Search

The glucose tolerance test can be performed in a variety of situations. To evaluate a person's capacity to manage a glucose load, a glucose tolerance test is utilised. The test can determine whether or not a person can metabolise a specific amount of glucose. and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) has been the standard method for detecting prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes causes anomalies in glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism due to insulin's ineffective action on target tissues, so health care providers making this test to determine a person's ability to handle a glucose load. In this article we will be looking at the testing procedures, normal and abnormal results and primary heath care role's to improve the results and treatmentof prediabetics .

The study aimed to measure Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) and fear level towards COVID-19 and explore its cross-cultural variances in knowledge by sociodemographic factors among the general population of 8 different countries over 5 continents. It was a cross-sectional online survey. This survey was conducted in April 2020 among 1296 participants using the “Google Form” platform. Considering the social distancing formula and pandemic situation, we collect data using popular social media networks. Univariate and bivariate analyses were used to explore the collected data on KAP, fear, and sociodemographic factors. Overall knowledge score was 9.7 ± 1.7 (out of 12), and gender differences (female vs male: 9.8 ± 1.6 vs 9.5 ± 1.9) were significant (p = 0.008) in the bivariate analysis. Knowledge score variances were found significant in some regions by gender, marital status, and education qualification. The highest and lowest mean knowledge scores were recorded in the Middle East (10.0 ± 1.7) and Europe (9.3 ± 2.0). Despite having a high fear score (22.5 ± 5.6 out of 35), 78.35% of respondents were positively and 81.7% in a good practice level. Fear score rankings: Middle East (1st; 23.8 ± 5.5), Europe (2nd; 23.2 ± 5.8), Africa (3rd; 22.7 ± 5.0), South Asia (4th; 22.1 ± 5.7), Oceania (5th; 21.9 ± 5.8), and North America (6th; 21.7 ± 5.5). Fear and knowledge were not correlated. KAP and fear variation exist among geographical regions. Gender, marital status, and education qualification are factors in knowledge variances for some regions. KAP and fear measures can help health education programs consider some sociodemographic factors and regions during an outbreak of highly contagious disease and uplift a positive attitude and good practice. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11469-021-00638-4.

Many etiological hypotheses have been suggested to explain the development of peptic ulcers during the last 300 years (including gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer). In the last two decades, significant progress has been made in understanding the pathophysiology of peptic ulcer disease, particularly with regard to the involvement of Helicobacter pylori and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs). This study will attempt to review literature on etiology and management of gastric and duodenal ulcers among adolescents.

Background: Bisphenol A (BPA) is a xenobiotic that causes oxidative stress in various organs in living organisms. Blood cells are also an endpoint where BPA is known to cause oxidative stress. Blood cells, especially red blood cells (RBCs), are crucial for maintaining homeostasis and overall wellbeing of the organism. They are highly susceptible to oxidative stress induced by xenobiotics. However, there is limited data about the oxidative stress induced by BPA in blood, especially in red blood cells. This study was carried out to evaluate BPA induced oxidative stress in human RBCs in vitro and its amelioration by melatonin. Objective: To find if melatonin exerts a protective effect on the oxidative stress induced by the BPA in human red blood cells in vitro. Methods: The erythrocyte suspensions (2 ml) were divided into six groups and treated with 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 μg/ml of BPA. Another set of erythrocyte suspension with similar BPA treatment and 50 μM Melatonin per group was also set. Incubations lasted for 12 hrs in the dark. Lipid peroxidation, glutathione, glutathione reductase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase were measured as indicators of oxidative stress. Results: BPA caused a significant increase in lipid peroxidation. A decrease in GSH levels was also observed. The activities of all the studied antioxidants also decreased with BPA treatment. Melatonin was seen to mitigate the oxidative stress induced by BPA. Conclusion: Treatment of red blood cells with BPA caused an increase in oxidative stress, while melatonin decreased the induced oxidative stress.

Background: Hair follicle and sebaceous gland inflammation causes acne, which is a long-term, chronic skin condition. The androgen-induced sebum overproduction leads to first acne appearance. It is caused by altered and aberrant keratinization, inflammation and the colonization of facial hair follicles by the bacteria Propionibacterium acnes. Acne also has a delayed immune response, as well as influences from the environment and genetics. Treatments for post-acne scarring have included topical preparations such as chemical peels, dermabrasion, laser resurfacing and punch excision and punch elevation, as well as fat transfer, implantation of autologous collagen and cultured and expanded autologous fibroblasts. Other treatments have included trichloroacetic acid focal treatment and skin microneedling to improve the dermal extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Objective: To determine the updated treatment modalities in atrophic post-acne scars. Conclusion: In most types of atrophic acne scars combination therapies typically provide superior outcomes than solo treatments.

Background: This study was carried out to assess the prevalence of MS in Mosul City. Methods: A retrospective study was applied in Mosul City for the period between (2020-2000). MS patient’s outpatient of Ibn-Sina Teaching hospital in Mosul City. Assessment of MS status: for the assessment of MS status the Kurtzke EDSS was used. EDSS was based on ten scores (0-10) and categorized the MS severity into three level; mild disability (EDSS, 0.0 to 3.5), moderate disability (EDSS, 4.0 to 6.5), and severe disability (EDSS, 7.0 to 9.5). Microsoft Excel file was used to analyzed the data, number, percentage, Mean and Standard deviation were computed analyze all demographic and clinical variables. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Mosul Health Directorate, at Mosul City –Iraq. Results: the study found that the mean age of patients (34.7) among men and (32.9) among women. The mean age at onset is (28.9) among men and 27.9 among women. In relation to family history 89.8% of men and 93.9% of women don’t have positive family history with MS. The majority of patent have Relapsing- remitting. Conclusion: In conclusion, the prevalence of MS has been steadily rising in the Mosul city over the past few decades. Key words: profile, Multiple Sclerosis, Mosul

Background Acute ankle sprain is a very common injury which comprises 80% of all ankle injuries. Acute ankle sprain affects almost exclusively the lateral ligamentous complex including ATFL followed by CFL, while PTFL is rarely of clinical significance. Objective To study the clinical trials in a Meta-analytical form, in order to compare surgical versus conservative treatments for the management of acute injuries of the lateral ligament complex of the ankle. Materials and Methods We performed this systematic review and meta-analysis in accordance to the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and Meta-analyses Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) statements. PRISMA and MOOSE are reporting checklists for Authors, Editors, and Reviewers of Meta-analyses of interventional and observational studies. Results In the present study, we searched Medline via PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) from their inception till April 2019. The search retrieved 702 unique records. We then retained 48 potentially eligible records for full-texts screening. Finally, 14 studies (Total No. of patients=1896) were included in the present systematic review and meta-analysis Conclusion: Starting a physiotherapy programme as early as possible is essential to control pain and swelling, to improve and maintain the range of motion, and to minimize the risk of stiffness and muscle wasting, which are the two decisive factors which delay patients from returning to their normal activities. Regardless of severity, surgery for acute ankle sprain is not recommended anymore.

