious adverse events were reported throughout the duration of the study. Further longer term studies are required to explore the tolerability of the product. This trial is registered with ISRCTN: # ISRCTN10975080.

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder in reproductive age women. PCOS is characterized by the absence of menstruation or irregular and abnormal menstruation, excessive amounts of body hair, excessive body weight, and infertility. Women with PCOS often have multiple ovarian cysts, high levels of androgen hormones, insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. This review is focused on the dietary approaches and alternative therapies which have been proved to play major roles in the treatment of PCOS. The ideal diet for PCOS is one that promotes weight loss and then weight maintenance. In addition, some of the essential nutrients may improve associated risk factors of PCOS. Among them are chromium, omega 3 fattyacids, antioxidants, phytosterols, magnesium, calcium, potassium and other essential vitamins and minerals. The most important aspect of treatment is managing cardiovascular risks, such as obesity, high blood cholesterol, diabetes and high blood pressure. Early recognition and aggressive lifestyle interventions are the cornerstones of PCOS treatment. Treating individual risk factors might help to reduce overall risk of PCOS. Some of the PCOS risk factors are modifiable. Aggressive medical nutritional therapy may be appropriate in early conditions than advanced stages.

Benefits of fish consumption in patients with the cardiometabolic syndrome relate to the high biologic value of protein, omega-3 fatty acids, as well as certain minerals and vitamins in fish. Recently, the American Heart Association issued new guidelines for the intake of omega-3 oils for the prevention of coronary heart disease. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the potential health benefits of fish consumption and/or fish oil supplements in reducing cardiometabolic syndrome risk factors. The consumption of fish or fish oil containing omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reduces the risk of coronary heart disease, decreases triglyceride, blood pressure, and inflammatory markers, improves endothelial function, prevents certain cardiac arrhythmias, reduces platelet aggregation (including reactivity and adhesion), reduces vasoconstriction, enhances fibrinolysis, reduces fibrin formation, and decreases the risk of microalbuminuria and sudden cardiac death. Thus, fish intake or fish oil supplement use is beneficial to reduce cardiometabolic risk factors.

Arginine silicate inositol complex (ASI; arginine 49.47 g kg−1, silicon 8.2 g kg−1, inositol 25 g kg−1), a novel composition that is a bioavailable source of silicon and arginine, has potential benefits for vascular and bone health. We have previously reported that bone mineral content increased and the amount of Ca, P, Mg and Mn in the excreta decreased in poultry with ASI supplementation. In the present study, the effect of ASI supplementation at various levels (0, 500, 1000 mg kg–1 ASI) on growth, feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and concentrations of body elements, operculum bone ash and activity of serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in rainbow trout was evaluated. Ninety 0+ year-old rainbow trout with initial average weight of 50 ± 3 g were randomly assigned to three treatment groups, three replicates of 10 fish each. The fish were fed either a basal diet or the basal diet supplemented with either 500 or 1000 mg of ASI. Body weight gain (P = 0.25), feed intake (P = 0.36) and feed efficiency (P = 0.42) were not signifcantly influenced by the dietary ASI supplementation. Per cent operculum bone ash (634 g kg−1 versus 558 g kg−1, P = 0.001) and ALP activity (112 UL–1 versus 92 UL–1, P = 0.001) linearly increased as dietary ASI supplementation increased. Increasing dietary ASI supplementation linearly increased serum and whole body Ca (P = 0.01), P (P = 0.01), Mg (P = 0.05; P = 0.001) Mn (P = 0.05; P = 0.01) and Zn (P = 0.01; P = 0.02) concentrations respectively. In conclusion, ASI supplementation to the basal diet significantly improved operculum bone ash and whole body mineral content in rainbow trout and did not impact feed consumption, weight gain or FCR.

