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Medication administration errors (MAEs) are the most common and significant type of medication errors worldwide. This study aims to assess the prevalence, types, and severity of MAEs. Furthermore, this study attempts to determine the factors associated with the occurrence of MAEs.This cross-sectional study was conducted over a three-month interval in the internal medicine ward of a tertiary teaching hospital in Jordan. During the study period, 13 nurses were observed while they were preparing and administering medications using a direct disguised observation method. All the recorded observations about the preparation and administration were compared with the physician's orders in the medications' records to identify any possible MAEs.Having observed a total of 1,012 opportunities for errors, 910 MAEs were identified. Among these 910 errors, adherence errors were found to be the most frequent type (n = 364, 35.9%), followed by incorrect drug preparation (n = 247, 24.4%). None of the MAEs revealed any serious harm to patients or contributed to prolonged hospitalization. Antimicrobial drugs (n = 210, 23.0%) was the most common class associated with MAEs, followed by the class of cardiovascular (n = 157, 17.2%) medicines. Results have shown that the occurrence of MAEs was significantly higher in the non-intravenous medications in comparison to the intravenous medications (While this study revealed a high rate of MAEs, all the identified errors did not cause harm to the patients. Continuous awareness and education campaigns targeting the nurses about the importance of proper and safe drug administration are highly recommended.أخطاء إعطاء الدواء هي من بين أكثر أنواع الأخطاء الدوائية شيوعا وأهمية في جميع أنحاء العالم. هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى تقييم انتشار أخطاء إعطاء الدواء وأنواعها وشدتها، وتحديد العوامل المرتبطة بحدوث مثل هذه الأخطاء.أجريت هذه الدراسة المقطعية على مدى ثلاثة أشهر في جناح الطب الباطني في مستشفى تعليمي ثلاثي في الأردن. خلال فترة الدراسة، تمت ملاحظة ما مجموعه 13 ممرضة أثناء تحضير الأدوية وإعطائها باستخدام طريقة الملاحظة المقنعة المباشرة. تمت مقارنة جميع الملاحظات المسجلة المتعلقة بالتحضير والإدارة مع أوامر الطبيب في سجل الأدوية لتحديد أي أخطاء محتملة.لوحظ ما مجموعه 1012 فرصة للأخطاء، وتم تحديد 910 خطأ في إعطاء الأدوية. من بين هذه الأخطاء البالغ عددها 910، كانت أخطاء الالتزام هي النوع الأكثر شيوعا (العدد 364 ، 35.9٪)، يليها تحضير دواء غير صحيح (العدد 247، 24.4٪). لم يسفر أي من أخطاء إعطاء الأدوية عن ضرر جسيم للمرضى أو ساهم في البقاء في المستشفى لفترات طويلة. كانت الأدوية المضادة للميكروبات (العدد 210 ، 23.0٪) هي الفئة الأكثر شيوعا المرتبطة بـأخطاء إعطاء الأدوية، تليها أدوية أمراض القلب والأوعية الدموية (العدد 157 ، 17.2٪). أظهرت النتائج أن حدوث أخطاء إعطاء الأدوية كان أعلى بشكل ملحوظ في الأدوية غير الوريدية مقارنة بالأدوية الوريدية (القيمة الاحتمالية أقل من 0.001).كشفت هذه الدراسة عن وجود معدل مرتفع من أخطاء إعطاء الأدوية. على الرغم من أن جميع الأخطاء التي تم تحديدها لم تسبب أي ضرر للمرضى، إلا أن الأخطاء كانت موجودة دائما. يوصى بشدة بحملات التوعية والتثقيف المستمرة للممرضين والممرضات حول أهمية الإدارة السليمة والآمنة للأدوية.

Background COVID-19 is a pacing pandemic that affected health systems, economy, and social life in the whole world. Currently, there is no treatment for it, but the world is in a race that yielded, in a relatively short time than usual, several approved, promising vaccines in the middle of a storm of debates because of the speed of their production and approval. Objective This study assessed the willingness of Middle Eastern Arab publics to receive COVID-19 vaccines and investigated the factors behind any reluctance to receive them. Methods A self-administered questionnaire was distributed through social media applications in four Arab countries (Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, and Iraq). Participants’ demographics, medical history, their experience with COVID-19, and their willingness to receive the available vaccines were obtained and analyzed. Results A total of 2,925 completed forms were included. Only 25% of the participants were willing to receive a vaccine while 33% were hesitant. Iraqis were the most willing to receive it while Jordanians were the least (35% and 17% of each country, respectively). Interestingly, 60% of the acceptors were ready to pay for the vaccine if not covered by governments. It was also found that American vaccines were preffered by 50% of the acceptors. However, 30% of acceptors were unsure of which vaccine is the best and 11% stated that any vaccine is good. Social media were the major source of information about COVID-19 and its vaccines. Finally, predictors of acceptance of the vaccines included living in Saudi Arabia and Iraq, being unmarried, having monthly income > $1,000, holding a medical degree, having high fear from COVID-19, feeling of being at risk of getting infected with COVID-19, and previous reception of influenza vaccine, whereas predictors of refusal included female sex and previous infection with COVID-19. Conclusion Middle Eastern Arabs are less likely to accept receiving the COVID-19 vaccines compared with non-Arabs. Health authorities in these countries are advised to intensify their awareness-raising activities about the vaccines while ensuring fair distribution of them.

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been recently recognized as key players of gene expression in cerebral pathogenesis. Thus, their potential use in stroke diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy is actively pursued. Due to the complexity of the disease, identifying stroke-specific lncRNAs remains a challenge. This study investigated the expression of lncRNAs HIF1A-AS2 and LINK-A, and their target gene hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) in Egyptian stroke patients. It also aimed to determine the molecular mechanism implicated in the disease. A total of 75 stroke patients were divided into three clinical subgroups, besides 25 healthy controls of age-matched and sex-matched. Remarkable upregulation of lncRNA HIF1A-AS2 and HIF1-α along with a downregulation of lncRNA LINK-A was noticed in all stroke groups relative to controls. Serum levels of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), phosphorylated-Akt (p-Akt), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and angiopoietin-1 (ANG1) as well as their receptors, malondialdehyde (MDA), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were significantly increased, whereas brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels were significantly decreased particularly in hemorrhagic stroke versus ischemic groups. Eventually, these findings support the role of lncRNAs HIF1A-AS2 and LINK-A as well as HIF1-α in activation of angiogenesis, neovascularization, and better prognosis of stroke, especially the hemorrhagic type.

