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Background: This study aimed to compare the effects of sesame (SO), canola (CO), and sesame-canola (SCO: a blend) oils on glycaemic control markers and liver function enzymes in adults with type 2 diabetes. Methods: In this randomized, triple-blind, three-way, cross-over clinical trial, participants replaced their usual oil with the intervention oils for 9 weeks. Serum fasting blood sugar, fasting serum insulin (FSI), insulin resistance (HOMA2-IR), beta-cell function (HOMA2-%B), insulin sensitivity (HOMA2-%S), quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI), as well as serum liver function enzymes were measured at baseline and end of intervention periods. Results: Ninety-two participants completed all treatment periods. After adjusting for confounders, all treatment oils resulted in significant improvements in FSI and HOMA2-%S (p < 0.05). SO and SCO led to favourable changes in HOMA2-IR and QUICKI (p < 0.05). Following CO and SCO, there was a significant decrease in HOMA2-%B (p < 0.05). The sex-stratified analysis revealed that FSI and HOMA2-IR were decreased after SO compared to CO in males (p = 0.024). Serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) was significantly lower following SO compared to CO in females (p = 0.02), however, the difference in change values was not significant (p = 0.058). Conclusions: SO consumption appears to improve glycaemic control markers in males and serum GGT in females compared with CO in patients with type 2 diabetes (registration code: IRCT2016091312571N6).

N-3 PUFAs can potentially influence levels of inflammatory and non-inflammatory adipokines. Given the contradictory effects of n-3 PUFAs on serum levels of adipokines in type 2 diabetes, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis study of randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials that examined the effects of n-3 PUFAs on serum levels of leptin and adiponectin in patients with type 2 diabetes. The electronic databases, without regard to language restrictions including PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar, SCOPUS and ISI Web of Science until August 2017, were used to identify randomized controlled trials that assessed the effect of n-3 PUFAs on serum leptin and adiponectin concentrations in type 2 diabetes. Outcomes were extracted based on the mean ± SD as effect size at baseline and end of the intervention. Between-study heterogeneity was evaluated by the I2 estimates and their 95% CIs. Funnel plot asymmetry was used to investigate the existence of publication bias. Stata software and Review Manager were used for statistical data analysis. Data from 10 eligible articles involved 494 subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (intervention groups = 254 and control groups = 240), with age between 44 and 70 years, treated with doses of 0.52–7.4 g/day n-3 PUFAs. Adiponectin concentration nonsignificantly increased by a MD = 0.17 µg/mL (95% CI − 0.11, 0.44). Also, leptin concentration nonsignificantly reduced by a MD = − 0.31 ng/mL (95% CI − 0.69, 0.07). Plant and marine sources of n-3 PUFAs can modify serum leptin and adiponectin levels by increasing adiponectin and decreasing leptin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. Due to some limitations in this study, further studies are needed to reach a definitive conclusion about the effect of n-3 PUFAs on the levels of leptin and adiponectin in T2DM.

Aims To the best of our knowledge, no study has tried to quantitatively summarize the published evidence regarding the effect of hesperidin supplementation on blood glucose control. The present systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials aimed to determine the effectiveness of hesperidin supplementation in improving blood glucose control in adults. Methods Electronic databases including PubMed, ISI Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched up to February 2019. The risk of bias in individual studies was assessed using the Cochrane collaboration's tool. The overall estimates and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random-effects model. Results Six trials with 318 participants were reviewed in the present systematic review. The results showed that hesperidin had no significant effect on serum fasting blood glucose (weighted mean difference [WMD] = -1.10 mg/dL, 95% CI: -3.79, 1.57), plasma insulin (WMD = -0.01 μU/mL, 95% CI: -1.20, 1.19), glycated haemoglobin A1c (WMD = -0.04%, 95% CI: -0.14, 0.04), homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (WMD = 0.117, 95% CI: -0.06, 0.29) and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (WMD = 0.135; 95% CI: -0.13, 0.39), with no significant between-study heterogeneity. Subgroup analyses also indicated that the effects were not different based on the studies' design and duration, or the health status of the participants. Conclusion Although several animal studies have proposed that hesperidin supplementation might improve blood glucose control, the present study could not confirm this benefit in humans.