Chromium supplements are widely used as an alternative remedy for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In vitro study findings show that chromium picolinate (CrPic) may improve insulin sensitivity by enhancing intracellular insulin receptor. In this study, we evaluated the metabolic effects of CrPic in a rat model of T2DM. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 45, 8 weeks old) were divided into 3 groups. The controls (group I) received a standard diet (12% of calories as fat); group II received a high-fat diet (HFD; 40% of calories as fat) for 2 weeks and then were intraperitoneally injected with streptozotocin (STZ, 40 mg/kg; HFD/STZ) on day 14; group III rats were given group II diets with the addition of 80 microg CrPic per kilogram body weight per day. The addition of CrPic in the group III treatment lowered glucose by an average of 63% (P < .001), total cholesterol by 9.7% (P < .001), and triglycerides by 6.6% (P < .001) compared with group II treatment. Compared with group II, CrPic treatment also lowered free fatty acid levels by 24% (P < .001), blood urea by 33% (P < .05), and creatinine level by 25% (P < .01), and reduced the severity of glomerular sclerosis (P < .0001). Histopathologic findings suggest that the CrPic-treated group had normal renal tubular appearance compared with the HFD/STZ-treated group. Normal appearance of hepatocytes was observed in the CrPic-treated group. These results showed that CrPic has marked beneficial effects against microvascular complications. In conclusion, HFD/STZ rats provide a novel animal model for T2DM. Further treatment with CrPic for 10 weeks significantly ameliorated changes in metabolic risk factors including favorable changes in histopathology of the liver, kidney, and pancreas, suggesting its potential role in the management of diabetes.

Recent epidemiological and controlled clinical studies indicate that dietary lutein may be of benefit in maintaining cognitive and visual health. There is evidence of a macular pigment that is related to cognitive and visual function. Breast milk containing lutein derived from the mother’s diet improves cognitive function in breast-fed children compared to those who are formula fed. Furthermore, lutein shows some significance for Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Huntington’s disease (HD).

PurposeMany foods naturally contain dietary Cr, but lost during processing and cooking. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been associated with poor glycemic control and low Cr status. The objectives of the current study were to evaluate the dietary Cr intake and its relationship with diabetes risk factors in moderately obese subjects with T2DM.Design/methodology/approachThirty‐six subjects (age: 26–65 years) were recruited through local advertisements. Subjects were taking stable doses of oral antidiabetic medication(s) excluding concomitant insulin. Subjects had HbA1c ≥7 per cent, persistent impaired glucose control (2 hour glucose >200 mg dL−1) and at least a one‐year history of T2DM. Demographic characteristics, blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), family and medical history were recorded. Three‐day dietary intakes were collected and evaluated for Cr and nutrient content using Nutritionist V software. Plasma glucose, circulating insulin and lipid profile were analyzed. Homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance (IR), beta cell function (BCF) and derived ratios were calculated. Morning void urinary chromium levels were also measured.FindingsIt was observed that mean dietary Cr intake of adults (30 mcg) was below the suggested recommended daily intake (RDI) of 120 mcg day−1. These estimates correspond to approximately 16.4 μg Cr per 1000 Kcals. A significant correlation was observed between dietary Cr and fasting insulin (ppppppppOriginality/valueIn this study, the consumption of chromium is less than the RDI. Overall the results suggest that the US diets are inadequate in the essential metal chromium. Further studies are required to explore the relationship of Cr absorption with dietary Cr intake and risk factors in T2DM.

The effect of zinc picolinate (ZnPic) supplementation at various levels (0, 30, 60 mg/kg of diet) on growth, feed intake, feed efficiency and concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA), Zn, Cu and Mn, and serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of rainbow trout was evaluated. Ninety 0+ y-old rainbow trout were randomly assigned to 3 treatment groups, 2 replicates of 15 fish each. The fish were fed either a basal diet or the basal diet supplemented with either 30 or 60 mg of Zn/kg of diet. Body weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency were not significantly influenced by the dietary zinc picolinate supplementation. Serum alkaline phosphatase activity concentration linearly increased ( P = 0.01), whereas serum, liver and whole body malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations linearly decreased as dietary ZnPic supplementation increased ( P = 0.001). Increasing dietary zinc supplementation linearly increased serum ( P = 0.01) and whole body Zn concentrations ( P = 0.05). However, serum and whole body Cu and Mn concentrations did not change as dietary ZnPic supplementation increased. Results of the present study indicate that zinc picolinate supplementation significantly decreased oxidative stress in rainbow trout and did not impact growth or feed consumption.