Background Psoriasis is a chronic, recurring inflammatory disease affecting the skin, joints and nails that has a significant negative impact on the quality of life.Highly sensitive c reactive protein ( hsCRP) could be useful as biomarker for assessing the psoriasis severity(1). Objectives Assess the changes in high-sensitive C-reactive protein serum level in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis before and after treatment with narrow band ultraviolet B therapy and Methotrexate. Patients and Methods Our Prospective clinical study included 40 patients of both sex, aged 20-60 years old with psoriasis vulgaris recruited from dermatology outpatient clinic of Ain Shams University Hospital from January 2018 to December 2018. The study was approved by Ain Shams University ethical committee. Informed consents were taken from each Patient after full description of the study aims and procedures Results Both methotrexate and nb-uvb showed significant decrease in serum level hscrp ,PASI score and DLQI after 12 weeks of treatment ,although there were statistically significant lower PASI , DLQI scores and serum level hscrp after 12 weeks of treatment in methotrexate group of patient compared to nb-uvb group of patients Conclusion Highly sensitive C reactive protein(hscrp) is a promising inflammatory marker for monitoring psoriasis severity and efficacy of treatment respectively .Methotrexate treatment showed significant effect on psoriasis severity regarding lowering hscrp serum level ,PASI and DLQI in compared to Nb_UVB therapy .

The present study was designed to show the effect of Vitamin D3 on lipid profile and oxidative stress. The present study used 30 adult albino female rats that distributed to following groups (each group consist 6 rats); control group received ad libidium, second group administrated Vitamin D3 (orally, 8.9μg/kg) for eight weeks, third group administrated Vitamin D3 (orally, 17.8μg/kg) for eight weeks, fourth group (pregnant rats) administrated Vitamin D3 (orally, 8.9μg/k) for eight weeks, fifth group (pregnant rats) administrated Vitamin D3 (orally, 17.8μg/kg) for eight weeks, and then killed. The results showed high significant increased (P less than 0.05) in levels of lipid profile (total cholesterol, total glyceride, high density lipid (HDL), low density lipid (LDL) very low density lipid (VLDL)), especially in pregnant female rats (third and fifth groups) compared with control group. On the other hand, the results showed significant changes (P less than 0.05) in levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase especially in pregnant female rats (third and fifth groups) compared with control group. It was concluded that the prolong using and overdose of Vitamin D3 lead to elevated the lipid profile and oxidative stress in rats especially in pregnant female rats. How to cite this article: Abdulla, K.N., Ahmed, M.S. and Mohammed, S.R. (2019). The Effect of Oral Vitamin D3 Supplements On Lipid Profile and Oxidative Stress In Adult Albino Female Rats. International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology, 9(4): 686-688. Source of support: Nil. Conflict of interest: None.

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a clonal myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) characterized by dysregulated and uncontrolled proliferation of mature and maturing granulocytes with normal differentiation. A genetic hallmark of CML is the presence of the fusion gene product BCR-ABL. Bleeding diathesis in CML patients is rare (

Background: Vitamin D deficiency is a common problem in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Objectives: The aim of the current study was to measure serum Vitamin D concentrations (25 (OH) D) in patients with IBD and examine its relation to the severity of disease. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective cross-sectional study of adult patients diagnosed with IBD including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease compared to sex-matched controls from an outpatient clinic in a public hospital in Iraq between February 2018 and May 2018. The Vitamin D deficiency levels were assessed as below 20 ng/ml as deficient, between 20 and 30 ng/ml as insufficient, and >30 ng/ml as sufficient level. Results: Serum Vitamin D levels were measured in 145 patients including 68 patients (median age: 30.5 ± 17.25) and 77 healthy controls (median age: 52.00 ± 12.25) ranged 18–63 years. Further, the median length of disease progression was 3.0 years. Serum Vitamin D levels were significantly lower in patients (IBD or separately) compared to healthy controls. However, such significant difference was not found between patients with respect to Vitamin D and disease severity. In addition, it was confirmed that disease severity is related to Vitamin D deficiency in IBD patients. Conclusions: The current study revealed that the patients with IBD have a significantly lower level of Vitamin D compared to healthy control group. In addition, the Vitamin D deficiency is related to disease severity.

Aim: the significant points in diagnosis and treatment of iron deficiency which is one of the most common diseases observed in children have been compiled in terms of directing pediatricians, the recent studies performed in this area have been reviewed and the experiences of our center have been explained. Methods: Medline and PubMed database searches were performed for articles about acute cholangitis published in English up to September 2018. Results: iron deficiency anemia continues to be a considerable public health issue worldwide. The major concepts in treatment of iron deficiency anemia consist of making the diagnosis, investigating the condition which triggers to iron deficiency and removal of this problem, replacement of deficiency, enhancement of nutrition and education of patients and families. Conclusion: The serum ferritin level is the best indicator of the iron stores in the body and the first biochemical variable to change in ID.

Objective: To evaluate the frequency of alpha thalassemia and detect mutations in the alpha genes in individuals undergoing premarital screening. Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted at King Fahad Central Hospital, Jazan, Sauid Arabia, from January 2018 to May 2019, and comprised blood samples of individuals visiting the premarital screening clinic. The samples were analyzed for complete blood counts and haemoglobin electrophoresis. Molecular analysis of samples suspected for alpha thalassemia was done using alpha–globin StripAssay kit. Data was anlaysed using SPSS 20. Results: Of the 3,970 samples analysed, 1,859(46.83%) were from males and 2,111(53.17%) from females. The overall frequency of suspected alpha thalassemia was 4.43% based upon haematological parameters including complete blood count and hemoglobin electrophoresis. Overall, 80 suspected samples were selected for genetic analyses, and, of them, 76 (95%) were positive for deletional and non-deletional mutations of alpha-globin genes, while 4 (5%) were negative for any of the 21 mutations tested. Conclusion: Alpha thalassemia was found to be highly prevalent in the study area. Key Words: Alpha thalassemia, –?3.7, –?IVS1, ? polyA1, premarital screening.