Introduction: Immunohistochemistry plays an important but limited role in the diagnosis of primary bone tumors. Sometimes it is very difficult to differentiate osteosarcomas histologically from other tumors with similar morphology but with different malignant potential and treatment protocol. The correct diagnosis of OSA relies on identification of osteoid production by malignant cells which can be detected by the use of osteonectin. Materials and Methods: The present study was carried out on 200 patients of benign and malignant lesions of bone. After a detailed clinical history and local examination, paraffin section of resected specimens were studied by hematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemical stain, osteonectin and matrix was graded on a four-tiered grading system with statistical analysis of osteonectin positivity in osteogenic bone tumours and tumour-like lesions. Results: Benign and malignant tumours accounted for 74.6% and 25.0% of the total cases. Osteoid production were seen in 36 cases (100.0%) of osteosarcomas, followed by fibrous dysplasia in 18 cases (100.0%) and osteoid osteoma in 10 cases (100.0%). Both polygonal and spindle shaped tumour cells in osteosarcoma showed Grade 4 positivity with osteonectin. Fibroblastic variant of osteosarcoma showed diffuse (Grade 4) and focal strong staining (Grade 2) alternating with negative areas. Chondroblastic variant of osteosarcoma showed Grade 4+ immunoreactivity in conventional osteosarcoma like areas, whereas chondrocyte- like tumour cells surrounded by chondro-osteoid –like matrix showed well- defined osteonectin staining. Conclusions: Osteonectin is a helpful osteogenic marker for establishing the diagnosis of osteoblastic origin of a tumour that produce no or scarcely any matrix. Keywords: Bone Tumors, Immunohistochemistry, Osteonectin.

Purpose The development and production of novel vaccine to prevent COVID-19 is an international imperative to human lives. For that purpose, clinical trials have to be carried out as per international ethical standards. The current study was undertaken to examine the willingness to participate in COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials and to determine factors that might affect their decision to participate. Patients and Methods A cross-sectional survey study was carried out among the public in Jordan. During the study period, a convenience sample of adults (aged 18 years or above) were asked to participate via an online self-administered survey that was designed to evaluate the willingness to participate in COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials and to determine factors affecting their decision to participate. Results Results showed that, among participants (n=1,287), 36.1% reported to be willing to participate in clinical trials of the vaccine. Additionally, a lower percentage (18.1%) were willing to allow their children to participate. Motivators that encourage participation were the desire to return to normal life (73.2%), followed by the desire to help in finding a treatment for COVID-19 infection (68.1%). Barriers towards the participation were not wanting to be challenged by the virus (54.7%), fear (40.7%), lack of time (40.4%), and mistrust in pharmaceutical companies (38.9%). Finally, results showed that higher educational level was associated with lower willingness to participate (P=0.001), whereas having a previous participation in clinical studies is associated with a significantly higher willingness to participate in COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials (P

Background Pediatric pharmaceutical care is a new concept in the pharmacy profession. In Jordan, the knowledge of pediatric pharmaceutical care is limited, which may have negative consequences on pediatric pharmaceutical care and treatment efficacy and safety. Objectives The main objective of the present study is to assess parental needs for pediatric pharmaceutical care services and explore their current experiences of pharmaceutical services provided to their children. Setting Parental Facebook Groups in Jordan. Methods A descriptive, cross-sectional survey was designed and distributed online via Social Media networks, mainly Facebook. The validated survey contained 4 main sections addressing different themes related to pediatric pharmaceutical care services including: (1) parental perception of pediatric pharmaceutical care services. (2) Parental needs, wants, and expectations from the pharmacist when providing care to their children. (3) Parental awareness about pediatric pharmaceutical care, and parental satisfaction with current pediatric pharmaceutical care. Respondents who agreed to complete the survey signed and electronic informed consent form to access it. Main outcome measure The main outcomes measure was parental need for pediatric pharmaceutical care services. Results A total of 1104 respondents took part in the study. Of those 71% were female and 44% were 31-40 years old. The majority of respondents (78%) were not familiar with the pediatric pharmaceutical care term. The calculated overall mean perception score was 63.4%. The majority of respondents (89%) reported to need pediatric pharmaceutical care and the mean need score was 71.7%. Only 10.5% agreed/strongly agreed that their children were offered good pediatric pharmaceutical care services and respondents has a total mean satisfaction score of 65.7%. Conclusion The majority of the respondents reported that they need pharmaceutical care services for their children. Pharmacists in Jordan have to develop their role to incorporate pediatric pharmaceutical care services in their practice.

Objectives: To evaluate the role of angiogenesis by the assessment of mean vessel density and to quantify angiogenesis as an important variable in different benign and premalignant endometrial lesions. Materials and Methods: Endometrial biopsies and hysterectomy specimens were examined to evaluate and define any correlation between angiogenesis and different phases and premalignant diseased states of the endometrium. Microvessel counts were performed by examining the microvessels thoroughly in terms of count, morphology and density after staining the tissues by hematoxylin & eosin stain, reticulin stain and immunostain CD 34. Results: A total of 381cases of benign and premalignant endometrial lesions were included in the study. In 135 cases of simple hyperplasias, Microvessel Density (MVD) ranged from 2.4 - 6.7 and Mean MVD was 4.71 on H&E stain and MVD ranged from 2.8 - 8.3 with Mean MVD of 5.39 on reticulin stain. In 105 cases of complex hyperplasias, MVD ranged from 2.3 - 7.0 and Mean MVD was 4.93 on H &E satin and MVD ranged from 3.1-7.7 with Mean MVD of 5.68 on reticulin stain. In 67 cases of atypical hyperplasias, inbudding and outpouching of the glandular epithelium together with multilayering was appreciated with MVD from 4.5 - 8.8 and Mean MVD of 6.31 on H &E stain and MVD of 5.5 - 9.4 with Mean MVD of 7.19 on reticulin stain. A statistically significant difference was noted in all categories except in between simple and complex hyperplasia where the difference was not statistically significant. The role of angiogenesis becomes more significant with increasing severity of lesion, both in terms of hyperplasia and atypia when compared to normal endometrium. Although angiogenesis can be detected on immunostain more easily, it can be illustrated well by H and E or Reticulin stain. Conclusions: Role of angiogenesis becomes more significant with increasing severity of lesion, both in terms of hyperplasia and atypia when compared to normal endometrium. Although an