Increased consumption of soy foods has been associated with reduction in low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in both clinical and observational studies. However, it is not clear whether adding soy to a low-fat diet has additional lipid-lowering benefits, and few previous studies have examined these effects in women using hormone replacement therapy (HRT+).We tested whether adding soy protein to a low-fat, high-fiber, Step I diet improved cardiac risk markers in 18 postmenopausal women and 14 men with hypercholesterolemia and examined whether concurrent use of HRT altered diet responsiveness. Diets were matched for macronutrient content, and all food was provided. After 3 weeks on the Step I diet, subjects were randomized to diets (6 weeks) containing 25 g/day protein isolate from soy or cow's milk, with crossover. The soy treatment contained 90 mg/day isoflavones. Lipids, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), p-selectin, and urinary isoflavonoids were measured at the end of each diet.In men and HRT- women only, there were significant reductions in LDL-C (-17.3%), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (-15.3%), and triglycerides (-11.5%) during the Step I diet, and soy had no additional effects. At study entry, HRT+ women had lower LDL-C and higher triglycerides than men. Their LDL-C was unchanged, and triglycerides were significantly reduced (-15.1%) by the Step I diets. Isoflavonoid excretion was unrelated to diet response or HRT status.In men and HRT- women, the diets significantly lowered LDL-C, independent of soy intake. In HRT+ women, the diets improved triglycerides without lowering HDL-C.

Metabolic syndrome risk factors (MSRF) can lead to cardiovascula r disease (CVD) and its prevalence is increasing at an alarming rate in the United States and worldwide. Pathways leading directly from visceral adiposity to the genesis of free fatty acids and lipid accumulation are mediators of insulin resistance and hypertension. These conditions lead to a proinflammatory and prothrombotic state that can potentiate cardiovascular disease. Metabolic syndrome risk factors are interrelated and associated with predisposition to diabetes, obesity, hypertension and dyslipidemia and, thus, ultimately can lead to CVD. In this review, the authors focused on seven research-supported nutrients available as dietary supplements that offer potential benefits for people with MSRF. For the past two decades, a number of studies have evaluated the role of nutritional supplementation in the prevention of atherogenic and abnormal glucose risk factors. It is, therefore, important to identify strategies that favorably impact MSRF and disease conditions. This review focuses on nutritional compounds such as policosanol, soy proteins, plant stanols, plant esters and isoflavones, omega-3 fatty acids and chromium. These ingredients can beneficially modulate MSRF and, thus, potentially improve disease risk factors and related sequelae. Although the benefits of dietary supplements in general have not been comprehensively elucidated or established, it seems plausible, given available data, that non-pharmacological compounds exhibit the ability to measurably reduce MSRF and, consequently, provide potential protection against CVD and its associated complications.

Background: Mesozeaxanthin (MZ) is a macular carotenoid which has been reported to have a number of pharmacological properties, including the antioxidant, and anticarcinogenic property, and has been stated to decrease the hepatocyte lipid content. Objective: In this study, we investigated the effect of MZ on cardio-metabolic health risk (CMHR) and its probable mechanisms of action in rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Design: Rats were randomly divided into four groups consisting of (i) Control, (ii) MZ, (iii) HFD, and (iv) HFD+MZ. Results: MZ treatment increased the antioxidant enzyme activities and helped improve the liver function. The treatment alleviated CMHR and decreased the level of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB p65) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). The levels of hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ), phosphorylated insulin receptor substrate 1 (p-IRS-1), β,β-carotene 9’,10’-oxygenase 2 (BCO2) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which decrease in HFD rats, were found to be significantly higher in MZ supplemented animals. Conclusion: MZ has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and can is reported in this study toprotect against fatty liver and cardio-metabolic syndrome, possibly through regulation of PPAR-γ, IRS-1, Nrf2 and NF-κB proteins, in an insulin-resistant rodent model.