Background. Refractive errors are the most common cause of visual impairment worldwide. Its proportion varied among societies and is considered as a public health challenge. Symptoms and signs associated with refractive errors are the most worrisome and common presentations in the general practice in eye clinics. Aim. The goal of this study was to determine the types and presentations of refractive error among the 0–30-year-old Yemeni population to aid early identification, diagnosis, referral, and treatment. Methodology. A cross-sectional study including 1,500 out-patients aged from 0 to 30 years attending the ophthalmology clinic in Sanaa, Yemen (between 2012 and 2015). All patients underwent visual acuity examination, autorefractometer, and anterior and posterior segment examination and were grouped according to type, that is, myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. Results. Hyperopia was the most common single diagnosis (53.3%) followed by myopia (33.3%). Astigmatism was uncommon as a single diagnosis (13.4%) but commonly associated with hyperopia or myopia. Myopia was more common in males (42.9%) than in females (25%). Hyperopia was more in females (62.5%) than in males (42.9%). Age groups most affected by refractive errors were 13–18 years (27.7%), 19–24 years (24.8%), and 25–30 years (24.6%), respectively. Decreased vision (53%) was a common presentation in myopia and astigmatism (41.5%) and less in hyperopia (39.6%). Headache was common in astigmatism (56%), hyperopia (28.8%), and myopia (17.8%). Muscle imbalance, namely, exotropia (27.2%), is mainly found in myopia and esotropia (24.3%) in hyperopia. Conclusions. In addition to decreased vision, our patients with refractive errors mostly complain of headaches with clear variations with age and type of refractive error. Early identification and proper categorization of refractive errors by age, gender, and other demographics by general physicians in primary care can better deduce and make useful referrals to eye specialists.

Background: Non-adherence to dialysis is a cause for concern as it leads to several life-threatening complications. Several factors can contribute to non-adherence in dialysis patients. The aims to identify factors contributing to non-adherence among chronic renal failure patients undergoing haemodialysis sessions. Methods: Research design: Descriptive research design.Setting : Dairout General Hospital at haemodialysis unit. Subjects :A purposive sample of 95 adults patients, male & female, their age ranged from 18-65 years, undergoing haemodialysis and agreed to participate in the study. Tools : Tool (1):Patient assessment. Tool (2):Non-adherence contributing factors questionnaire among chronic renal failure patients. Results : Six categories of factors contributing to non-adherence among chronic renal failure patients undergoing haemodialysis sessions were identified. These were patient related factors, sociodemographic factors, psychological factors, therapy related factors, disease related factors and health care related factors.Conclusion: Non-adherence remains a major obstacle in the effective management of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Recommendations:There is need for collaborative approach to devise measures that eliminate relevant contributing factors to non-adherence among chronic renal failure (CRF)patients.

Epidemiological study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of Blastocystis hominis, in Baghdad, Iraq,for the period from 1 July 2019 to 31 December 2019. The study included examination of 267 stool sampleswhich collected from patients complained of gastrointestinal manifestations attended to Baghdad TeachingHospital and Children Protection Teaching Hospital, in addition to examination of 30 blood samples forhealthy individuals as a control group. It was found that 60 patients (22.5%) were infected with Blastocystishominis. Also the study included the effect of this parasite on the levels of growth hormone (GH) andghrelin, in addition to some biochemical parameters in the serum of the infected persons and the controlgroup. These parameters included total serum protein (TSP), albumin, total cholesterol, triglycerides(TG),high-density lipoproteins-cholesterol(HDL-C), low-density lipoproteins-cholesterol (LDL-C), and very lowdensity lipoproteins (VLDL), and the results showed a significant decrease (P

The ongoing pandemic of COVID-19, which is caused by the novel coronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), constituted significant public health concerns and impacted the human populations with massive economic and social burdens worldwide. The disease is known to infect people of all ages, including children, adults, and the elderly. Although several reports about pediatric COVID-19 were seen in the literature, we believe that the epidemiology and pathology of the infection described in these reports are not conclusive. Therefore, in this scientific communication, a narrative review study was performed to shed some light on the characteristic epidemiological features and clinical phenotypes of pediatric COVID-19. In this report, we had compiled and presented the different epidemiological features of the disease related to the age of infection, virus acquisition, explanations of the low infectivity rates, and consequences of infections. The discriminatory clinical manifestations of the disease in children were also addressed and discussed in this review. The search included the data published from the date of the start of the pandemic in December 2019 up to October 2020. Our literature search revealed that children of all ages, including neonates, had been infected by the virus. Despite the fact that pediatric COVID-19 is less common to occur, as compared to the disease in adults, the infected children usually manifest the disease symptomatology in benign form. Asymptomatic and symptomatic adult patients are the primary source of the virus to the children. Intrauterine transmission of the virus and breastfeeding infections to the neonates were hypothesized in some studies but ruled out since they were not confirmed. Intensive review and discussion warranting the low infection rates and benign conditions of COVID-19 in children were also made in this study. As documented in many studies, the infectivity, morbidity, and mortality rates of the disease among the children populations are much lower than those in adults. They also seem to be lower than those observed during SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV epidemics. The described clinical phenotypes of COVID-19 in children do not differ much from those of adults, and complications of the disease seem to be associated with comorbidities.

Background: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been observed to exhibit altered expression patterns in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Therefore, this study was aimed to evaluate the clinical importance of miR-126 and miR-122 expression in concert to imatinib response in CML patients. Methods: The present study included 100 CML and 100 healthy subjects. The expression of the 2 miRNAs was performed using TaqMan probe chemistry, and snU6 was used as internal control. Results: The expression of miR-126 and miR-122 was downregulated in CML patients, with a mean fold change ± SD 0.20 ± 0.33 and 0.22 ± 0.37, respectively. While the expression of both miRNAs was analysed before and after imatinib treatment, it was observed that the expression levels of both were increased after imatinib treatment by 26.25-fold (5.33 against 0.20) and 13.95-fold (3.07 against 0.22) and the increase was statistically significant (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.0001, respectively). The expression of miR-126 was not conclusive when compared in different clinical stages of the CML disease as it showed a decreased expression in patients with accelerated phase compared to chronic phase (mean fold change = 0.03 and 0.27, respectively), but patients with chronic phase and blastic phase had comparable expression (mean fold change = 0.27 and 0.24, respectively). We also observed an increased expression of both miRNAs after imatinib therapy in each clinical phase. Conclusion: The study concludes that expression of miR-126 and miR-122 increases after imatinib treatment in CML patients and that miR-126 defines the good responders of imatinib therapy.

BackgroundKnowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP), and Fear toward COVID-19 are an important issue when designing public health approaches to control the spread of this highly contagious disease like COVID-19 during the global pandemic period. Studies with KAP and fear measures are limited only regional or country level, not yet with global or cross-cultural populations. The study is aimed to measure KAP and fear level towards COVID-19 and explore its cross-cultural variances in knowledge by socio-demographic factors among the general population of 8 different countries over 5 continents.MethodA cross-sectional online survey was conducted in April 2020 among 1296 participants using the Google form platform. Considering the social distancing formula and pandemic situation, we collect data using popular social media networks. Univariate and bivariate analyses were used to explore the collected data on KAP, fear, and sociodemographic factors.ResultOverall knowledge score was 9.7 (out of 12) and gender differences (female vs male: 9.8 vs 9.5) were significant (p=0.008) in the bivariate analysis. Knowledge score variances found significant in some regions by gender, marital status and education qualification. The highest and lowest mean knowledge scores were recorded in the Middle East (10.0) and Europe (9.3). Despite having a high fear score (22.5 out of 35), 78.35% of respondents were in a positive attitude and 81.7% in good practice level. Fear score rankings: Middle East (1st; 23.8), Europe (2nd; 23.2); Africa (3rd; 22.7); South Asia (4th; 22.1); Oceania (5th; 21.9); and North America (6th; 21.7). We didn’t find a correlation between fear and knowledge.LimitationDue to the nature of the online survey, aged and rural populations are under-representing (e.g. more than half of the responders are 16-29 age group).ConclusionKAP and fear variation exist among geographical regions. Gender, marital status and education qualification are factors in knowledge variances for some regions. KAP and fear measures can assist health education programs considering some sociodemographic factors and regions during an outbreak of highly contagious disease and, which can uplift a positive attitude and good practice.HighlightsCross-cultural KAP and fear toward COVID-19 are evaluatedRespondents from Europe scored less knowledge on COVID 19 but had more good knowledge levelAbout 80% participants had positive attitude and good practice behavior.Interestingly, Participants in Oceania avoided more crowded places whereas, in Europe worn more masks during outing as a measure of preventionParticipants in Middle East had the highest score in fear, and fear was independent of knowledge

Paraganglioma is the commonest middle ear tumor and the 2nd most common temporal bone tumor after vestibular schwannoma. Different classification systems have been proposed based on the extension of the tumor. Diagnosis is based on both clinical and radiological features. CT is valuable in defining the extension of the lesion and excluding erosion of the jugular bony plate. Endoscopic excision of these tumors has been described in the early 2010s. We report a case of female patient 40-years-old with right tympanic paraganglioma extending to the protympanum and hypotympanum. Exclusive transcanal endoscopic excision was performed.

The present study was designed to show the effect of magnesium on lipid profile and oxidative stress. The present study used 30 adult albino female rats that distributed to following groups (each group consist 6 rats); control group received ad libidium, second group administrated magnesium (orally, 35.7mg /kg) for eight weeks, third group administrated magnesium (orally, 71.4mg /kg) for eight weeks, fourth group (pregnant rats) administrated magnesium (orally, 35.7mg /kg) for eight weeks, fifth group (pregnant rats) administrated magnesium (orally, 71.4mg /kg) for eight weeks, and then killed. The results showed high significant increased (P < 0.05) in levels of lipid profile (total cholesterol, total glyceride, high density lipid (HDL), low density lipid (LDL) very low density lipid (VLDL)), especially in pregnant female rats (third and fifth groups) compared with control group. On the other hand, the results showed significant changes (P < 0.05) in levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase especially in pregnant female rats (third and fifth groups) compared with control group. It was concluded that the prolong using and overdose of magnesium lead to elevated the lipid profile and oxidative stress in rats especially in pregnant female rats.

INTRODUCTION: tuberculosis is ranked alongside HIV as a leading killer disease worldwide. This study is aimed at determining the prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) among patients attending chest clinic located within the Maiduguri Metropolis from 2003 through 2012. METHODS: this study is conducted retrospectively, utilizing hospital records from patients attending Borno state chest clinic referral centre. Data on age and sex of patients were also recorded during data collection and retrieval from hospital records. RESULTS: a total of 13,886 patients were registered and attended the referral clinic for tuberculosis examination during the study period (2003-2012), of which 58.4% were males and 25% patients aged ≤15 years. The mean age of patients was 35.5 ± 10.3. Out of these patients, 3,150 patients were confirmed positives, given an overall prevalence of 22.7% (95% CI: 22.0 - 23.4). Compared with other age groups, patients aged between 26 - 35 years had three times the risk of PTB (RR = 3.0; 95% CI: 2.05 - 4.00; p < 0.0001). Similarly, male patients were 1.3 times as likely to develop the disease as compared with the female patients during the study period (RR = 1.3; 95% CI: 1.22 - 1.39; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: despite its limitations, this study as other similar studies reveals that PTB still remains an important public health threat in the study area. It is further recommended, a review of the current government policy on the prevention and control of tuberculosis be carried out.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practice of breast cancer screening methods among female patients attending five primary healthcare centers in Najran, Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 500 female patients, and a direct interview questionnaire was used to collect data. Our results indicated a low knowledge about breast cancer, breast self-examination, mammogram and clinical breast examination was 54.4%, 56%, 90.4%, and 83.8%, respectively. Nineteen percent of patients demonstrated a high knowledge of breast self-examination. Breast self-examination was performed by 35% of patients, whereas 15% of patients received mammograms and 19.8% clinical breast examinations. The most common barrier for screening methods of breast cancer was that patients were unaware of half of the screening methods. A total of 20.6% of women did not perform breast self-examinations because they were not well trained, and 26.4% of women did not receive clinical breast examinations because there was no female doctor available. The main source of information among the women patients was social media (52.4%), whereas 8.8% received information through their healthcare provider. In summary, the majority of women demonstrated poor knowledge about breast cancer and screening methods. Additional effort should be put forth through women’s healthcare providers to increase the awareness of breast cancer screening. That means we need to continue emphasizing the importance of primary healthcare for early detection of breast cancer in the early stages. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s13187-018-1423-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Aim: This study is really aimed to explain the possibility of viewing the coronary arteries by transthoracic echocardiography and its importance in taking the diagnosis about non-specific chest discomfort like tightness or burning with back pain and others, to help patients & save their lives. Presentation: 40 years old male complains of intermittent recurrent chest tightness and back pain for 6 months ago , and had a non-specific electrocardiogram and normal echocardiogram findings, with hypertension of 160/98 mmHg discovered on the first visit to see a doctor that prescribed for him bisoprolol 5 mg tab per day and anxiolytic drugs , and while he was using these medicines he was suffered from new recurrence, therefore, echocardiogram examination for coronary arteries was done and revealed its walls thickening and stenosis. Conclusion: the conclusion of this study are revealing the transthoracic echocardiogram as a valuable non-invasive imaging technic for examination of the coronary arteries with clear detection of the walls thickening and lumens diameters, and it will contribute to putting a prevention plans for decreasing the myocardial infarctions and its complications.