Background Tuberculosis remains a major health problem in the less developed nations and is now a major health problem in developed countries, owing to the emergence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and (AIDS). However, despite the availability of effective chemotherapy, patient noncompliance with regimens is the most common reason for therapeutic failures. The aim of this study is to describe the cytological features of drug defaulters on lymph node fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). Objective Due to the common problem of drug defaulters in developing countries like India, we had carried out a study to see the cytological features of drug defaulters on FNAC of the lymph node. Method Three hundred fifty tuberculosis cases, diagnosed based on Mantoux (Mx) test, acid-fast bacilli and/or culture, were followed up for drug compliance by cervical lymph node FNAC. Result Forty cases were found to be drug defaulters on detailed and meticulous follow-up. These patients were found to have splintered epithelioid cell granuloma with some viable epithelioid cells enmeshed in fibrous tissue elements. Other findings were degenerating epithelioid cells with or without surrounding eosinophilic infiltration and leaching of the degenerating lymphoid and epithelioid cells. Conclusion Lymph node FNAC can be used to identify tubercular drug defaulters, which may be time consuming and/or expensive by culture or other ancillary means.

Introduction. Primary extrahepatic hydatid cysts are rare, and primary splenic hydatid cysts even rarer. Splenic hydatidosis constitutes 2% to 3.5% of all hydatid cysts. Aim. To present a case report of splenic hydatidosis with abdominal pain. Description of the case. We report here a case of isolated splenic hydatid cysts in a 23 year old female, who presented with dull dragging pain in the left hypochondrium. Diagnosis was made on computed tomography imaging of the abdomen and microscopic examination of the laminated hydatid cyst wall and supplemented with positive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for hydatid antibodies. Conclusion. The incidence of splenic involvement by hydatid cysts is very low. Man is an accidental intermediate host, as entry of the larval forms into humans represents an end stage in its life cycle. Until recently the gold standard treatment for splenic hydatidosis was splenectomy, as medical therapy seems to be ineffective. However, the last two decades have shown a tendency towards splenic conservative surgery in suitable cases, to reduce opportunistic post splenectomy infection.

Neurofibromas of salivary gland are very rare and account for only 0.4% of all salivary gland neoplasms. Plexiform type of neurofibromas are predominantly seen in a scenario of neurofibromatosis-1 (NF-1) association, but solitary plexiform neurofibroma has also been occasionally reported. We present a report of this variant in a 17-year-old male who is presented with a slow-growing painless swelling in the right preauricular region for 8-month duration. Microscopic examination revealed multiple cell types including Schwann cells, perineurial cells, axons, lymphocytes, mast cells, and endoneurial fibroblasts. Immunostaining with S100 confirmed the neural origin. How to cite this article: Qadri S, Rabindranath D, Quadri S, et al. Facial Plexiform Neurofibroma as an Intraparotid Nodule: A Rare Case Presentation. Int J Otorhinolaryngol Clin 2020;12(1):8–10.

Plasma hyaluronan (HA) increases systemically in type 2 diabetes (T2D) and the HA synthesis inhibitor, 4-Methylumbelliferone, has been proposed to treat the disease. However, HA is also implicated in normal physiology. Therefore, we generated a Hyaluronan Synthase 2 transgenic mouse line, driven by a tet-response element promoter to understand the role of HA in systemic metabolism. To our surprise, adipocyte-specific overproduction of HA leads to smaller adipocytes and protects mice from high-fat-high-sucrose-diet-induced obesity and glucose intolerance. Adipocytes also have more free glycerol that can be released upon beta3 adrenergic stimulation. Improvements in glucose tolerance were not linked to increased plasma HA. Instead, an HA-driven systemic substrate redistribution and adipose tissue-liver crosstalk contributes to the systemic glucose improvements. In summary, we demonstrate an unexpected improvement in glucose metabolism as a consequence of HA overproduction in adipose tissue, which argues against the use of systemic HA synthesis inhibitors to treat obesity and T2D., Hyaluronan is a naturally occurring linear polysaccharide that together with collagens, enzymes, and glycoproteins forms the extracellular matrix. Here the authors show that adipose tissue overproduction of Hyaluronan reduces fat accumulation in mice fed high-fat diet and improves systemic glucose homeostasis.

Papillary lesions of the breast include a broad spectrum of entities, many of which pose a diagnostic challenge for the pathologist. Papillary Carcinoma is a rare malignancy of the breast accounting for 0.5- 2% of all breast carcinomas. It occurs more frequently in post-menopausal women over the age of 60. The most common presentation is a painless, mobile mass with bloody nipple discharge. Mammography typically shows a large circumscribed mass with an irregular or nodular contour.We present a case of a 42-year-old-woman with a painless lump in the right breast for 11 months, diagnosed as encapsulated papillary carcinoma of breast with in-situ component. Keywords: Breast, Encapsulated papillary carcinoma, Histopathology.

Scrotal calcinosis is a rare benign disease, which presents as multiple, painless, hard nodular growth in the scrotum without any systemic metabolic disorder. Histologic features of the lesion are extensive dermal deposits of calcium, with associated lympho-histiocytic aggregates and focal foreign body giant cell reaction. The pathogenetic mechanisms could be either purely idiopathic or any form of dystrophic calcification of the lining epithelial cysts or any inflammatory process with subsequent rupture, calcification and obliteration of the cyst wall. We present a rare case report of a 23-year-old male, who presented to the general surgery clinic with complaints of multiple, firm to hard scrotal swellings for the last 6 months. Microscopic examination of the excised growth showed multiple cysts with foci of normal and inflamed lining, with luminal calcific material with foci of ‘naked’ calcium deposits in the dermis. Biochemical tests showed normal values of serum calcium and phosphorus levels in our patient. Keywords: Scrotum, Biochemical, Calcinosis, Histopathology.