Recent in vitro, in vivo and human studies indicate that dietary meso-zeaxanthin (MZ) may be of benefit in maintaining vision and provides antioxidant and anti-inflammatory support. MZ is a macular carotenoid with additional protective effects such as antioxidant, anti-mutagenic, singlet oxygen quenching and inhibitory effects on specific CYP450 isoenzymes, potential to induce phase II enzymes, chemo-protective and anti-carcinogenic effects. MZ scavenges superoxide, hydroxyl, nitric oxide diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, and 2, 2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radicals, inhibits tissue lipid peroxidation and prevents cellular damage. MZ increase the levels of antioxidant enzymes like catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. MZ supplementation will provide benefit for maintaining visual performance in health and disease. Recent data strongly support the observation that adequate macular carotenoid supplementation may significantly reduce the risk of macular degeneration and age related macular degeneration mediated by reactive oxygen species. This review will focus on the effect of macular carotenoids and MZ in the context of carotenoids’ unique visual health including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

The available evidence suggests a beneficial effect of zeaxanthin against the progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The objective of the present study was to investigate potential adverse effects of OmniXan™, a RR-zeaxanthin (65%) enriched product obtained from paprika (Capsicum annum fruits) in subchronic toxicity and mutagenicity studies. The oral LD50 of OmniXan(TM) in rats was greater than 2000 mg/kgbody weight (bw)/day. For the subchronic toxicity study, Wistar rats (10/sex/group) were gavaged daily with zeaxanthin concentrate at doses of 0, 4, 40 and 400 mg/kg bw/day for 90-days. No treatment related clinical signs and mortalities observed. Similarly, no treatment related toxicologically significant changes in body weight, feed consumption; ophthalmoscopic examination, neurological examination, hematology, urine analysis and organ weights were observed. Statistically significant changes observed in some clinical chemistry parameters were considered toxicologically and biologically insignificant and nonadverse. Macroscopic and microscopic examinations did not reveal treatment-related abnormalities. The results of mutagenicity testing using Salmonella typhimurium did not reveal any genotoxicity. The no observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for zeaxanthin concentrate (OmniXan(TM)) was determined as 400 mg/kg bw/day, the highest dose tested. The findings of this subchronic toxicity and mutagenicity studies support safety of zeaxanthin concentrate.

An evidence-based systematic review of active hexose correlated compound (AHCC) by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration consolidates the safety and efficacy data available in the scientific literature using a validated, reproducible grading rationale. This article includes written and statistical analysis of clinical trials, plus a compilation of expert opinion, folkloric precedent, history, pharmacology, kinetics/dynamics, interactions, adverse effects, toxicology, and dosing.

Coronary heart disease (CHD) accounts for the majority of cardiovascular disease (CVD) deaths in men and women. Abnormal function of the heart and blood vessels increases the risk for heart attack, heart failure, sudden death, stroke, and cardiac rhythm problems, thus resulting in decreased quality of life and decreased life expectancy. The causes of CVD range from structural defects to infection, inflammation, environment, and genetics. The greater the number of reported risk factors, the more likely will an individual be to develop heart disease. Some risk factors are modifiable such as diet and lifestyle. Improvements can help reduce major risk factors and reduce the risk of CHD. Other factors are non-modifiable, such as age and sex, and contribute to a higher risk score of CHD. This review will focus on the metabolic advantages of bioactive nutrients for the prevention of CVD.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate anti-diabetic effects of chromium picolinate (CrPic) and biotin supplementations in type 2 diabetic rats. The type 2 diabetic rat model was induced by high-fat diet (HFD) and low-dose streptozotocin. The rats were divided into five groups as follows: (1) non-diabetic rats fed a regular diet; (2) diabetic rats fed a HFD; (3) diabetic rats fed a HFD and supplemented with CrPic (80 μg/kg body weight (BW) per d); (4) diabetic rats fed a HFD and supplemented with biotin (300 μg/kg BW per d); (5) diabetic rats fed a HFD and supplemented with both CrPic and biotin. Circulating glucose, cortisol, total cholesterol, TAG, NEFA and malondialdehyde concentrations decreased (PPPPP