Background Chronic urticaria is a common immunological disorder, with a prevalence of 15–25%. Several exogenous and endogenous causes have been proposed as causative agents; one of them is infection of the gastrointestinal tract. Despite thorough investigation, the etiology remains unresolved in more than 80% of the cases. Objective The aim of the present study was to assess the prevalence of chronic idiopathic urticarial (CIU) patients presented with Helicobacter pylori infection and to study the effect of H. pylori eradication on the skin lesion in patients with CIU. Methodology This prospective study was carried out at the outpatient clinic of Dermatology Department of Al Azhar Assuit University Hospital on 30 patients with chronic urticaria (20 women and 10 men); their ages ranged from 16 to 65 years. The duration of the disease ranged from 6 weeks to 18 years. A primary diagnosis of CIU was made when an etiological factor accounting for the majority of the lesions could not be elucidated during the history-taking and physical examination. All the patients were subjected to careful history-taking at initial visit; physical examination to assess the number of urticaria wheals, size, and distribution, and associated angioedema; gastroscopy to obtain gastric mucosal biopsy from the antrum; and histopathological assessment of the gastric mucosal biopsy using hematoxylin and eosin, and Giemsa stains. The patients were scored according to the severity of disease (number of wheals, area of distribution, and the duration of the disease; itching and style of life; history of angioedema). The patients were treated for 2 weeks with amoxicillin (1 g/twice daily), metronidazole (500 mg/three doses daily), and omeprazole (20 mg/twice daily). All patients were followed up during the study duration of 3 months. To assess eradication efficacy, a repeated H. pylori stool antigen test was carried out for each patient 6 weeks after the end of anti-H. pylori therapy. Statistical analysis of the data was performed by using the SPSS_16 software. Results Fourteen patients (46.7%), aged less than 30 years, and 16 patients (53.3%), aged equal to or more than 30 years, were included in the present study. The mean of the ages of all patients was 34.9 years, and their age ranged from 16 to 65 years. There were 10 men (33.3%) and 20 women (66.7%). The mean of the duration of disease in all cases was 4 years, and ranged from 2 to 15 years. Nineteen patients presented with gastric symptoms. Seven patients (23.3%) had mild urticaria, 15 (50.0%) had moderate urticaria, and the remaining 8 (26.7%) had severe urticaria. Treatment results showed that 13 patients (43.3%) had complete remission, 12 patients (40.0%) had partial remission, and five patients (16.7%) showed no response. There was no statistically significant difference between age, sex, duration of illness, and gastric symptoms on the prognosis of urticaria after treatment. In addition, the results showed a highly statistically significant (P

Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) have been found to be critically involved in initiation or progression of diabetes secondary complications (nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, and angiopathy). Various hyper-glycating carbonyl compounds such as 3-deoxyglucosone (3-DG) are produced in pathophysiological conditions that form AGEs in high quantity both in vivo and in vitro. In the first stage of this study, we glycated histone H2A protein by 3-DG, and the results showed the formation of various intermediates and AGEs as well as structural changes in the protein. In the second stage, we studied the immunogenicity of native and 3-DG-glycated H2A protein in female rabbits. The modified H2A was highly immunogenic, eliciting high titer immunogen-specific antibodies, while the unmodified form was almost nonimmunogenic. Antibodies against standard carboxymethyllysine (CML) and pentosidine were detected in the immunized female rabbits, which demonstrates the immunogenic nature of AGEs (CML and pentosidine) as well. The results show both structural perturbation and AGEs have the capacity of triggering the immune system due to the generation of neoepitopes that render the molecule immunogenic. This study shows the presence of autoantibodies against 3-DG-modified H2A, CML, and pentosidine in the sera of type 2 diabetes patients having secondary complications. Autoantibodies against damaged H2A and AGEs may be significant in the assessment of initiation/progression of secondary complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients or may be used as a marker for early detection of secondary complications in diabetes.

Objective: Ectopic pregnancy (EP) is an implantation of fertilized ovum outside the intrauterine cavity. Many cases of EP are not associated with a clinical signs at early stages that makes its diagnosis is difficult. The confirmation of EP needs several investigations as ultrasonography and repeated measurements of serum β-hCG levels every 48 hours that make it very expensive and take a long time so, rupture may be occurred that leads to increased maternal morbidity and mortality rates. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the alterations of some hematological and biochemical parameters associated with normal and ectopic pregnancy in addition to evaluate their efficacy in early diagnosis of tubal ectopic pregnancy (TEP) among women living in Jazan area, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Subjects and methods: this retrospective study was carried out on 200 women with their ages ranged from 25–37 years old at the Obstetric and Gynecology Department of King Fahd Central Hospital and Sabiya General Hospital during the period between March 2010 and March 2014. The subjects were divided into three groups. Group (1) consists of 69 cases ruptured EP; Group (2) consists of 61 cases non-ruptured by visual examination during surgery and subsequently histopathological examination, where as group (3) consists of 70 women representing the control group having a normal intrauterine pregnancy. Hematological and biochemical measurements were done on all groups. Results: the hematological findings revealed a significant increase in mean platelet volume (MPV), total leukocytic count (WBC) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) among TEP patients especially in ruptured cases in comparison with those of normal pregnancy control. A significant decrease in hemoglobin (Hb) and packed cell volume (PCV) in TEP cases either ruptured or non-ruptured and a non-significant changes in total erythrocytic count (RBC). The biochemical findings revealed a significant increase in serum creatine kinase ( CK) but a significant decrease in serum β-hCG in both ruptured and non-ruptured TEP. Conclusion: it could be concluded that theWBCs,MPV count and ESR were significantly increased in TEP especially in ruptured cases. The MPV can differentiate between TEP and normal pregnancy but has less clinical significance to differentiate between ruptured and non-ruptured cases. On the other hand, the level of β-hCG is an important indicator of TEP. Moreover, serum CK cannot be used as a tool for diagnosis of TEP but may differentiate between ruptured and non-ruptured cases.