The manner in which white adipose tissue (WAT) expands and remodels directly impacts the risk of developing metabolic syndrome in obesity. Preferential accumulation of visceral WAT is associated with increased risk for insulin resistance, whereas subcutaneous WAT expansion is protective. Moreover, pathologic WAT remodeling, typically characterized by adipocyte hypertrophy, chronic inflammation, and fibrosis, is associated with insulin resistance. Healthy WAT expansion, observed in the “metabolically healthy” obese, is generally associated with the presence of smaller and more numerous adipocytes, along with lower degrees of inflammation and fibrosis. Here, we highlight recent human and rodent studies that support the notion that the ability to recruit new fat cells through adipogenesis is a critical determinant of healthy adipose tissue distribution and remodeling in obesity. Furthermore, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the identity of tissue-resident progenitor populations in WAT made possible through single-cell RNA sequencing analysis. A better understanding of adipose stem cell biology and adipogenesis may lead to novel strategies to uncouple obesity from metabolic disease.

Pregabalin is an anticonvulsant that has an abuse potential. The aim of this study was to investigate abuse/misuse of pregabalin in Jordan from the perspective of community pharmacists. A cross-sectional survey using a structured questionnaire was delivered to a sample of community pharmacies. Self-reported method was used to fill the surveys. A total of 151/205 questionnaires were completed (response rate = 74.1%). A total of 132 respondents (87.4%) reported cases of pregabalin abuse in their pharmacies. Less than half of the respondents (n = 69; 45.7%) indicated that pregabalin requests were, in most of the cases, not accompanied by prescriptions. More than half of the sample (55.8%) noticed an increased pattern of pregabalin abuse/misuse during the last six months. The study underscored the need for regulatory efforts and pharmacovigilance to manage pregabalin abuse, along with a pharmacist and patient education at a community pharmacy level.

Aims of the study This study aims to determine females' views, experiences and attitudes regarding the caesarean section (CS) and to explore the factors that increase the prevalence of CS in Jordan. Design This is a cross-sectional study using a questionnaire that was distributed electronically through social media websites. Study participants included 1005 females with a history of at least one CS. Awareness, experiences about CS, complications and reasons for performing CS were investigated. Settings The participants were recruited from all Jordan cities by social media and emails. Findings Most of the respondents stated that the source of their knowledge about CS was from the internet (36.2%) followed by family and friends (31.6%). The majority of respondents were satisfied with their CS experience (72.8%). More than half of the participants (56.9%) reported that CS carries no risk for infants. About 53% of respondents stated that the most common reason leading women to choose to give birth via CS is the fear of labour pain. However, the majority of the respondents disagree with performing CS under maternal request (59.2%). Conclusions and implications This study indicated that Jordanian females do not have reliable sources of information about CS. This leads to lower awareness of CS and its complications, and, as expected, CS is more likely to be performed by privately insured women.

BACKGROUND: Community pharmacists play a pivotal role in healthcare worldwide Their role became more critical during the COVID-19 pandemic This study aims to investigate the community pharmacists' preparedness and responses to the COVID-19 pandemic, and how efficiently they were prepared to contain and prevent the spread of infection METHODS: An online questionnaire was distributed to community pharmacists in Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, and Jordan through social media platforms A scoring system was developed to measure their level of adherence to the preventive measures of the global infection RESULTS: The total included responses were 800 Around 44% of the pharmacists reported spending less than 15 minutes/day reading about COVID-19 updates Although more than half of them were reviewing official sites, 73% of them were also retrieving information through non-official channels Additionally, almost 35% of them were directly contacting customers without physical barriers, 81% reported encountering infected customers, and 12% wore the same facial masks for more than a day Moreover, 58% of the pharmacies reported the absence of door signs requesting infected customers to declare the infection, 43% of the pharmacies were not limiting the number of simultaneous customers, and 70% were not measuring customers' temperatures prior to entry Collectively, the mean total score of applied protective measures was 10 12 ± 2 77 (out of 17) CONCLUSION: The level of preparedness of the community pharmacies in these three Middle Eastern countries was not adequate for facing the COVID-19 pandemic Health authorities in these countries should closely monitor their adherence to the protective guidelines

Adiponectin is essential for the regulation of tissue substrate utilization and systemic insulin sensitivity. Clinical studies have suggested a positive association of circulating adiponectin with healthspan and lifespan. However, the direct effects of adiponectin on promoting healthspan and lifespan remain unexplored. Here, we are using an adiponectin null mouse and a transgenic adiponectin overexpression model. We directly assessed the effects of circulating adiponectin on the aging process and found that adiponectin null mice display exacerbated age-related glucose and lipid metabolism disorders. Moreover, adiponectin null mice have a significantly shortened lifespan on both chow and high-fat diet (HFD). In contrast, a transgenic mouse model with elevated circulating adiponectin levels has a dramatically improved systemic insulin sensitivity, reduced age-related tissue inflammation and fibrosis, and a prolonged healthspan and median lifespan. These results support a role of adiponectin as an essential regulator for healthspan and lifespan.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 is a pandemic disease with a significant threat to public health. Public knowledge and perceptions significance in tackling pandemics have been evidenced in the previous research. This study aimed to explore public perceptions about pharmacists' educational and prescribing role, and the medication delivery service provided during COVID-19 outbreak. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was conducted among the general population of Jordan using a convenient sampling technique for ten days (15-25 May 2020). Data was collected from 578 participants who agreed to fill the questionnaire, which was distributed online. The questionnaire items were piloted using face validity and reliability. RESULT: Participants showed a positive perception about the impact of pharmacists and pharmacy services provided during COVID-19 outbreak. More than half of the participants (61.1%) believed that pharmacists could prescribe over the counter medications, and only 15.7% believed that pharmacists could prescribe both over the counter and prescribed medications. Linear regression was performed to assess the factors that affect the participants' perception of pharmacists' prescribing and educational role and delivering medication during COVID-19. Females have lower perception scores towards medication delivery services compared to males (P-value= 0.008). However, male participants, those aged less than 50 years, those with postgraduate degrees, and those from non-medical profession showed a significantly higher perception score towards the impact of pharmacists and pharmacy services provided during COVID-19 outbreak compared to others (P-value

AIMS OF THE STUDY The purpose of this study was to assess pharmacists' knowledge and attitude towards early detection of colorectal cancer (CRC) in Jordan and to explore potential predictor variables of such knowledge and attitude. METHODS USED TO CONDUCT THE STUDY An electronic, self-reported questionnaire was used to collect data about demographics, knowledge and attitude regarding early detection of CRC. Both content and face validity were tested in a panel of experts. The participants' responses were analysed using descriptive statistics and multiple linear regressions. RESULTS OF THE STUDY The 352 pharmacists (78% females, 94% Jordanian) had a median age of 28 years and graduated mostly (83%) from public universities. Surprisingly, 90% were not able to identify carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) as a non-accurate diagnostic method and almost one-third did not identify the correct screening tests. On a scale of 5, the majority of participants (59%) had moderate knowledge scores (3 or 4) in case scenarios. The median knowledge Percent of Maximum Possible (POMP) score was 67% and higher scores were associated with more years since graduation, pharmacists with MSc degree and higher, working in urban areas, studying oncology course and received oncology training (P