Chromium picolinate (CrPic) has shown both antidepressant and antidiabetic properties. In this study, the effects of CrPic on serotonergic properties and carbohydrate metabolism in diabetic rats were evaluated. Sixty male Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into four groups. (1) The control group received only standard diet (8 % fat). (2) The CrPic group was fed standard diet and CrPic (80 μg CrPic per kilogram body mass (b.m.)/day), for 10 weeks (microgram/kilogram b.m./day). (3) The HFD/STZ group fed a high-fat diet (HFD, 40 % fat) for 2 weeks and then received streptozotocin (STZ, 40 mg/kg, i.p.) (i.v.) HFD-STZ–CrPic group treated as the previous group and then were administered CrPic. CrPic administration to HFD/STZ-treated rats increased brain chromium levels and improved all measurements of carbohydrate metabolism and serotonergic properties (P < 0.001). CrPic also significantly increased levels of insulin, tryptophan, and serotonin (P < 0.001) in the serum and brain, and decreased cortisol levels in the serum (P < 0.01). Except chromium levels, no significant effect of CrPic supplementation was detected on the overall measured parameters in the control group. CrPic administration was well tolerated without any adverse events. The results support the use of CrPic supplementation which improves serotonergic properties of brain in diabetes.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of chromium histidinate (CrHis) against experimentally induced type II diabetes and on chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), selenium (Se), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu) in serum, liver, and kidney of diabetic rats. The male Wistar rats (n = 60, 8 weeks old) were divided into four groups. Group I received a standard diet (12% of calories as fat); group II were fed standard diet and received CrHis (110 mcg CrHis/kg body weight per day); group III received a high-fat diet (HFD; 40% of calories as fat) for 2 weeks and then were injected with streptozotocin (STZ) on day 14 (STZ, 40 mg/kg i.p.; HFD/STZ); group IV were treated as group III (HFD/STZ) but supplemented with 110 mcg CrHis/kg body weight per day. The mineral concentrations in the serum and tissue were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Compared to the HFD/STZ group, CrHis significantly increased body weight and reduced blood glucose in diabetic rats (p0.001). Concentrations of Cr, Zn, Se, and Mn in serum, liver, and kidney of the diabetic rats were significantly lower than in the control rats (p0.0001). In contrast, higher Fe and Cu levels were found in serum and tissues from diabetic versus the non-diabetic rats (p0.001). Chromium histidinate supplementation increased serum, liver, and kidney concentrations of Cr and Zn both in diabetic and non-diabetic rats (p0.001). Chromium supplementation increased Mn and Se levels in diabetic rats (p0.001); however, it decreased Cu levels in STZ-treated group (p0.001). Chromium histidinate supplementation did not affect Fe levels in both groups (p0.05). The results of the present study conclude that supplementing Cr to the diet of diabetic rats influences serum and tissue Cr, Zn, Se, Mn, and Cu concentrations.