Aim: A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis among cattle slaughtered at three municipal abattoirs of Gombe State, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A total of 200 blood samples collected from slaughtered cattle of different breeds (Sokoto Gudali - 50, White Fulani - 102, Red bororo – 34, and Crossbreeds - 14), sex (males - 19 and females - 181), and from different locations (Billiri - 30, Yamaltu Deba – 50, and Gombe - 120) were screened for brucellosis using rose bengal plate test (RBPT), serum agglutination test (SAT), and microtiter agglutination test (MAT). Results: Of the 200 serum samples analyzed, 7 (3.5%), 10 (5.0%) and 18 (9.0%) were positive by RBPT, SAT and MAT, respectively. The results showed no statistically significant association between sex and seropositivity to bovine brucellosis. However, seropositivity of bovine brucellosis was higher in females than in males. Similarly, no statistically significant association was observed between breed and occurrence of bovine brucellosis. Moreover, the prevalence of brucellosis was higher in Sokoto Gudali as compared with the other breeds. Based on the study locations, higher seroprevalence was observed in animals screened from Billiri as compared with those from other locations (p

This study aimed to determine whether there is an influence of interleukin 6 ( IL-6) gene promoter polymorphisms on IL-6 plasma levels and its role in the development of ischemic stroke in young Indians. One hundred young patients with ischemic stroke (age ≥ 45 years) and equal number of age- and sex-matched controls were genotyped for 174G>C, −572G>C, and −597G>A promoter polymorphisms by polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism. Plasma IL-6 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Plasma IL-6 levels were significantly higher in patients as compared to controls (patients: 28.61 ± 8.61 pg/mL, controls: 7.60 ± 4.10 pg/mL, P = .001). Both −174G>C (allelic χ2/ P value: 4.79/.028, genotypic χ2/ P value: 5.3/.021) and −572G>C (allelic χ2/ P value: 9.63/.00113 Genotypic χ2/ P value: 74/.0002) polymorphisms exhibited genotypic as well as allelic significant association with the disease phenotype. Comparison was made between patients and controls for all 3 polymorphisms using a recessive model with respect to plasma IL-6 levels; no polymorphism showed any significant correlative association with the increased IL-6 levels ( P = .31, .51, .32). Interleukin 6 is an inflammatory marker that is considerably influenced by nongenetic factors and is not a good candidate gene for studying genetic components associated with ischemic stroke. It seems that the variability in IL-6 levels is an integrated effect of nongenetic influences and the inflammatory events that follow ischemic stroke instead of being its cause. It is suggested that there is no direct association between −174G>C, −572G>C, and −597G>A polymorphisms and elevated IL-6 levels in the development of ischemic stroke.

A 3-year-old male child was presented with worsening abdominal pain, abdominal distension, lethargy, pallor and hepatosplenomegaly. The patient had multiple outpatient visits in the past and was treated with oral antibiotics, oral anthelmintic agents, albeit with minimal benefit. The patient also had non-neutropenic pyrexia spikes and oral ulcers. The patient was an adopted child; hence details about his biological parents’ previous history were unclear. Differential diagnosis of Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia (CMML), Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemia (JMML), Gaucher’s disease, Thalassemia and discrete pancreatic pathology was considered. Haemoglobin electrophoresis was indicative of thalassemia. Also, molecular detection method by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) confirms a concurrent infection with Plasmodium knowlesi malaria. The BCR-ABL fusion gene was found to be negative. Correlating with peripheral monocytosis, Bone Marrow Aspiration (BMA) and trephine biopsy with blasts only 3-4% and hepatosplenomegaly, a diagnosis of Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemia was established. We present a rare phenomenon with an overlap of signs and symptoms between JMML, underlying thalassemia, and Plasmodium knowlesi, posing a diagnostic challenge to physicians.

The current study aims to identify the reality of the problem of school bullying among primary school students. To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher used the descriptive analytical method for its suitability to the current study. The study sample was randomly selected and applied to a sample of (14) leaders, (10) supervisors and (36) teachers. The questionnaire was used as a key tool for collecting information. The results of the study showed the following: the reality of bullying school among primary school students was so high that it reached the arithmetic mean (3.65), And that the causes of school bullying were high enough to reach the arithmetic mean (3.46). Also the absence of statistically significant differences in the reality of bullying problem among primary school students and the methods of prevention and treatment due to the variables "age, job title". Based on the findings of the study, the researcher recommended: activating the role of primary schools in developing the values ​​of tolerance and democracy, rejecting differences and accepting the other by including them in the study programs and emphasizing them in the interactions between members of the school community and activate the role of parents' councils to exchange information between family and school, and enhance confidence between the two sides, which helps to reduce the problem of bullying that hinder the educational process.

Background: Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative disorder categorized by malignant transformation of a single stem cell of hematopoietic cells. microRNAs (miRNAs) belong to transcription regulators in hematopoiesis and their altered expression associates with pathogenesis of CML. Aim: Current study aimed to access the miR-21 expression profile in CML patients and therapy response as well as its prognostic significance. Methods: 100 CML cases, 100 controls were included in study and miR-21 expression was analyzed. Overall 9.22 mean fold increased expression was observed in CML patients before treatment. Results: Patients with different CML phases such as chronic phase, accelerated phase and blast crisis showed 7.16, 10.30 and 13.20 fold increased expression respectively. Overall 3.57 mean fold expression was observed in imatinib treated patients suggested more than 5 fold decreased expression in CML patients. Prognostic significance was calculated and observed that miR-21 expression at 7.29 fold cutoff, 75% sensitivity and 50% specificity was observed (AUC=0.75, p

Patient: Male, 23-year-old Final Diagnosis: Acute cerebellitis Symptoms: Ataxia • dizziness Medication: — Clinical Procedure: Lumbar puncture Specialty: General and Internal Medicine Objective: Unusual clinical course Background: Acute cerebellitis in adults is a rare disease. The etiology is unknown but postulated to be due to primary infection or para-infection. Different presentations have been reported, which complicates the diagnosis process. Case Report: We report the case of a young man who presented with headache, vomiting, and vertigo. He was found to have ataxia and cerebellar signs, bradycardia magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain showed acute cerebellitis, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) studies showed lymphocytosis. Further investigations showed the presence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG. His symptoms resolved completely with corticosteroid and antiviral treatments. Conclusions: Acute cerebellitis can present in various ways. Bradycardia, along with neurological deficits, should raise the suspicion of acute cerebellitis.

Objective: Hepatitis is a serious health concern with a high rate of mortality and morbidity world over. Saudi Arabia also has its course of the disease incidence. The data on the prevalence of the disease is still limiting. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of hepatitis B virus [HBV] and hepatitis C virus [HCV] infection in the Jazan region and study its effects on hematological and hepatic parameters. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at premarital screening centre located in King Fahd Central Hospital, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. A total of 7,826, Saudi couples undertaking premarital screening from Jazan region, were enrolled in the study and screened between January 2014 and June 2015 for hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus. Complete blood counts and hepatic profile were carried out for individuals who were Hepatitis B and or C virus positive. Results: A higher prevalence of hepatitis virus infection in male participants [HBV 1.9%; HCV 0.4%] than in females [HBV 1.43%; HCV 0.2%] was seen. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte (PLR) ratios were significantly decreased among HBV- and HCV-infected patients. The concentration of hepatic enzymes showed a statistically significant increase in seropositive individuals. The levels of albumin were significantly decreased in individuals with hepatitis B and C when compared with the control group Conclusions: The study concludes that the prevalence of HBV infection among Saudi subjects in Jazan was higher than the prevalence of HCV infection, and both HBV and HCV were higher in men than in women.