Adiponectin is essential for the regulation of tissue substrate utilization and systemic insulin sensitivity. Clinical studies have suggested a positive association of circulating adiponectin with healthspan and lifespan. However, the direct effects of adiponectin on promoting healthspan and lifespan remain unexplored. Here, we are using an adiponectin null mouse and a transgenic adiponectin overexpression model. We directly assessed the effects of circulating adiponectin on the aging process and found that adiponectin null mice display exacerbated age-related glucose and lipid metabolism disorders. Moreover, adiponectin null mice have a significantly shortened lifespan on both chow and high-fat diet. In contrast, a transgenic mouse model with elevated circulating adiponectin levels has a dramatically improved systemic insulin sensitivity, reduced age-related tissue inflammation and fibrosis, and a prolonged healthspan and median lifespan. These results support a role of adiponectin as an essential regulator for healthspan and lifespan.

Current guidelines emphasize the use of 100% oxygen during cardiopulmonary resuscitation after cardiac arrest. When patients are ventilated for variable periods after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), hyperoxia causes increased morbidity and mortality by overproduction of reactive oxygen species. Various patient, volunteer, and animal studies have shown the harmful effects of hyperoxia. This mini-review article aims to expand the potential clinical spectrum of hyperoxia on individual organ systems leading to organ dysfunction. A framework to achieve and maintain normoxia after ROSC is proposed. Despite the harmful considerations of hyperoxia in critically ill patients, additional safety studies including dose-effect, level and onset of the reactive oxygen species effect, and safe hyperoxia applicability period after ROSC, need to be performed in various animal and human models to further elucidate the role of oxygen therapy after cardiac arrest.

Background The 2019 Coronavirus infection (COVID-19) caused by a novel strain of coronavirus was detected in China in December 2019, and declared a public health emergency of international concern on January 30, 2020. Community pharmacists have an important role in supporting the local health emergency preparedness and response arrangements. Objectives To investigate pharmacists and pharmacy students’ awareness and source of their information regard the management of the coronavirus pandemic, and their perspective of their role during this emergent situation. Methods This descriptive cross-sectional online survey study was conducted in Jordan during the COVID-19 outbreak (from 15 to 30 March 2020). A validated online questionnaire addressing participants' current awareness about epidemics/pandemics and COVID-19, source of information and their perspectives of their role. Data were analyzed using statistical package for social science (SPSS). Results Participants (n = 726) had a mean age of 26.9 (8.0) years with 71.9% females. Pharmacy students made 35.3% of the sample while the rest were pharmacists. Only 54.3% of participants believed that they got enough education about epidemics/pandemics, and 94.6% of them follow on the latest coronavirus updates on treatments, and that is mainly from the media (59.5%) followed by the World Health Organization reports (58.7%) and then the published researches (57%). Awareness score (out of 20) of pharmacists (n = 470) was significantly higher (p

Objective The objective of the present study was to explore the barriers and supporting factors for adherence among HIV patients and to explore their needs for pharmaceutical care services. Methods This study utilizes in-depth interviews with HIV patients. Out of 50 patients approached, a total of 30 patients agreed to participate in the study. The researchers used a predesigned topic guide. The interview guide included two parts; the first one focused on the assessment of HIV patients' adherence to their treatment. The second part focused on patients' need for pharmaceutical care services. Results Three main themes emerged from the interviews. Those included patient-related factors, medication-related factors and Healthcare professional related factors. This study found that a number of barriers that decreased adherence in HIV patients included stigmatisation, fear from disclosure, dosage form of the drug, adverse events and poor cooperation from healthcare professionals. On the other side supporting factors included family and friends support, electronic mobile reminders, feeling responsible to raising children, religious beliefs and feeling improvement while using therapy. Furthermore, the study illustrated that HIV patients need to have a specialist pharmacist in their healthcare team who delivers specialised pharmaceutical care services which may increase patients' adherence. Conclusions The current study reveals a margin for medication adherence improvement in HIV patients. Patients in this study demonstrated the need for a pharmaceutical care. Future disease management and clinical pharmacy services programs should address the current study findings in order to improve the health service for HIV patients.

Background: There is an unmet need to develop therapeutic interventions directed at the neurodegeneration that underlies progression in multiple sclerosis. High-dose, pharmaceutical-grade biotin (MD1003) might enhance neuronal and oligodendrocyte energetics, resulting in improved cell function, repair, or survival. The MS-SPI randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study found that MD1003 improved disability outcomes over 12 months in patients with progressive multiple sclerosis. The SPI2 study was designed to assess the safety and efficacy of MD1003 in progressive forms of multiple sclerosis in a larger, more representative patient cohort. Methods: SPI2 was a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial done at 90 academic and community multiple sclerosis clinics across 13 countries. Patients were aged 18-65 years, had a diagnosis of primary or secondary progressive multiple sclerosis fulfilling the revised International Panel criteria and Lublin criteria, a Kurtzke pyramidal functional subscore of at least 2 (defined as minimal disability), an expanded disability status scale (EDSS) score of 3·5-6·5, a timed 25-foot walk (TW25) of less than 40 s, evidence of clinical disability progression, and no relapses in the 2 years before enrolment. Concomitant disease-modifying therapies were allowed. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) by an independent statistician using an interactive web response system, with stratification by study site and disease history, to receive MD1003 (oral biotin 100 mg three times daily) or placebo. Participants, investigators, and assessors were masked to treatment assignment. The primary endpoint was a composite of the proportion of participants with confirmed improvement in EDSS or TW25 at month 12, confirmed at month 15, versus baseline. The primary endpoint was assessed in the intention-to-treat analysis set, after all participants completed the month 15 visit. Safety analyses included all participants who received at least one dose of MD1003. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02936037) and the EudraCT database (2016-000700-29). Findings: From Feb 22, 2017, to June 8, 2018, 642 participants were randomly assigned MD1003 (n=326) or placebo (n=316). The double-blind, placebo-controlled phase of the study ended when the primary endpoint for the last-entered participant was assessed on Nov 15, 2019. The mean time in the placebo-controlled phase was 20·1 months (SD 5·3; range 15-27). For the primary outcome, 39 (12%) of 326 patients in the MD1003 group compared with 29 (9%) of 316 in the placebo group improved at month 12, with confirmation at month 15 (odds ratio 1·35 [95% CI 0·81-2·26]). Treatment-emergent adverse events occurred in 277 (84%) of 331 participants in the MD1003 group and in 264 (85%) of 311 in the placebo group. 87 (26%) of 331 participants in the MD1003 group and 82 (26%) of 311 participants in the placebo group had at least one serious treatment-emergent adverse event. One (