Diazinon is an organophosphate toxicant that has been identified to induce oxidative stress within biological systems through altering biochemical and hematological indices, by generating free radicals while deteriorating the cellular antioxidant defense system. The present study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), a synthetic food additive, in serving as an antioxidant against sub-lethal diazinon-induced oxidative stress in male Wistar rats. Animals were randomly divided into 4 groups: Control (treated with corn oil as a vehicle), diazinon (10 mg/kg/day), TBHQ (0.028 g/kg of diet) and a combination group of TBHQ (0.028 g/kg of diet) plus diazinon (10 mg/kg/day). All animals were treated orally once a day by gastric tube and treatments were continued for 7 weeks. Hematological indices, including red blood cell (RBC) indices and white blood cell (WBC) and platelet counts, were measured at the end of the treatment schedule. On comparison of the treatment groups with the untreated control group, RBC count, hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were significantly decreased in the diazinon and TBHQ+diazinon groups, while MCHC in the TBHQ group and MCV in the diazinon and TBHQ+diazinon groups were significantly increased. When the diazinon and TBHQ+diazinon groups were compared with the TBHQ group, RBC, Hb, Hct, and MCHC were significantly decreased whereas MCV was increased in both groups. Additionally, when comparing the TBHQ+diazinon group with the diazinon group, MCHC was determined to be significantly decreased. The results of the current experiments suggested that TBHQ could not efficiently protect blood cells against diazinon toxicity.

Background/aim: Adipose tissue plays a major role in glucose homeostasis. Dietary antioxidants such as resveratrol (RSV) may offer some protection against the early stage of diabetes mellitus and the development of complications. The present study investigated the effects of RSV on biochemical parameters and resistin and apelin gene expressions in adipose tissue of rats with type 2 diabetes. Materials and methods: Diabetes was induced using a single dose of streptozotocin + nicotinamide. Three groups of diabetic rats were treated with different doses of RSV (1, 5, and 10 mg/kg body weight per day). Oxidative status, serum biochemical parameters, insulin, and HOMA index were measured. Finally, resistin and apelin gene expressions were determined in rats' adipose tissue using RT- PCR (qRT-PCR). Results: A significant reduction in serum glucose level was observed in rats treated with 5 and 10 mg/kg per day RSV compared with the diabetic control. Resistin expression in adipose tissue was reduced in RSV-treated groups, while no significant changes were observed in apelin expression. Conclusion: The results showed that RSV improves insulin sensitivity due to a simultaneous decrease in blood glucose and an increase in insulin. We concluded that RSV has potential hypoglycemic effect, probably by increasing insulin levels and changing the expression of resistin. Key word: Apelin, diabetes mellitus, gene, resveratrol, resistin

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (nZnO) on adult male Wistar rats. Thirty male Wistar rats divided into five groups of six animals each were used for this study. For ten days, Groups one to four continuously received 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg nZnO, respectively. Group five served as the control group. At the end of the study, the rats were sacrificed and histopathological study of the liver and renal tissue, sperm analysis, serum oxidative stress parameters and some liver enzymes were done. The results of this study showed that nZnO at concentration more than 50 mg/kg lead to significant changes in liver enzymes, oxidative stress, liver and renal tissue and sperm quality and quantity. In conclusion, the toxicity of nZnO is more significant when the concentration is increased; however, the use of low doses requires further investigation.

Hepatic GCK is a key enzyme in glucose homeostasis and, as such, is a potential target for treatment strategies of diabetes. We investigated the effect of Persian shallot (Allium hirtifolium Boiss) hydroalchoholic extract on blood glucose level, plasma insulin level, GCK activity and its gene expression. Thirty two male rats were divided into 4 groups of 8, diabetic groups received 100 and 200 mg/kg Persian shallot extract, diabetic control and normal control received 0.9% saline for 30 days. Investigations of gene expression by Real-Time PCR showed that Persian shallot had led to gently increased GCK gene expression in diabetic rats. GCK activity increased significantly in Persian shallot treated group in dose dependent manner (P

Background: Millions of people in the world have diabetes mellitus and its prevalence is growing. Oxidative stress, advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) play key role in the pathogenesis of diabetes. New and safe strategies of remedy are needed for this disease. Objectives: We hypothesized that resveratrol may exert a renal protective effect on diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Male rats with diabetes were treated with or without resveratrol as 1, 5, 10 mg/kg of body weight for 30 days. The total AGEs and malondialdehyde levels in kidney tissues were determined by spectrofluorimetric method and the insulin level was assayed using ELISA. The total antioxidant capacity contents in kidney and the glucose in plasma were measured by a colorimetric assay. The expression of RAGE was assayed in kidneys of all animals using quantitative PCR. Results: In resveratrol-treated rats with diabetes, malondialdehyde levels, plasma glucose and expression of RAGE were significantly reduced compared with the untreated group. Moreover, the total antioxidant and insulin levels significantly increased in treated rats. There was no significant difference in the AGEs contents among all the groups. Conclusions: These results revealed that resveratrol has beneficial effects on kidney by extenuating the oxidative stress and down- regulation of RAGE expression.