Background and Aim: Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) still remains a major zoonotic bacterial disease affecting livestock and humans worldwide. The disease remains a poorly managed tropical disease in most developing countries of the world; where in addition to productivity losses and significance in international trade, it posed a major public health threat to both humans and animals. A retrospective study was designed to investigate the occurrence of bTB lesions at Bauchi municipal abattoir. Materials and Methods: The study utilized abattoir records spanning a period of 10 years (2004-2013). The records indicated that a total of 1,08,638 heads of cattle comprising n = 56,070 males and n = 52,570 females were slaughtered at the municipal abattoir during the study period. Results: Of these heads, n = 1230 (1.13%) (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07, 1.19) had tuberculous lesions. The annual occurrence during the study period varied significantly (p

Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) has been considered as a prothrombotic state which has impact on a wide series of pathways regulating platelet function, the cornerstone is represented by increased platelet reactivity. Many hypothesis have attempted to explain the pathophysiological mechanism by which these hyperreactive platelets contribute to diabetic vascular complications. However, a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between platelet indices and diabetic status is still lacking. Aim: To analyse platelet indices with glycaemic status in type-2 DM patients and to establish the correlation between Mean Platelet Volume (MPV), Platelet Distribution Width (PDW), Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) and Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) values. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Totally 450 subjects (150 controlled and 150 uncontrolled diabetics, 150 non-diabetics) were included and investigated for HbA1c, FBS and platelet indices. Statistical analysis using IBM SPSS software version 20.0. Statistical significant p-value was considered at

Antibiotics are used by the veterinarians and poultry industry to enhance growth rates, health of the birds, feed efficiency, egg production and for therapeutic reasons to reduce the incidence of poultry diseases. Antibiotics had been used in poultry production for both therapeutic and prophylactic purposes. Most poultry farmers in Nigeria have employed the use of various antibiotics with or without the guidance of veterinarians. Although antibiotics benefit most of its uses, the illegal use of these drugs has led to the accumulation of toxic antibiotic residues in edible poultry products destined for human consumption. And this poses a major threat and hazard to the public that could be toxicological, microbiological or immunological. Several analytical techniques are available to screen edible poultry products with levels of toxic antibiotic residues. Drug withdrawal period and maximum residue level of antibiotics should be strictly observed in treated birds before any poultry product (meat or eggs) is passed ＂wholesome＂ for human consumption. There are still few researches addressing this major public health problem coupled with lack of awareness in Nigeria. Therefore, there is need for public enlightenment campaign on the dangers of antibiotic residues in edible poultry tissues and products to the teeming populace and restriction and regulation of indiscriminate use of antibiotics in poultry production and industry to curb the incidence of this public health hazard in Nigeria.

The plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) gene has been found to be associated with the pathogenesis and progression of vascular diseases including stroke. A 4G/5G, PAI-1 gene polymorphism has been found to be associated with the plasma PAI-1 levels in different ethnic populations but results are still controversial. The aim of this study was to determine the potential association of 4G/5G polymorphism and plasma PAI-1 levels in the development of ischemic stroke (IS) in young Asian Indians. One hundred patients with IS and an equal number of age- and sex-matched controls were studied. The 4G/5G polymorphism was genotyped in the study population through allele-specific polymerase chain reaction. Plasma PAI-1 levels were evaluated using a commercial kit. The PAI-1 levels were significantly higher in patients when compared to the controls ( P = .03). The variant 4G allele for the PAI-I 4G/5G polymorphism showed both genotypic ( P = .0013, χ2 = 10.303; odds ratio [OR] = 3.75) as well as allelic association ( P = .0004, χ2 = 12.273; OR = 1.99) with IS. The homozygous variant 4G/4G also was found to be associated with the higher PAI-1 levels (0.005). The variant allele 4G of PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphism and higher plasma PAI-1 levels were found to be significantly associated with IS in young Asian Indians.

Herpes zoster or shingles is caused by the reactivation of latent varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection within the sensory ganglia. Primary VZV infection results in varicella (chickenpox) usually in childhood, characterized by vesicular lesions on the face, trunk, and extremities. Although herpes zoster can occur at any age, it is mainly a disease of adults over age 50 and/or immunocompromised individuals. Complications of herpes zoster include post herpetic neuralgia, herpes zoster ophthalmic us and less commonly acute retinal necrosis, aseptic meningitis, and encephalitis. Here we present the case of a 51-year-old female patient with Herpes Zoster infection involving the dermatome on the forehead, initially misdiagnosed, to alert clinicians to create awareness and minimize misdiagnosis of other patients with similar cases. It is unusual to find patients presenting with infection involving the dermatome of the forehead.

Objective of the study was to assess effect of iron therapy on serum hepcidin levels in iron deficient pregnant women and its correlation with hemoglobin, serum iron profile and C-reactive protein (CRP). A total of 100 pregnant women were enrolled in the study; 25 were included in the “control group” having normal hematological and biochemical parameters while 75 iron deficient pregnant women were enrolled in the “patient group” with low hematological and biochemical parameters. CRP was done to rule out inflammation and to observe its association with hepcidin. Intravenous iron was administered to the patient group. Post treatment CBC, serum iron, serum ferritin and serum hepcidin were determined. Difference between pre and post treatment hemoglobin, serum iron, serum ferritin and serum hepcidin levels were determined and correlation among them was calculated. Post treatment serum hepcidin levels were significantly higher than pretreatment level (p = 0.001). However, no correlation was seen between serum hepcidin, serum iron, serum ferritin and hemoglobin. Hepcidin levels remain low during pregnancy as there is increased demand for iron in pregnancy. Iron supplementation results in increased hepcidin levels; however no mathematical correlation was found between serum hepcidin level and serum iron profile.

Problem statement: Iron is present in ferritin, the storage form of iron in the tissues; in the respiratory cytochrome enzymes; in hemoglobin of the blood and in the myoglobin of muscle Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) has been shown to interact with heme groups in vivo and in vitro. This study investigated the effects of 5 day and 7day oral dihydroartemisinin treatments on the blood and tissues of the lungs, the heart, the liver, the intestines, the spleen and the kidney of Wistar albino rats. The dosage regimens of dihydroartemisinin employed in the study were: A single dosage regimen of 1 mg kg-1; a repeated dosage regimen of 1; 2; 60 and 80 mg kg-1. Approach: The results of the study showed that dihydroartemisinin interacted with the hemoglobin of the blood and the myoglobin of muscle to stimulate new haemopoesis in a concentration, repetition and time dependent manner in the tissues of the lungs, liver, spleen, intestine, heart and kidney of Wistar albino rats which was absent in the control rats. Results: Statistically significant increases were observed in the Packed Cell Volume (PCV) (P