Background Fat grafting has been used extensively in plastic surgery in the past two decades. Here, the authors report the retrospective comparison of patients who underwent fractionated fat injection to blend the lid-cheek junction with those who had regular fat injection. Methods After obtaining institutional review board approval, a retrospective review of patients who underwent lower blepharoplasty with fractionated fat injection for blending the lid-cheek junction from January of 2014 through October of 2015 was performed. The results were compared to those of lower blepharoplasty patients who did not have fractionated fat injected before January of 2014. Twelve prospectively selected patients underwent histopathologic and gene expression comparisons. Results A comparison of complications between the two groups revealed no significant differences. Furthermore, there was no significant difference between the two groups for sequelae of fractionated fat injection and regular fat injection. The gene expression analysis of the fractionated and regular fat did not show any difference between undifferentiated and differentiated cells. In addition, Oil Red O staining of the fractionated and regular fat after differentiation showed that cells from both fat groups differentiated equally well. Conclusions Fractionated fat injection appears to be a safe addition in blending the lid-cheek junction in the five-step lower blepharoplasty. There is no fat nodule formation with injection of fractionated fat injection compared with injection of regular fat performed superficially in the tear trough area. Contrary to what has previously been shown, the presence of viable cells in fractionated fat was noted. Clinical question/level of evidence Therapeutic, III.

Pathologic expansion of white adipose tissue (WAT) in obesity is characterized by adipocyte hypertrophy, inflammation, and fibrosis; however, factors triggering this maladaptive remodeling are largely unknown. Here, we test the hypothesis that the potential to recruit new adipocytes from Pdgfrβ+ preadipocytes determines visceral WAT health in obesity. We manipulate levels of Pparg, the master regulator of adipogenesis, in Pdgfrβ+ precursors of adult mice. Increasing the adipogenic capacity of Pdgfrβ+ precursors through Pparg overexpression results in healthy visceral WAT expansion in obesity and adiponectin-dependent improvements in glucose homeostasis. Loss of mural cell Pparg triggers pathologic visceral WAT expansion upon high-fat diet feeding. Moreover, the ability of the TZD class of anti-diabetic drugs to promote healthy visceral WAT remodeling is dependent on mural cell Pparg. These data highlight the protective effects of de novo visceral adipocyte differentiation in these settings, and suggest Pdgfrβ+ adipocyte precursors as targets for therapeutic intervention in diabetes.

AIM/HYPOTHESIS: Adiponectin (APN), a circulating hormone secreted by mature adipocytes, has been extensively studied because it has beneficial metabolic effects. While many studies have focused on the congenital loss of APN and its effects on systemic body glucose and lipid metabolism, little is known about the effects triggered by acute loss of APN in the adult mouse. We anticipated that genetically induced acute depletion of APN in adult mice would have a more profound effect on systemic metabolic health than congenital deletion of Adipoq, the gene encoding APN, with its associated potential for adaptive responses that may mask the phenotypes. METHODS: Mice carrying loxP-flanked regions of Adipoq were generated and bred to the Adipoq (APN) promoter-driven reverse tetracycline-controlled transactivator (rtTA) (APN-rtTA) gene and a tet-responsive Cre line (TRE-Cre) to achieve acute depletion of APN. Upon acute removal of APN in adult mice, systemic glucose and lipid homeostasis were assessed under basal and insulinopenic conditions. RESULTS: The acute depletion of APN results in more severe systemic insulin resistance and hyperlipidaemia than in mice with congenital loss of APN. Furthermore, the acute depletion of APN in adult mice results in a much more dramatic reduction in survival rate, with 50% of inducible knockouts dying in the first 5 days under insulinopenic conditions compared with 0% of congenital Adipoq knockout mice under similar conditions. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Acute systemic removal of APN results in a much more negative metabolic phenotype compared with congenital knockout of Adipoq. Specifically, our data demonstrate that acute depletion of APN is especially detrimental to lipid homeostasis, both under basal and insulinopenic conditions. This suggests that compensatory mechanisms exist in congenital knockout mice that offset some of the metabolic actions covered by APN.

Transcripts of key enzymes in the Leloir pathway of galactose metabolism in mouse livers are significantly increased after chronic high-fat/high-sucrose feeding. UDP-galactose-4-epimerase (GALE) is the last enzyme in this pathway that converts UDP-galactose to UDP-glucose and was previously identified as a downstream target of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress effector spliced X-box binding protein 1, suggesting an interesting cross talk between galactose and glucose metabolism in the context of hepatic ER stress and whole-body metabolic fitness. However, its specific role in glucose metabolism is not established. Using an inducible and tissue-specific mouse model, we report that hepatic overexpression of Gale increases gluconeogenesis from pyruvate and impairs glucose tolerance. Conversely, genetic reduction of Gale in liver improves glucose tolerance. Transcriptional profiling identifies trefoil factor 3 (Tff3) as one of the downstream targets of GALE. Restoration of Tff3 expression corrects glucose intolerance in Gale-overexpressing mice. These studies reveal a new link between hepatic GALE activity and whole-body glucose homeostasis via regulation of hepatic Tff3 expression.