Objective Chromium is an essential element for carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. The therapeutic potential of chromium histidinate (CrHis) in the treatment of diabetes has been elucidated. The present study investigated the effects of CrHis on serum parameters of renal function, on oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde [MDA] and 8-isoprostane), and on the expression of heat-shock proteins (HSPs) in rats. Methods Male Wistar rats (n=60, 8 weeks old) were divided into four groups. Group 1 received a standard diet (12% of calories as fat). Group 2 received a standard diet, plus CrHis. Group 3 received a high-fat diet (40% of calories as fat) for 2 weeks, and was then injected with streptozotocin (STZ) on day 14 (STZ, 40mg/kg intraperitoneally). Group 4 was treated in the same way as group 3 (HFD/STZ), but was supplemented with 110 μg CrHis/kg/body weight/day. Oxidative stress in the kidneys of diabetic rats was evidenced by an elevation in levels of MDA and 8-isoprostane. Protein concentrations of HSP60 and HSP70 in renal tissue were determined by Western blot analyses. Results Chromium histidinate supplementation lowered kidney concentrations of MDA, 8-isoprostane levels, serum urea-N, and creatinine, and reduced the severity of renal damage in the STZ-treated group (i.e., the diabetes-induced group). The expression of HSP60 and HSP70 was lower in the STZ group that received CrHis than in the group that did not. No significant effect of CrHis supplementation was detected in regard to the overall measured parameters in the control group. Conclusions Chromium histidinate significantly decreased lipid peroxidation levels and HSP expression in the kidneys of experimentally induced diabetic rats. This study supported the efficacy of CrHis in reducing renal risk factors and impairment because of diabetes.

Recent data strongly suggest that atherosclerosis progression may be slowed by increased intakes of essential fatty acids (EFAs) from fish even in diabetes. The current evidence also indicates the potential benefits of EFAs on atrial fibrillation, particularly in the immediate post-cardiac surgery setting. EFAs also appear to reduce risk for arrhythmias and fatal coronary heart disease (CHD) events. Despite a growing body of research on the benefit of essential fatty acids (monounsaturated fatty acids [MUFAs] and polyunsaturated fatty acids [PUFAs] ) for cholesterol lowering in CHD, there are insufficient outcome data on the use of EFAs on glycemic control as well as inadequate data to show the efficacy on insulin resistance and diabetes. The focus of this chapter is to discuss different fatty acids and therapeutic approaches toward treating insulin resistance syndrome (IRS) and diabetes exclusively by lowering cholesterol levels and glucose control as a medical nutrition therapy. Although results of epidemiologic studies as well as clinical trials and clinical end points confirm the association of (omega-3) fatty acids and MUFAs with cholesterol lowering, lowering inflammatory markers and risk of CHD, data are lacking regarding the effects of these fatty acids in the management of diabetes with CHD and insulin resistance. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is found to be associated with a two-to fourfold increase in CHD risk and as the degree of association of hyperglycemia is more related to microvascular complications, correcting dyslipidemia appears to reduce macro vascular events in patients with T2DM. Future dietary management strategies are required for the use of essential fatty acids in the management of insulin resistance and diabetes.

The atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), defined as logarithm [log] of the ratio of plasma concentration of triglycerides to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, has recently been proposed as a predictive marker for plasma atherogenicity and is positively correlated with cardiovascular disease risk. The nutrient combination of chromium picolinate and biotin (CPB) has been previously shown to reduce insulin resistance and hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).Thirty-six moderately obese subjects with T2DM and with impaired glycemic control were randomized to receive CPB or placebo in addition to their oral hyperglycemic agents for 4 weeks. Measurements of blood lipids (including ratio of triglycerides to HDL cholesterol), fructosamine, glucose, and insulin were taken at baseline and after 4 weeks.At the final visit, the active group had a significantly lower AIP compared to the placebo group (P0.05). A significant difference in triglyceride level (P0.02) and the ratio of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) to HDL cholesterol (P0.05) was also observed between the groups at the final visit. In the active group, the changes in urinary chromium levels were inversely correlated with the change in AIP (P0.05). Urinary chromium levels were significantly increased in the CPB group. In the CPB group, glucose levels decreased at 1 hour and 2 hours and glucose area under the curve and fructosamine level were significantly decreased. Ratios of total to HDL cholesterol, LDL to HDL cholesterol, and non-HDL to HDL cholesterol were significantly decreased between the treatments at final visit. No significant adverse events were observed in the CPB or placebo groups.These results suggest that the combination of chromium picolinate and biotin may be a valuable nutritional adjuvant therapy to reduce AIP and correlated CVD risk factors in people with T2DM.