Objective: This study was designed to determine the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) at the municipal abattoir and cattle herds in peri-urban nomadic settlements of Bauchi state of Northeastern Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A total of 2440 cattle slaughtered at the municipal abattoir from June to September were examined for lesions characteristic of bTB and eighty-six (n=86) cows selected from two cattle herds located at temporary nomadic settlements in Bauchi metropolis were also screened for bTB using purified protein derivative (PPD) tuberculin skin test. During the study period, total of 2,440 cattle were slaughtered comprising majority of females (n=1656) and males (n=784) as well as of different breeds including majority of White Fulani (n=1864) followed by Red Bororo (n=508) and Sokoto Gudali (n=68). Results: The results revealed that out of the 2,440 slaughtered cattle inspected for tuberculous-like lesions, 51 had lesions suspected to be lesions characteristic of tuberculosis, while 48 were positive for Ziehl-Neelsen. Prevalence rate of 1.96% based on microscopic examination and 2.0% based on suspected gross lesion were recorded. The prevalence was 0.77% for males, 1.2% females, 1.84% for adults, 0.12% for calves and 1.8% for white Fulani (Bunaji), 0.12% for Red Bororo (Rahaji) and 0.04% for Sokoto Gudali (Bokoloji). In addition, screening of 86 cows showed that 8.1% were positive for tuberculosis using tuberculin test. Conclusion: The outcome of this study showed that bTB is still endemic in Bauchi state and this can pose a significant public health challenge. Thus, it is recommended that the government should intensify the test-and-slaughter policy as well as put in place an effective monitoring and surveillance control programs for bTB to mitigate the risks posed to public health by this zoonotic disease in the study area. http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2018.e247

Objective: The aim of this study is to analyze the interrelationship and pattern of electrolyte imbalance and compare the correlation between serum electrolytes, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C), and hemoglobin (Hb) levels between Type 2 diabetic patients and non-diabetic subjects.Methods: This study was conducted in 300 subjects (150 diabetics and 150 non-diabetics) and further categorized as anemic and non-anemic within each group. Blood samples were analyzed for HbA1C, hemoglobin, and serum electrolyte levels.Results: Sodium (Na+) levels in diabetics were significantly lower and potassium (K+) as well as chloride (Cl−) levels were significantly higher, when compared with non-diabetics. A significant positive correlation between HbA1C and potassium as well as chloride levels in contrast to negative correlation with sodium levels was observed in both genders. Among diabetics with anemia, we found significantly lower sodium and higher potassium and chloride.Conclusion: In diabetics, levels of sodium were significantly lower, and potassium as well as chloride was significantly higher when compared with non-diabetics. Our study clearly demonstrates an association between electrolytes, hemoglobin, and HbA1C levels in diabetes. This insight should pave the way for pathophysiology-directed therapy, thus contributing to the avoidance of several deleterious effects associated with electrolyte disorders and their treatment.

Companion animals especially cats and dogs can provide a bridge for transmission of emerging bacterial diseases that are zoonotic in nature. Zoonotic diseases had posed numerous risk to ownership of companion animals by human either through directed or indirect contact especially in recent years where livestock species are being used as pets. Furthermore, companion animals could play a significant role in zoonosis as a potential reservoirs of various infections. These diseases have impacted greatly to the definition of new paradigms posed by emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases particularly relating to biosecurity policies and broadly to the protection of public health. Multi-sectorial collaboration for disease containment should be emphasized towards curtailing and managing health risks regarding infectious zoonotic diseases. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2018; 5(2.000): 101-109]

Malaria inflicts humankind over centuries, and it remains as a major threat to both clinical medicine and public health worldwide. Though hemotherapy is a life-sustaining modality, it continues to be a possible source of disease transmission. Hence, hemovigilance is a matter of grave concern in the malaria-prone third-world countries. In order to pursue an effective research on hemovigilance, a comprehensive search has been conducted by using the premier academic-scientific databases, WHO documents, and English-language search engines. One hundred two appropriate articles were chosen for data extraction, with a particular reference to emerging pathogens transmitted through blood transfusion, specifically malaria. Blood donation screening is done through microscopic examination and immunological assays to improve the safety of blood products by detection major blood-borne pathogens, viz., HIV, HBV, HCV, syphilis, and malarial parasites. Transfusion therapy significantly dwindles the preventable morbidity and mortality attributed to various illnesses and diseases, particularly AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria. Examination of thick and thin blood smears are performed to detect positivity and to identify the Plasmodium species, respectively. However, all of these existing diagnostic tools have their own limitations in terms of sensitivity, specificity, cost-effectiveness, and lack of resources and skilled personnel. Globally, despite the mandate need of screening blood and its components according to the blood-establishment protocols, it is seldom practiced in the low-income/poverty-stricken settings. In addition, each and every single phase of transfusion chain carries sizable inherent risks from donors to recipients. Interestingly, opportunities also lie ahead to enhance the safety of blood-supply chain and patients. It can be achieved through sustainable blood-management strategies like (1) appropriate usage of precise diagnostic tools/techniques, (2) promoting hemovigilance system, and (3) adopting novel processes of inactivation technology. Furthermore, selection of the zero-risk donors could pave the way to build a transmissible malaria-free world in the near future.

Category: Ankle, Ankle Arthritis Introduction/Purpose: Total Ankle Arthroplasty has been introduced relatively late in the modern era in comparison to hip and knee replacement. it suffered from poor outcomes initially leading to abandonment of the procedure in favour of ankle arthrodesis. The reasons for failure have been debated in the literature. The development of second generation implants, consisting of a three component design, has heralded a new era for Total Ankle Arthoplasty. The purpose of this study was to perform a biomechanical analysis of three commercially available Total Ankle Arthroplasty implants and a literature review to shed light on mechanisms of failure. Methods: Three commercially available ankle arthroplasty (STAR, Hintegra, Mobility) implants were tested using a specifically designed ankle simulator which replicated plantarflexion/ dorsiflexion and inversion/eversion movements. Different loads were applied to the implants which were put through 50,000 cycles at a rate of 1.4 Hz and bearings were removed for inspection. The followoing were conducted before, during and after testing - Visual inspection, Weight of implant, Optical Profile Projector and Scanning Electron Microscopy. A literature review was also performed to compare and contrast results seen elsewhere. Results: Biomechanical analysis revealed loss of congruency and wear of the polymer bearing surfaces with varying degrees across the three implants - STAR 7%, Hintegra 10% and Mobility 4%. This is supported by evidence in the literature that STAR and Hintegra implants suffer considerably from flattening of the polymer bearing surfaces and subsequent decrease in height. Conclusion: The above biomechanical analysis and literature review of these implants supports our senior author’s clinical experience that the main reason for failure is medial insufficiency and tibialis posterior dysfuction that cause increased demand on the implants ultimately leading to implant failure.