Background: The revised Bethesda System of reporting Pap smears in addition to defining the diagnostic categories also develops criteria for determining the adequacy and quality of Pap smears. Methods: The present retrospective and prospective study was conducted in department of pathology after approval from institutional ethics committee which included retrospective cases from 2007 to 2009 and prospective cases from 2010 to 2011. Prospective cervical smears were stained by using Papanicolaou stain. After staining, slides were mounted, screened and reported by two consultant pathologists by both Conventional system and the 2001 Bethesda system. Smears which were already reported by the Conventional system were also reviewed retrospectively by the 2001 Bethesda system. Cytohistopathologic correlation was done wherever available. Result: Results on adequacy of the specimens showed 98.0% smears as satisfactory and 2.0% were found to be unsatisfactory for evaluation. Pap smear reporting by both the systems showed similar number of cases with inflammatory findings. 18.3% premalignant lesions were reported by the Conventional system but it was significantly higher (31.8%) when reviewed by the Bethesda system. Numbers of malignant lesions were found similar by both systems i.e. 3.6%. Conclusion: Reporting should be done by the Bethesda System as it improves producibility and helps in diagnose of various intraepithelial lesions and invasive lesions at an early stage and helps to manage them properly. DOI: 10.21276/APALM.987

A year old male presented to the orthopaedics out patients clinic with a months history of progressive pain and swelling in the left shoulder without fever night sweats cough weight loss headache and altered sensorium with no meningeal signs He had no medical history of diabetes chronic renal disease tuberculosis alcoholism leukaemia lymphoma AIDS Hodgkin rsquo s disease corticosteroid intake or any organ transplantation A preoperative blood count liver and renal function blood sugar levels and tumor markers were all normal Serological tests were negative for HIV and Hepatitis X ray revealed multiple lytic lesion over the clavicle and proximal humerus with fracture On MRI scan multiple ring enhancing lesions depicting solid cryptococcoma were observed in the brain parenchyma Biopsy from the bone and culture revealed cryptococcal infection He was treated with surgical debridement combined with antifungal therapy for weeks After months of follow up the fracture healed well with no evidence of recurrence

Graphene, a member of the carbon family, is the strongest, stiffest, and thinnest known material, with a thickness of 10 nm. It has emerged as engineered nanomaterials and nanomedicines in dentistry with promising results. Usually produced employing Hummers method, graphene possesses excellent physiomechanical properties, electrical conductivity, stability, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Owing to their interactions with dental pulp stem cells, they have been functionalized with many scaffolds in regenerative dentistry, to upregulate the odontogenic and osteogenic genes. This emerging science of graphene-based materials has also been used for the debridement of root canals. Their unique property of antibiofilm and antiadhesiveness has been used to prevent dental caries and erosions. In addition, they have been incorporated into various biomaterials to enhance their original properties, like in glass ionomers, biodentine, and in bleaching agents like hydrogen peroxide. Depending on their concentration and time of exposure to the substrate, graphene and their derivatives can be effective antibacterial agents. This updated review provides useful information on the promising introduction of graphene in the field of conservative dentistry and endodontics.

Objective Zfp423 is a multi zinc-finger transcription factor expressed in preadipocytes and mature adipocytes in vivo. Our recent work has revealed a critical role for Zfp423 in maintaining the fate of white adipocytes in adult mice through suppression of the beige cell thermogenic gene program; loss of Zfp423 in mature adipocytes of adult mice results in a white-to-beige phenotypic switch. However, the exact requirements of Zfp423 in the fetal stages of early adipose development in vivo have not been clarified. Method Here, we utilize two models that confer adipose-specific Zfp423 inactivation during fetal adipose development (Adiponectin-Cre; Zfp423loxP/loxP and Adiponectin-rtTA; TRE-Cre; Zfp423loxP/loxP). We assess the impact of fetal adipose Zfp423 deletion on the initial formation of adipose tissue and evaluate the metabolic consequences of challenging these animals with high-fat diet feeding. Results Deletion of Zfp423 during fetal adipose development results in a different phenotype than is observed when deleting Zfp423 in adipocytes of adult mice. Inactivation of Zfp423 during fetal adipose development results in arrested differentiation, specifically of inguinal white adipocytes, rather than a white-to-beige phenotypic switch that occurs when Zfp423 is inactivated in adult mice. This is likely explained by the observation that adiponectin driven Cre expression is active at an earlier stage of the adipocyte life cycle during fetal subcutaneous adipose development than in adult mice. Upon high-fat diet feeding, obese adipose Zfp423-deficient animals undergo a pathological adipose tissue expansion, associated with ectopic lipid deposition and systemic insulin resistance. Conclusions Our results reveal that Zfp423 is essential for the terminal differentiation of subcutaneous white adipocytes during fetal adipose tissue development. Moreover, our data highlight the striking adverse effects of pathological subcutaneous adipose tissue remodeling on visceral adipose function and systemic nutrient homeostasis in obesity. Importantly, these data reveal the distinct phenotypes that can occur when adiponectin driven transgenes are activated in fetal vs. adult adipose tissue., Highlights • Fetal adipose deletion of Zfp423 disrupts terminal differentiation of white adipocytes. • Inguinal WAT of Zfp423-deficient mice undergoes a pathological expansion in obesity. • Pathological expansion of subcutaneous adipose triggers systemic insulin resistance.

Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic malignancy in the United States. According to 2014 cancer statistics an estimated 52,630 cases of endometrial cancer and 8,590 of deaths cases are diagnosed in 2014.The classically diagnosis of endometrial cancer is abnormal vaginal bleeding. Most patients with this type of cancer have source of excess estrogen, high body mass index (BMI) as overweight or obese and often with other components of metabolic syndrome like hypertension.The aim of this study is investigate the role of hormonal balance and BMI in women patients with endometrial cancer. Fifty six endometrial cancer women patients mean aged (58.055 ± 10.561 years) not submitted to therapy in this study, and (n=30) healthy women volunteers mean aged (39.731 ± 13.504 years) as control group. The results in this study revealed a highly significant increased (P

"Beige" adipocytes reside in white adipose tissue (WAT) and dissipate energy as heat. Several studies have shown that cold temperature can activate pro-opiomelanocortin-expressing (POMC) neurons and increase sympathetic neuronal tone to regulate WAT beiging. WAT, however, is traditionally known to be sparsely innervated. Details regarding the neuronal innervation and, more importantly, the propagation of the signal within the population of "beige" adipocytes are sparse. Here, we demonstrate that beige adipocytes display an increased cell-to-cell coupling via connexin 43 (Cx43) gap junction channels. Blocking of Cx43 channels by 18α-glycyrrhetinic acid decreases POMC-activation-induced adipose tissue beiging. Adipocyte-specific deletion of Cx43 reduces WAT beiging to a level similar to that observed in denervated fat pads. In contrast, overexpression of Cx43 is sufficient to promote beiging even with mild cold stimuli. These data reveal the importance of cell-to-cell communication, effective in cold-induced WAT beiging, for the propagation of limited neuronal inputs in adipose tissue.

Objectives: We sought to study the expression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition markers E-cadherin and vimentin in precancerous lesions of the oral cavity and oropharynx and to use the specific pattern of expression to predict invasiveness. Methods: This cross-sectional study looked at 87 cases of oral and oropharyngeal lesions obtained between December 2012 and November 2014 in the Department of Pathology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, India. Fifty-three biopsies from the buccal mucosa, tongue, and pharynx and 34 resected oral specimens were evaluated for premalignant and malignant lesions using hematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemical stains. Immunohistochemical expression of epithelial marker E-cadherin and mesenchymal marker vimentin was evaluated wherever possible. Slides were examined for staining pattern (cytoplasmic or membrane), proportion, and intensity of staining of tumor cells. Patients follow-up and therapy related changes were also studied. Results: There were 64 premalignant and 23 malignant cases in our study with 65 (74.7%) cases seen in males and 22 (25.3%) cases seen in females. The majority of malignant cases, (n = 15; 64.2%) were seen in the fifth and sixth decades of life while most of the premalignant lesions (n = 36; 56.4%) were seen in the fourth and fifth decade. Amongst the 64 premalignant oral lesions, leukoplakia comprised of 14 cases (21.9%), of which three cases had associated mild to moderate dysplasia. The majority of premalignant lesions showed strong E-cadherin expression and decreased expression of vimentin with negative and weak expression in both dysplasias and carcinoma in situ (p = 0.013). E-cadherin expression was significantly reduced in invasive carcinomas compared to dysplasias and carcinoma in situ and the difference in immunoreactivity was statistically significant (p < 0.050). Vimentin expression increased as the tumor progressed from dysplasias to carcinoma in situ to invasive carcinomas (p < 0.050). Conclusions: Invasiveness of cancer can be analyzed using E-cadherin and vimentin immunohistochemical stains, which can help in predicting tumor behavior. These biomolecules can also be used as biomarkers for further research on the microinvasion of oral cancers for early diagnosis.

Background A point‐of‐care rapid test (POCRT) may help early and targeted use of antiviral drugs for the management of influenza A infection. Objective (i) To determine whether antiviral treatment based on a POCRT for influenza A is cost‐effective and, (ii) to determine the thresholds of key test parameters (sensitivity, specificity and cost) at which a POCRT based‐strategy appears to be cost effective. Methods An hybrid « susceptible, infected, recovered (SIR) » compartmental transmission and Markov decision analytic model was used to simulate the cost‐effectiveness of antiviral treatment based on a POCRT for influenza A in the social perspective. Data input parameters used were retrieved from peer‐review published studies and government databases. The outcome considered was the incremental cost per life‐year saved for one seasonal influenza season. Results In the base‐case analysis, the antiviral treatment based on POCRT saves 2 lives/100 000 person‐years and costs $7600 less than the empirical antiviral treatment based on clinical judgment alone, which demonstrates that the POCRT‐based strategy is dominant. In one and two way‐sensitivity analyses, results were sensitive to the POCRT accuracy and cost, to the vaccination coverage as well as to the prevalence of influenza A. In probabilistic sensitivity analyses, the POCRT strategy is cost‐effective in 66% of cases, for a commonly accepted threshold of $50 000 per life‐year saved. Conclusion The influenza antiviral treatment based on POCRT could be cost‐effective in specific conditions of performance, price and disease prevalence.

Background: Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic malignancy in the United States and the fourth most common cancer in women, comprising 6% of female cancers.Objectives: The aim of this study is to investigate the antioxidant vitamins, Coenzyme Q10 and oxidative stress in patients with endometrial cancer.Patients and methods: Fifty six endometrial cancer women patients with various clinical stages (stage 1A, stage1B, stage II, stage III, stage IV) mean aged 58.055 ± 10.561 years, and 30 healthy women volunteers mean aged 39.731 ± 13.504 years, were includes as control group.Results: The results in this study revealed a highly significant decreased (P

Oncocytoma is a rare benign tumor of the salivary glands usually seen in elderly patients in the sixth to eighth decade. Microscopically, the hallmark of this lesion is the presence of oncocytes that comprise the entire tumor. These are large polygonal cells which have abundant eosinophilic granular cytoplasm, and from central to eccentric round nucleus. Several reactive as well as neoplastic lesions of salivary glands often have concurrent oncocytic changes. On fine-needle aspiration cytology, all of them have overlapping morphological features, thus making the diagnosis difficult by cytology alone. We report a case of oncocytoma of the right parotid gland in a 32-year-old Indian male. Although the tumor was initially suspected on cytology, confirmation was possible only after histopathological examination. The main purpose of this case report is to discuss the cytological differential diagnosis of oncocytic lesions of salivary glands and simultaneously emphasize the importance of histopathology for arriving at conclusive diagnosis in such cases.

Objective: This study aims to assess the views and attitudes of the general public towards the current role of pharmacists in Jordan. Methods: This study is a cross-sectional quantitative questionnaire-based study. After a thorough literature review on public perspectives of pharmaceutical care services, a draft questionnaire was designed. This questionnaire was examined and discussed in a focus group of invited public members and was amended accordingly to reach the final draft. The questionnaire was administered using a structured interview technique in which members of the public were asked a series of questions by a trained pharmacist. The study took a place over a period of six months, from January to June 2013. Individuals were recruited from urban and rural areas of Jordan. Results: A total of 1214 respondents were interviewed during the study. Of the respondents, 67.8% were female. Most of the respondent were married (64%) and had a university degree (88.5%). Approximately half of the respondents (55.1%) had no previous knowledge of pharmaceutical care. A relative majority of respondents considered the most important activity performed by pharmacists to be dispensing medications (46.2%), followed by patient counseling (34.6%). The majority of respondents (86.4%) believed that pharmacists have a role in providing healthcare services, and 68% of respondents reported that in order to serve their needs, a pharmacist must consider the patient’s needs and engage patients in determining medication timing and options. Conclusions: The plurality of respondents believed in the importance of pharmacists in providing pharmaceutical care services. However, respondents expected much from pharmacists and felt that their current role was unsatisfying.